COVER
TITLE PAGE
PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE
1 INTRODUCTION
1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF COMMONLY USED TERMS
3. 1.3 BOOK SECTIONS AND CONTENT OVERVIEW
4. 1.4 REGULATIONS
5. 1.5 BACKGROUND
6. 1.6 EMC TESTING METHODS FOR FCC PART 15 RADIATION MEASUREMENTS
7. 1.7 CANADIAN REGULATIONS
8. 1.8 EUROPEAN UNION REGULATIONS
9. 1.9 REVIEW PROBLEMS
10. 1.10 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF COUPLING CULPRIT TO VICTIM
1. 2.1 RADIATION EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES
2. 2.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF EMISSION COUPLING
3. 2.3 INTERMODULATION
4. 2.4 COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO
5. 2.5 SUSCEPTIBILITY AND IMMUNITY
6. 2.6 FILTERS FOR EMC
7. 2.7 LIGHTNING STROKE ANALYSIS
8. 2.8 SKIN EFFECT IN WIRE
9. 2.9 CONCLUSION
10. 2.10 REVIEW PROBLEMS
11. 2.11 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
3 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
1. 3.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
2. 3.2 WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
3. 3.3 WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS FOR SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS
4. 3.4 REVIEW PROBLEMS
5. 3.5 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
4 CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
1. 4.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR SUBWAY SYSTEMS
2. 4.2 CASE STUDIES
3. 4.3 TUNNEL RADIATION FROM A TEMPORARY ANTENNA INSTALLED ON THE CATWALK IN A TUNNEL
4. 4.4 SIMULCAST INTERFERENCE AT THE END OF THE CUT AND COVER SUBWAY TUNNEL
5. 4.5 TRACKS SURVEY
6. 4.6 LEAKY RADIATING COAXIAL CABLE ANALYSIS
7. 4.7 EFFECT OF RAIL ON 26 PAIR CABLE BURIED ALONG RIGHT OF WAY
8. 4.8 RADIATION LEAKAGE FROM WAY SIDE COMMUNICATION HOUSES AND CABINETS
9. 4.9 LIGHTNING ROD GROUND EMC INSTALLATION
5 CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF LRT VEHICLE AND BUS TOP ANTENNA FARM EMISSIONS AND OTHER RADIO RELATED CASE STUDIES
1. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 5.2 CIRCULATION CURRENTS IN THE GROUND PLANE
3. 5.3 ANTENNA INSTALLATION ON A RADIO MAST CASE STUDY
4. 5.4 UNIQUE TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR EMI AND POLICE VEHICLES
5. 5.5 ANTENNA CLOSE TO THE EDGE OF THE GROUND PLANE
6. 5.6 CASE STUDY: POSSIBLE FADE PROBLEM DUE TO ANTENNA REFLECTIONS ON THE ROOFTOP OF A LOCOMOTIVE
7. 5.7 CASE STUDY: ANTENNA REFLECTION AND DIFFRACTION AT THE EDGE OF THE GROUND PLANE
8. 5.8 ANTENNA APPLICATION WITH REFLECTION ALSO AT THE EDGE OF THE GROUND PLANE
9. 5.9 ANTENNA APPLICATION WITH REFLECTION BETWEEN ANTENNAS IN A ROOFTOP ANTENNA FARM
10. 5.10 ANTENNA FARM APPLICATION WITH PATCH ANTENNAS
11. 5.11 REVIEW PROBLEMS
12. 5.12 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
6 CASE STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND CABLE SHIELDING AND GROUNDING FOR BUS AND FERRY OPERATIONS
1. 6.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 6.2 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
3. 6.3 REFLECTIONS (FERRY AND BUS)
4. 6.4 REVIEW PROBLEMS
5. 6.5 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
7 HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES WITH EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR MAINTENANCE WORKERS AND THE PUBLIC
1. 7.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSION SAFETY LIMITS
2. 7.2 EMI PREVENTION AND CONTROL
3. 7.3 ANALYSIS OF RAILS AS A SHOCK HAZARD
4. 7.4 LIGHTNING AND TRANSIENT PROTECTION
5. 7.5 POWER LINE SAFETY CALCULATIONS
6. 7.6 FCC REGULATIONS
7. 7.7 REVIEW PROBLEMS
8. 7.8 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
8 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION TEST PLANS AND OTHER INFORMATION USEFUL FOR ANALYSIS
1. 8.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 8.2 EMC PLAN
3. 8.3 EMC/EMI PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
4. 8.4 EMC/EMI DESIGN PROCEDURES
5. 8.5 FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCE
6. 8.6 DIFFRACTION LOSSES
7. 8.7 REVIEW PROBLEMS
8. 8.8 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
9 TRACK CIRCUITS AND SIGNALS
1. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 9.2 AF TRACK CIRCUITS
3. 9.3 LOOP CALCULATIONS
4. 9.4 CIRCUIT THEORY IN LOOP CALCULATIONS
5. 9.5 REVIEW PROBLEMS
6. 9.6 ANSWERS TO REVIEW PROBLEMS
10 USEFUL EXAMPLES
1. 10.1 INTRODUCTION
2. 10.2 EXAMPLES
REFERENCES
INDEX
END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. TABLE 1.1 Functions of Equipment in Houses, Bungalows, Cabinets and Stations Along the Right of Way
2. TABLE 1.2 Conduction and Radiation Emission Sources
3. TABLE 1.3 FCC Emission Limit Regulations Measured at 3 m
4. TABLE 1.4 FCC Emission Limit Regulations 9 KHz To 30 MHz
5. TABLE 1.5 FCC Emission Limit Regulations Measured at 10 m
6. TABLE 1.6 Measurement Range Devices for Tuned and Untuned Circuits
7. TABLE 1.7 Maximum Electric Field Strength for Spread Spectrum Radios
8. TABLE 1.8 FCC/CISPR Conducted Limit Regulations, Class A. CISPR = Comité Internionale Special Des Perturbations, Special international Committee on Radio interference, Founded 1934
9. TABLE 1.9 FCC/CISPR Conducted Limit Regulations, Class B
10. TABLE 1.10 DOT Radiation Emission Measurements
11. TABLE 1.11 List of European EMC Standards
Chapter 02
1. TABLE 2.1 Radiation Effects on Electronic Equipment
2. TABLE 2.2 Examples of intermodulation Products
3. TABLE 2.3 Lightning Protection Devices
Chapter 03
1. TABLE 3.1 Calculations Using Various Physical Constants for Solving EMC Field Problems
2. TABLE 3.2 All Possibilities for Waves Traveling Down a Transmission Path
3. TABLE 3.3 Second order Differential Solutions in Rectangular Coordinate Systems
4. TABLE 3.4 Second order Differential Solutions in Cylinderical Coordinate Systems
5. TABLE 3.5 Second order Differential Solutions in Spherical Coordinate Systems
Chapter 04
1. TABLE 4.1 Communication House Equipment
2. TABLE 4.2 Signal Bungalow/house Equipment
3. TABLE 4.3 Impedance of Concrete and Steel
4. TABLE 4.4 Transmission Coefficients (T) at each Interface
5. TABLE 4.5 Reflection Coefficient at each Interface
6. TABLE 4.6 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients at Various Frequencies from Traction Motors
7. TABLE 4.7 Power Line Height of 10 m
8. TABLE 4.8 Power Line Height of 11 m
9. TABLE 4.9 Power Line Height of 12 m
10. TABLE 4.10 Transmitter Coverage and Radio Signal Strength 160 MHz (dBm) at Flowers Street Entrance
11. TABLE 4.11 Transmitter Coverage and UHF Radio Signal Strength 460/800 MHz (dBm) at Flowers Street Entrance
12. TABLE 4.12 VHF 160 MHz Exposition Blvd Transmitter Location, Power and Power Level at Ground Level (tunnel Enterance) and Uplink Power Level
13. TABLE 4.13 UHF 460/800 MHz Transmitter Location on Exposition Blvd, Power and Power Level at Ground Level (tunnel Enterance) and Uplink Power Level
14. TABLE 4.14 VHF and UHF Worst-case Power Levels at Tunnel Enterance and Uplink at Transmitter
15. TABLE 4.15 Leaky Radiating Cable Attenuation per 100 ft, Coupling Loss and Total Loss at 1600 ft
16. TABLE 4.16 Leaky Radiating Cable Attenuation and Signal Power at 1600 ft (at 2 m from Cable)
17. TABLE 4.17 Leaky Radiating Cable Attenuation and Signal Power at 1600 ft (at 10 m) Aperture Adjusted by mfg
18. TABLE 4.18 Radio Distances from Tunnel Entrance
19. TABLE 4.19 Friis Transmission Evaluation, Including Knife Edge Effects
20. TABLE 4.20 Wall Reflections from Tunnel for VHF 160 MHz Radios at Blvd Entrance
21. TABLE 4.21 Wall Reflections from Tunnel for UHF 460/800 MHz Radios at Blvd Entrance
22. TABLE 4.22 Worst-case Reflections at Both Tunnel Entrances
23. TABLE 4.23 Power Reflections from the Wall, Taken from Figures 4.13–4.15
24. TABLE 4.24 Power Reflections from the Wall for Maintenance Persons
25. TABLE 4.25 Attenuation due to Shrubs Around Tunnel Entrances Reducing External Radio Signals
26. TABLE 4.26 Track Survey Record Sheet
27. TABLE 4.27 Biconical Antenna Calibration Sheet
28. TABLE 4.28 Log-periodic Antenna Calibration Sheet
29. TABLE 4.29 Active Monopole Antenna Calibration Sheet
30. TABLE 4.30 Test Cable Loss Versus Frequency
31. TABLE 4.31 Depth of Penetration in Copper for VHF and UHF Frequencies
32. TABLE 4.32 Characteristics of Leaky Radiating Cable Using the Physical Properties of the Cable
33. TABLE 4.33 Calculation of Signal Power Using the Physical Properties of a Leaky Radiating Cable
34. TABLE 4.34 Communication Harmonics from SCADA Clock and Communication Cable Coding
35. TABLE 4.35 The Nine Largest Survey Signals
36. TABLE 4.36 Wire Resistance Calculation for Connection in Figure 4.34
37. TABLE 4.37 Loop Areas and Impedance for Three Paths in Figure 4.34
38. TABLE 4.38 Traction Motor Current at Fundamental and Seventh Harmonic versus Cars from Start to 244 m
39. TABLE 4.39 Loops of Magnetic Flux (in Webers; Wb) in Figure 4.34
40. TABLE 4.40 Loop Noise Voltages (mV) Coupled in Due to Magnetic Flux in Figure 4.34
Chapter 05
1. TABLE 1 Averaged EMI from In-Vehicle Devices
2. TABLE 5.1 Near Reactive and Radiating Near Fields and Far Fields for Antenna on Mast (Figure 5.2)
3. TABLE 5.2 Distances at Various Angles Between VHF and UHF Radio Antennas
4. TABLE 5.3 Incident and Reflected Waves at the Edge of the Ground Plane
5. TABLE 5.4 Incident and Reflected Diffracted Waves at the Edge of the Ground Plane
6. TABLE 5.5 RCS of Obstructions and Attuation
7. TABLE 5.6 Attenuation of Signal Level Between Various Antennas Due to Distance
8. TABLE 5.7 Attenuation of Signal Level Between Various Antennas Due to RCS as an Obstruction
9. TABLE 5.8 Data for Rooftop Antennae
Chapter 06
1. TABLE 6.1 Antenna Characteristics
Chapter 07
1. TABLE 7.1 Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure Limits for 30 min. F = Frequency (MHz)
2. TABLE 7.2 Exposure Limits as Suggested by Organizations
3. TABLE 7.3 Occupational Control Exposure
4. TABLE 7.4 Emission Limits for Magnetic Fields for Transportation Facilities. Values are Averages (with Maximum Values in Parentheses)
5. TABLE 7.5 Values for Sources of Electromagnetic B Field Flux Density
6. TABLE 7.6 Organizations that Set Emission Standards
7. TABLE 7.7 Body Contact Standards
8. TABLE 7.8 Limits for Occupational/controlled Exposure. F = Frequency (MHz)
9. TABLE 7.9 Limits for General Population/uncontrolled Exposure. F = Frequency (MHz)
10. TABLE 7.10 Cordless Phone Standards and Repeaters
11. TABLE 7.11 Wireless Emission Standards
Chapter 08
1. TABLE 8.1 Units of EMI Measurement
2. TABLE 8.2 Conductive Coatings
3. TABLE 8.3 Compression for Types of Gaskets
Chapter 09
1. TABLE 9.1 F₀= 1590 Hz Operating Frequency (all Values are in Millivolts)
2. TABLE 9.2 Rail Impedance Data for 100 lb/yd Running Braille
Chapter 10
1. TABLE 10.1 Examples of Permittivity and Permeability Materials
2. TABLE 10.2 Metals With Shielding Properties for Magnetic Fields

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. FIGURE 1.1 Operation control center simplified wall project display and workstation layout
2. FIGURE 1.2 Network to connect all RTUs to the OCC
3. FIGURE 1.3 OATS ground plane and antennas
4. FIGURE 1.4 Typical 3 m emission test facility. (The components are not to scale)
5. FIGURE 1.5 Typical test apparatus for conducting emission tests. (a) Single phase. (b) Three phases. (c) DC or AC emission current measurement
6. FIGURE 1.6 Typical test set-up for conducting voltage emission measurements
7. FIGURE 1.7 LISN designed for conducting emission measurements
Chapter 02
1. FIGURE 2.1 Various common types of emission coupling
2. FIGURE 2.2 Ground loop in a circuit from an extraneous source
3. FIGURE 2.3 Example of an aircraft with a passenger operating a cell phone
4. FIGURE 2.4 An amplifier with common mode noise
5. FIGURE 2.5 Amplifier with balanced input and high CMRR
6. FIGURE 2.6 Flowchart of techniques for EMC
7. FIGURE 2.7 Twisted pair as a method to reduce EMI
8. FIGURE 2.8 Enclosure with leakage shown
9. FIGURE 2.9 Common ground impedance
10. FIGURE 2.10 Typical EMC filters
11. FIGURE 2.11 The result of calculation for Figure 2.10c
12. FIGURE 2.12 Compound power line filter
13. FIGURE 2.13 Lightning stroke details
14. FIGURE 2.14 Using a loop to measure power line current
Chapter 03
1. FIGURE 3.1 Rectangular waveguide.
2. FIGURE 3.2 Lossy strip
3. FIGURE 3.3 Aircraft landing reflection example
4. FIGURE 3.4 Perpendicular electromagnetic wave in free space incident upon a block of material (z direction perpendicular to the surface, x direction vertical and y direction out of the page)
5. FIGURE 3.5 Free space incident and reflected fields of an oblique wave incident on a perfect conductor material (z direction horizontal, x direction vertical and y direction out of the page)
6. FIGURE 3.6 Lossy rectangular conducting strip
7. FIGURE 3.7 Aircraft landing reflection
8. FIGURE 3.8 Perpendicular electromagnetic wave in free space incident upon a block of material
9. FIGURE 3.9 Free space incident and reflected fields of an oblique wave incident on a perfect conductor material (z direction horizontal, x direction vertical and y direction out of the page)
Chapter 04
1. FIGURE 4.1 Halo installation detail.
2. FIGURE 4.2 Substation pole installation near a communication house
3. FIGURE 4.3 Measurements needed to calculate slant range. D_slant is the slant range distance, in meters. D_h is the horizontal (lateral) distance between the center of the measurement antenna and the vertical projection of the overhead power line carrying the BPL signals down to the height of the measurement antenna, in meters. D_limit is the distance at which the emission limit is specified in Part 15 (e.g. 30 m for frequencies below 30 MHz). H_{pwr_line} is the height of the power line, in meters. H_ant is the measurement antenna height, in meters.
4. FIGURE 4.4 Extrapolated levels comparison with 40 dB/decade extrapolation factor applied to slant-range distance. Power line height at 10 m
5. FIGURE 4.5 Extrapolated levels comparison with 40 dB/decade extrapolation factor applied to slant-range distance. Power line height at 11 m
6. FIGURE 4.6 Extrapolated levels comparison with 40 dB/decade extrapolation factor applied to slant-range distance. Power line height at 12 m
7. FIGURE 4.7 The layout of the antenna on the catwalk in a tunnel
8. FIGURE 4.8 Tunnel and entrance layout
9. FIGURE 4.9 Signal reflection from buildings and knife edge effect at tunnel entrance
10. FIGURE 4.10 Transmission obstructions from roof top installation
11. FIGURE 4.11 Knife edge loss calculations
12. FIGURE 4.12 Tunnel and entrance details
13. FIGURE 4.13 Tunnel wall reflections for 160 MHz
14. FIGURE 4.14 Tunnel wall reflections for 460 MHz
15. FIGURE 4.15 Tunnel wall reflections for 800 MHz
16. FIGURE 4.16 Wall reflection
17. FIGURE 4.17 Survey antenna position; only biconical shown
18. FIGURE 4.18 Simplified block diagram of survey test
19. FIGURE 4.19 Spectral diagram of test across entire band (low accuracy)
20. FIGURE 4.20 East vertical polarization
21. FIGURE 4.21 West vertical polarization
22. FIGURE 4.22 East horizontal polarization
23. FIGURE 4.23 West horizontal polarization
24. FIGURE 4.24 East vertical polarization
25. FIGURE 4.25 West vertical polarization
26. FIGURE 4.26 Leaky radiating cable construction details
27. FIGURE 4.27 Cross-section of a length of leaky radiating cable, showing aperture radiation
28. FIGURE 4.28 E field simulation (160 MHz)
29. FIGURE 4.29 E field simulation (470 MHz)
30. FIGURE 4.30 E field simulation (860 MHz)
31. FIGURE 4.31 FDTD cell configuration
32. FIGURE 4.32 Block diagram of cell, one-dimensional layout
33. FIGURE 4.33 Track and buried conduit layout for 26 pair cable
34. FIGURE 4.34 Lightning rod safety connection to cabinet and grounding layout
Chapter 05
1. FIGURE 5.1 Ground plane reflection point
2. FIGURE 5.2 VHF and UHF antenna mast
3. FIGURE 5.3 VHF antenna gain elevation
4. FIGURE 5.4 Top view of the VHF radiation pattern
5. FIGURE 5.5 Top view of the UHF radio radiation pattern
6. FIGURE 1 Computer-Controlled Radio And Laptop Computer Used To Perform EMI Measurements
7. FIGURE 2 Averaged Signal Over Scan Range as a Function of Scan Number
8. FIGURE 3 Remaining Bandwidth as a Function of Sweep Number
9. FIGURE 4 Spectra of Ambient Noise When Known Radiation Sources Are Bypassed and EMI from On-board Equipment and Engine
10. FIGURE 5.6 Monopole antenna antenna gain elevation with ground plane edge effects
11. FIGURE 5.7 Relections off obstruction (other antennas) that affect handheld radios on the wayside
12. FIGURE 5.8 Distances of various antennas to the handheld radio
13. FIGURE 5.9 Field electric field intensity close to edges
14. FIGURE 5.10 Patch antenna
15. FIGURE 5.11 Diffraction at the edge of a ground plane
16. FIGURE 5.12 Effects of diffraction on electric field gain
17. FIGURE 5.13 Effect of reflection and ground waves at the edge of a ground plane
18. FIGURE 5.14 Electric field impinging on a tunnel with glazed concrete wall
19. FIGURE 5.15 Example of antenna installations on a flat plate of stainless steel
20. FIGURE 5.16 Ray dome details
21. FIGURE 5.17 A four-antenna farm with near and far field distances
22. FIGURE 5.18 Patch antenna components
23. FIGURE 5.19 Wayside stainless steel cabinet with insulation
Chapter 06
1. FIGURE 6.1 Block diagram and details of a microwave backhaul radio system
2. FIGURE 6.2 Description of bus communication system. (a) Tower detail 1. (b) Tower detail 2
3. FIGURE 6.3 Bus communication system
4. FIGURE 6.4 Ferry communication layout
5. FIGURE 6.5 Ferry onboard communications layout
6. FIGURE 6.6 Point of radio electric reflection off water for ferry operations
7. FIGURE 6.7 Patch antenna on bus roof with an obstruction
Chapter 07
1. FIGURE 7.1 Power line exposure
2. FIGURE 7.2 Manhole layout for power and communications
Chapter 08
1. FIGURE 8.1 EMC hardening flow diagram
2. FIGURE 8.2 Pictorial description of (a) magnetic and (b) electric fields
3. FIGURE 8.3 Uneven compression of gasket
4. FIGURE 8.4 Typical shield applications for a pushbutton and lamp with filtering and shielding to maintain the integrity of the enclosure
5. FIGURE 8.5 Double magnetically shielded cable with Y junction
6. FIGURE 8.6 Capacitive coupling between culprit and victim
7. FIGURE 8.7 Mutual inductance coupling between culprit and victim
8. FIGURE 8.8 Twisted pair wiring loops
9. FIGURE 8.9 Grounding layouts, not to scale. The ground cable and ground rod size are dependent on the service. (a) Type 1. (b) Type 2 (c) Type 3 (d) Type 4
10. FIGURE 8.10 (a–c) Details of ground circuits showing the results of poor bonding
11. FIGURE 8.11 Fresnel zone with obstruction
12. FIGURE 8.12 Wave reflection from antenna on ground plane
13. FIGURE 8.13 Rounded obstruction edge instead of knife edge
Chapter 09
1. FIGURE 9.1 Track circuit details
2. FIGURE 9.2 Audio frequency block diagram.
3. FIGURE 9.3 Magnetic coupling of hot rail to running rails.
4. FIGURE 9.4 Cab signal system with automatic speed control.
Chapter 10
1. FIGURE 10.1 Strip line current density
2. FIGURE 10.2 Transmission and reflection at a seawater boundary
3. FIGURE 10.3 Cavity resonance example
4. FIGURE 10.4 Current flow through a cylinderical copper wire
5. FIGURE 10.5 Radiation through a ray dome cover

PREFACE

A contributor to this book both directly and indirectly is my friend and colleague Dr. Kent Chamberlin of the University of New Hampshire (UNH). He was my professor while taking graduate school courses toward a PhD degree (did not finish because of health problems). He was instrumental in teaching me the finer points in vector analysis applied to EMC issues. Previously I was working and analyzing EMC problems that could be reduced to a Cartesian form of equations. These were much easier to work with than the cylindrical and spherical differential equations. Many times the wave equation was unnecessary to do an analysis. Under his tutelage I could read and study more complex books on the subject, such as the ones written by Dr. Balanis (located in the References).

This book is written in several chapters, the first being the regulations for electromagnetic emissions for electric and magnetic fields. The second chapter is an introduction to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This has some simple examples, as shown by illustration in equations that are necessary for a PE without previous training or a person wishing to delve into this field. The third chapter of this book catalogues the solutions to the wave equation and Maxwell’s equations in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems and also has several examples for the use of these systems.

The next three chapters are devoted to communication issues in transportation requiring EMC analysis. These include analysis of communication houses, signals bungalows/houses and the effects of magnetic and electric fields on the equipment inside, external radiation from licensed radios, cell phones, spread-spectrum devices, power lines, power supplies and other types of emissions that are induced on communication lines and PC boards. These chapters have many examples that can be used as a guide for the engineer in deciding how to analyze a particular anomaly caused by electric and magnetic fields. As emphasized previously, never try to overextend an analysis of frequency airspace without knowing the limitations of the equations. One must always keep vigilant when understanding that the equations are only a tool and would be equivalent to a mechanic using a hammer to remove his spark plugs.

The seventh chapter of this book is related to health and safety issues and catalogs many of the safety issues that must be observed due to electromagnetic emissions, with examples. In each of the chapters of this book, problems are provided at the end of the chapter to reinforce the knowledge gained by studying the chapter. Answers are provided at the end and in many cases the answers are provided with equations with the numbers shown so as to guide the engineer reading the chapter to a result and in some cases the engineer can use the equations by just changing the numbers slightly.

The eighth chapter of this book has miscellaneous documents and functions that may be useful in generating or answering a requirements document in transportation with a report, as is often required. More often than not, test results are required for the EMC analysis until the integration phase is complete. Then, only if an EMC issue occurs after commissioning, all test results are released and generally can be found in DOT documents. During the 1980s when working in research and not in systems, test results were usually required for EMC analysis for military-type projects. But most commercial and consumer products require test results that must be provided to the FCC, usually through test laboratories, such as Underwriter Laboratories, if the company producing a product does not have facilities for testing. Since all the products installed in the system must be FCC approved, with care no emissions will be present due to the system. Often the analysis is only a guide used by the system engineer to prevent anomalies from occurring.

The ninth chapter deals with signals and tracks and the effects of electromagnetic emission signals, both from track and signals. For each of these entities examples of signals equipment functions and how these affect communications is the object of this study. Signals equipment operates using both copper and fiber optic networking and rails function similar to transmission lines and these are low-frequency communications on the rails themselves. However many new spread-spectrum devices are used in signals for conveying information from the rails to the operational control center (OCC). Examples of signals are provided at the end of the chapter, as mentioned previously, to reinforce the knowledge of the person studying EMC effects.

The last chapter of this book provides useful examples that may be used in EMC analysis. These consist of both equations and situations where these anomalies may be examined. These not only apply to communications and transportation but can be generally used for other analyses as required. The audience will find that some of the information in this book is used for other EMC analyses outside the realm of transportation, such as emissions within the home that may be causing EMC issues, the design of cabinets and enclosures that require strict EMC shielding from emissions both internal and external, the automotive industry where harsh environments with radiation emission is present from electric car drives, ignition systems, GPS, emissions from cell phones, wireless games, shielded buildings with security issues, navigational aids emissions, airports and many others that are outside the realm of how this book may be used. There is a course that was originally a one-week seminar in PowerPoint for PEs that is now available at www.wiley.com/go/electromagneticcompatibility. This PowerPoint presentation is meant for the layman and is not heavily involved with vector analysis.

Donald G. Baker PE

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Donald G. Baker began his experience in 1965 at the Motorola Corporation after graduation from the Illinois Institute of Technology with a BSEE in electronics. Motorola required that each engineer with less than one year’s experience attend their plant school. The first design project was a 70 MHz phase lock loop for a Tract 92 Tropo-Scatter Radio System. At this time a transistor design at 70 MHz was an advanced project. The next design with some patents was a military grade audio signal generator for Holt Instrument with the patent for the feedback circuit in 1968.

The next series of designs was for the Magnaflux Corporation from 1968 until 1972: during which time the following equipment test equipment was designed: (i) a conductivity meter requiring a patent for the bridge circuit (one of these meters is used as a federal standard for calibration of conductivity meters), (ii) an ultrasonic crack detector with a oscilloscope type readout designed for detecting cracks at one-10 000th inch below the material surface, (iii) a meter type and (iv) an ultrasonic crack detection unit for large cracks below the surface that did not require the accuracy of the initial crack detector.

The next series of designs were for the Sundstrand Corporation (machine tool division). The author obtained a MSEE from IIT night school in 1972 and worked from 1972 to 1978 on the following design projects:

The control system for the Clinch River Nuclear Breeder Reactor for refueling. This design required using an analog computer design of differential equations that were sampled and converted to digital format for the government of the refueling system as a safety precaution. The plug drives for alignment to the fueling grapple were all controlled by a digital computer composed by the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
The design of a six phase motor to be used for a spindle drive at 75 000 rpm to be used on milling machines.
Transistorized H drives to be used for the digital control of milling machine positioning.
An ultrasonic method for correcting spring-back in milling machines to increase accuracy.

The author was employed by EXTEL Corporation designing audio modems from 1978 to 1979. While employed by Microtek, 1980 to 1982, he designed a telephone caller ID system for analog phones using spread-spectrum technology. During employment by MIT Research (MITRE) from 1982 to 1990, he worked on several projects that are classified as secret and cannot be divulged at this time. Even their titles are secret; however most of the designs were used for fiber-optic networking. Employment from 1990 to 1991 with the Deleuw Cather involved EMC analysis and reliability work.

Employment from 1991 to 2013 was for the SESCO, Harmon and GE Corporations. This was all at the same workplace as the various companies changed hands but the work remain the same. The author’s tasks were as follows: (i) analysis of all EMC issues for transportation communications and sensor systems, (ii) reliability studies, (iii) maintainability studies and (iv) communication computer timing issues. The last work while retired is writing this book from March 2013 to March 2015 for the first iteration of the manuscript. Miscellaneous work from 1966 to 1968 was teaching elementary courses in electronics and instrumentation at high schools and from 1972 to 1990 teaching as an adjunct professor at several junior colleges and graduate schools.

Several of the corporations where the author was employed were involved in mergers or went out of business completely; but some of the information about the author’s work can be found in the author’s books on fiber optics written in 1985, 1986 and 1987.

ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY

Analysis and Case Studies in Transportation

PREFACE

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE