Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Section I: General
1: Clinical Pharmacology
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Inhalant Anesthetics
Injectable Anesthetics
Opioids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones
References
2: Monitoring
Introduction
Monitoring Basics
Monitoring the Respiratory System
Monitoring the Cardiovascular System
References
3: Airway Management
Introduction
General Principles of Airway Management
Approaches to Airway Management
Maintenance of the Airway during Anesthesia
Aids to Tracheal Intubation
Methods of Tracheal Intubation
References
4: Thermoregulation
Monitoring Body Temperature
Hypothermia
Perioperative Heat Loss
Hyperthermia
References
5: Oxygen Therapy
Why O
2
?
Hypoxemia and Hypoxia
Oxygen Sources
Methods of Administering Oxygen
Detection of Hypoxemia and Monitoring the Effects of Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen Cylinder Use in Wildlife
Portable Oxygen Concentrator Use in Wildlife
Postanesthetic Effects of Hypoxemia
Oxygen Toxicity
References
6: Analgesia
Introduction
Physiology of Pain
Principles of Pain Management
Pain and Its Management in Vertebrate Species
References
7: Physical Capture and Restraint
Introduction
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Reptiles
Amphibians
References
Webliography
8: Zoo and Wildlife CPR
Introduction
Defining Basic and Advanced Life Support
Cardiopulmonary Arrest (CPA) and CPCR: Strategy
Open-Chest or Internal Cardiac Massage
The Alphabet of an Arrest: D, E, F
Monitoring Efficacy of CPCR
Discontinuing CPCR
Prognosis and Return of Spontaneous Circulation?
References
9: Field Emergencies and Complications
Introduction
Precapture Considerations
Animal Safety Considerations for Remote Drug Delivery Equipment
Complications
Conclusion
References
10: Euthanasia
Introduction
Considerations for Wildlife and Zoo Species
Summary
References
11: Remote Drug Delivery
Introduction
Direct Delivery for Cooperative Animals
Remote Delivery Systems for Uncooperative Animals
Conclusions
References
12: Capture Myopathy
Introduction
History
The Human Comparative
Etiology
Predisposing Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical and Pathological Syndromes
Differential Diagnoses
Treatment
Prevention
Conclusions
References
13: Human Safety during Wildlife Capture
Introduction
Risks to Human Safety during Wildlife Capture and Handling
Emergency Preparedness
References
Section II: Invertebrates, Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians
14: Invertebrates
Introduction
Taxonomic Groups
Pain Management
Euthanasia
References
15: Bony Fish (Lungfish, Sturgeon, and Teleosts)
Introduction
Stress and Anesthesia
Taxonomy, Anatomy, Physiology, and Behavior
Environmental and Other Factors
Vascular Access
Immobilization Methods and Techniques
Monitoring
Recovery
Resuscitation
Anesthetic Drugs
Nonchemical Anesthesia
Analgesia
Euthanasia
Field Immobilization
Postanesthetic Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
16: Elasmobranchs and Holocephalans
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Preanesthetic Considerations
Chemical Immobilization
2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE)
Monitoring
Recovery Considerations and Postanesthetic Challenges
Field Immobilization
Euthanasia
Acknowledgments
References
Personal Communications
17: Amphibians
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Vascular Access
General Anesthetic Considerations
Monitoring
Analgesia
Anesthetic Drugs
References
18: Crocodilian Capture and Restraint
Introduction
Capture Equipment
To Catch a Crocodilian
Capture and Handling Basics
Capture and Restraint
Restraint and Transport
Release Techniques
References
19: Crocodilians (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman, and Gharial)
Introduction
Physiology and Anatomy
Restraint Techniques
Drug Delivery
Monitoring
Analgesia
Tranquilizers and Sedatives
Local Analgesia
Immobilizing Drugs
Other Injectable Agents
Inhalant Anesthesia
Anesthetic Protocols
References
20: Venomous Reptile Restraint and Handling
Introduction
Snake Behavior
Management Guidelines
Equipment and Methods
Venomous Lizard Management
Acknowledgments
Products Mentioned in the Text
References
21: Squamates (Snakes and Lizards)
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biology
Anatomy and Physiology
Vascular Access Sites
Preanesthetic Considerations
Maintaining Body Temperature
Monitoring Physiological Function
Monitoring Depth of Anesthesia
Endotracheal Intubation
Ventilation
Inhalation Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthetics
Parenteral Anesthesia
Other Techniques
Recovery
Complications
Analgesia
Selected Protocols
Field Techniques
References
22: Chelonia (Tortoises, Turtles, and Terrapins)
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Perianestehtic Considerations and Patient Management
Analgesia
Anesthetic Induction and MAINTENANCE
Monitoring
Recommended Sedatives and Anesthetic Agents
Recovery
References
Section III: Bird Anesthesia
23: Avian Anatomy and Physiology
Introduction
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Thermoregulation
References
24: Cagebirds
Introduction
Preanesthetic Evaluation
Preanesthetic Supportive Care
Equipment
Thermal Support
Emergencies
Anesthesia
Preanesthetics
Injectable Anesthetics
Local Anesthesia
Monitoring
Analgesia
Appendix
References
25: Penguins
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Induction and Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Recovery
Field Anesthesia
Postanesthetic Challenges
References
26: Ratites
Introduction
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Analgesia
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Recovery
Field Anesthetic Techniques
Monitoring
Complications
Diseases of Concern
References
27: Raptors
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture and Restraint
Ancillary Aspects of Anesthesia in Raptors
Vascular Access
Injectable Drugs for (Sedation) and Anesthesia
Local and Regional Anesthesia (Nerve Blocks)
Inhalant Anesthesia
Monitoring
Vascular Support
Recovery
Anesthetic Administration through an Air Sac Cannula
Special Considerations
References
28: Galliformes and Columbiformes
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Pre-Anesthetic Considerations
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Analgesia
Induction and Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Field Immobilization (Wild Capture)
References
29: Free-Living Waterfowl and Shorebirds
Introduction
The Patient
Fasting
Anesthetic Environment
Physical Restraint
Respiratory Control
Monitoring
Maintenance of Body Temperature
Recovery
Anticholinergics
Inhalation Anesthesia
Oxygen and Anesthesia
Parenteral Anesthesia
Vascular Access
Analgesia
Field Techniques
References
30: Birds: Miscellaneous
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Analgesia
Induction/Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Recovery Considerations
Field Immobilization (Wild Capture)
References
Section IV: Mammal Anesthesia
31: Monotremes (Echidnas and Platypus)
Introduction
Echidnas
Platypus
References
32: Marsupials
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Dasyuromorphia
Peramelemorphia
Koalas (Diprotodontia)
Wombats (Diprotodontia)
Possums and Gliders (Diprotodontia)
Macropods (Diprotodontia)
Notoryctemorphia
Didelphimorphia, Paucituberculata and Microbiotheria
References
33: Insectivores (Hedgehogs, Moles, and Tenrecs)
Taxonomy and Biology
Physical Restraint
Preanesthetic Preparation
Parenteral Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthesia
Monitoring and Supportive Care
References
34: Edentata (Xenartha)
Introduction
Preanesthetic Preparations
Physical Restraint
Induction
Maintenance
Support
Recovery and Complications
References
35: Tubulidentata and Pholidota
Introduction
Tubulidentata
Pholidota
References
36: Chiropterans (Bats)
Introduction
Physiology and Anatomy
Zoonotic Diseases
Physical Restraint
Blood Collection and Handling
Parenteral Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthesia
References
37: Prosimians
Introduction
Special Physiology
Restraint
Vascular Access Sites
Endotracheal Intubation
Pre-Anesthetic Considerations
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
Benzodiazipines
Opioids
Alpha-2 Agonists
Induction Agents
Inhalation Anesthesia
Monitoring
Recovery
Remote Immobilization and Field Techniques
References
38: Monkeys and Gibbons
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biology
Physiology
Human Safety
Vascular Access
Physical Restraint
Psychological Restraint (Taming)
Endothracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Sedation and General Anesthesia
Monitoring
Analgesia
Complications
Recovery
Field Immobilization (Wild Capture)
Suggested Protocols
References
39: Great Apes
Introduction
Taxonomy, Biology, and Anatomical Considerations
Preanesthetic Considerations
Preanesthetics/Sedatives
Induction Agents
Anesthetic Maintenance
Analgesia
Monitoring
Anesthetic Recovery
Complications
Field Anesthesia
References
40: Canids
Introduction
Species-Specific Physiology and Unique Anatomic Features
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Postanesthetic Challenges
References
41: Ursids (Bears)
Species-Specific Physiology
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Monitoring Anesthesia and Supportive Care
Pharmacological Considerations
Species-Specific Concerns
References
42: Procyonids and Mustelids
Introduction
Biology
Chemical Restraint, Immobilization, and Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthesia
References
43: Viverrids
Introduction
Species Specific Physiology
Physical Restraint
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Endotracheal Intubation
References
Webliography
44: Hyenidae
Introduction
Taxonomy and Biology Related to Anesthesia and Handling
Vascular Access and Sample Collection Sites
Restraint
Field Techniques
Body Weights and Blood Values
Captive Hyena Immobilization and Anesthesia
Anesthetic Maintenance
Analgesia
Complications
Recovery
Disease Issues (Affecting Anesthesia)
Field Immobilization of the brown Hyena (
H
yaena brunnea
) in Namibia
References
45: Felids
Introduction and Taxonomy
Anatomy Related to Immobilization and Anesthesia
Physical Restraint
Tranquilization or Premedication
Other Tranquilization Agents
Induction and Chemical Immobilization
A Fully Reversible Injectable Combination
Intravenous Inductions
Supplementation of Injectable Agents
Inhalation Agents
Antagonist or Reversal Agents
Monitoring
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Analgesia
Acknowledgments
References
46: Phocid Seals
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Induction and Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Supplemental Drugs Used during Anesthesia
Recovery
Field Anesthesia
Analgesia
References
47: Otariid Seals
Introduction
Capture and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Induction/Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Field Immobilization (Wild Capture)
Analgesia
Acknowledgments
References
48: Walrus
Species-Specific Physiology
Physical Capture and Restraint
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Monitoring Anesthesia and Supportive Care
Pharmacological Considerations
Analgesia
References
49: Cetaceans
Introduction
Dolphin Sleep
History of Dolphin General Anesthesia
Anatomy and Physiology Relevant to Anesthesia
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Anesthesia Support and Monitoring
Field Techniques and Strategies
Body Weight Ranges of Some Cetacean Species
Analgesia
Anesthetic and Sedative Drugs
Recovery
Local Anesthesia
Disease Issues Affecting Anesthesia
References
50: Sirenians (Manatees and Dugongs)
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Capture and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Induction/Maintenance Protocols
Monitoring
Recovery Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
51: Elephants
General Considerations for Elephant Sedation and Anesthesia
Immobilization of Free-Ranging Elephants
Captive Elephant Procedures
Analgesia
Summary
References
52: Nondomestic Equids
Introduction and Taxonomy
Anatomy and Physiology
Vascular Access Sites and Monitoring
Intubation
Nonchemical Capture of Equids
Chemical Restraint and Capture
References
53: Tapirs
Introduction, Taxonomy, and Natural History
Clinical Anatomy and Physiology
Preanesthetic Considerations
Preanesthetic Medication and Induction
Maintenance Anesthesia
Monitoring and Anesthetic Support
Recovery
References
54: Rhinoceroses
The Rhinocerotidae
Rhinoceros Immobilization and Capture
Rhinoceros Anesthesia in Captivity
Rhinoceros Anesthesia in the Wild
Rhinoceros Crating and Transport
Alternative Rhinoceros Anesthesia Techniques
Rhinoceros Calf Anesthesia
References
55: Nondomestic Suids
Introduction
Taxonomy
General Considerations of Suid Biology and Physiology
Trapping and Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Endotracheal Intubation and Anesthetic Monitoring and Support
Anesthetic Combinations
Conclusions
References
56: Hippopotamidae
Introduction
Taxonomy and Anatomy Related to Immobilization
Anatomy and Physiology Related to Capture and Immobilization
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Thermoregulation and Body Temperature
Specific Use of Anesthetic Monitoring Equipment on Hippos
Planning for a Hippo Immobilization Procedure
Historical Review of Hippo Immobilization
New Advances in Hippo Restraint and Immobilization
References
57: Camelids
Introduction
Patient Restraint and Handling
Instrumentation
Anesthetic Techniques
Anesthetic Recovery
Analgesic Techniques
Monitoring during Anesthetic-Induced Recumbency
Support during Anesthetic-Induced Recumbency
Summary
References
58: Giraffidae
Taxonomy and Biology
Anatomy and Physiology Related to Anesthesia
Analgesia
Physical and Mechanical Restraint
Sedation and Tranquilization
Endotracheal Intubation
Anesthesia of Giraffe
Okapi Anesthesia
References
59: Cervids (Deer)
Introduction
Species-Specific Physiology
Physical Capture and Restraint
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
Monitoring and Supportive Care
Pharmacological Considerations for Anesthesia of Deer
References
60: Antelope
Introduction
Taxonomy and Anatomy Related to Anesthesia
Biology and Physiology
Vascular Access Sites and Monitoring
Intubation
Review of Reports on Antelope Anesthesia
Strategies for Field Capture and Anesthesia in Remote Locations
Guidelines for Anesthesia in Specific Antelope Species
Anesthetic Regimens for Antelope in Managed Care
Induction
Recovery
Anesthesia Records
Acknowledgments
References
61: Gazelle and Small Antelope
Introduction
Unique Physiology, Anatomy, and Behavior
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Intubation
Preanesthetic Considerations
Induction Protocols
Maintenance and Monitoring
Recovery Considerations
Tranquilizers
Complications
Appendix 61A.1
References
62: Wild Sheep and Goats
Introduction
Species-Specific Physiology
Physical Capture
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
References
63: Nondomestic Cattle
Introduction
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access and Urine Collection
Chemical Restraint and Capture
Pre-Anesthetic Considerations
Anesthetic Monitoring
Endotracheal Intubation
Sedation and Tranquilization
General Anesthesia
Analgesia
Recovery
Complications
References
64: Bison
Introduction
Species-Specific Physiology
Physical Capture and Restraint
Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
References
65: Lagomorphs (Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas)
Introduction
Physical Restraint
Vascular Access
Preanesthetic Preparation
Premedication
Analgesia
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Parenteral Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthesia
Perioperative Monitoring
Perioperative Supportive Care
Recovery
Recommended Anesthetic Regimens for Domestic Rabbits
Recommended Anesthetic Regimens for Free-Living Lagomorphs
References
66: Rodents
Introduction
Consequences of Small Body Size
Zoonotic Diseases
Physical Restraint
Preanesthetic Preparation
Premedication
Analgesia
Local and Regional Anesthesia
Parenteral Anesthesia
Inhalation Anesthesia
Monitoring
Supportive Care
Recovery
Anesthetic Regimens for Small Domestic Rodents
Anesthetic Regimens for Free-Living Rodents
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Table 1.1. Anesthetic agent vapor pressures at 20 and 24°C
Table 1.2. Selected partition coefficients of commonly used anesthetic agents
Table 1.3. Structure and characteristics of inhalation anesthetics
Table 5.1. The effect on arterial oxygen tension by intranasal oxygen supplementation from portable oxygen cylinders at different flow rates in various ungulate species immobilized with various drug combinations
Table 5.2. Recommended flow rates of intranasal oxygen to anesthetized brown bears in relation to their body mass
Table 6.1. Commonly used analgesics in nonmammalian vertebrates
Table 6.2. Commonly used analgesics in mammals
Table 7.1. Principles and considerations of humane physical restraint in zoo and wild animals
Table 7.2. Comparison of physical capture techniques for free-ranging wildlife
Table 8.1. Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation drug doses
Table 8.2. Sample crash cart setup
Table 10.1. Euthanasia methods for wildlife and zoo species
Table 11.1. Description of currently available darts by manufacturer
Table 12.1. Predisposing or contributing factors for capture myopathy
Table 14.1. Immobilization and anesthetic drugs used in invertebrates
Table 15.1. Selected anesthetic agents used in selected bony fish (lungfish, sturgeon, and teleosts)
Table 16.1. Anesthetic and immobilization drugs used in elasmobranchs
Table 16.2. Drugs used for emergency and supportive care in anesthetized elasmobranchs
Table 17.1. Analgesic drug dosages for amphibians
Table 17.2. Anesthetic drug dosages for amphibians
Table 18.1. Suggested standard list of materials used for crocodilian capture and restraint
Table 19.1. Commonly used drugs in crocodilians
Table 21.1. Selected anesthetic, sedative and analgesic drugs used in snakes and lizards
Table 21.2. Recommended anesthetic protocols for snakes and lizards
Table 22.1. Analgesic agents with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data available in chelonian species
Table 22.2. Selected sedative and anesthetic protocols used in chelonian species
Table 23.1. Comparison of allometric equations for respiratory variables in birds and mammals
Table 23.2. Published blood gas values for selected species of birds
Table 23.3. Published direct blood pressure (DBP) ranges in avian species
Table 24.1. Avian emergency drug doses
Table 24.2. Injectable premedication/emergency, sedative, tranquilizer, and anesthetic drugs used in cagebirds
Table 24.3. Analgesic drug dosages commonly used in birds
Table 25.1. Species of penguins
Table 26.1. Reported weight and height ranges for ratites and tinamous
Table 26.2. Anesthetic agents used in adult ratites
Table 26.3. Systolic (SBP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressures (mmHg) reported for anesthetized ratites
Table 27.1. Reported dosages of more commonly used injectable anesthetics in raptors
Table 27.2. Inhalant anesthetics in raptors
Table 28.1. Parenteral anesthetics used in domestic galliformes and columbiformes
Table 29.1. Simplified anesthesia levels of birds. The stages are continuous
Table 29.2. Mean cardiopulmonary and blood gas values with SD (±) or range (−) for normal waterfowl
Table 29.3. Mean cardiopulmonary values given as mean with SD (±) or range (−) for waterfowl after at least 15 minutes under injectable anesthesia
Table 29.4. Injectable drugs used in waterfowl anesthesia
Table 30.1. Classification of the class Aves
Table 32.1. Body weights of selected marsupial species (Van Dyke & Strahan, 2008)
Table 32.2. Dosages (mg/kg) of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs used in marsupials (Vogelnest & Woods 2008)
Table 32.3. Accessible veins in marsupials
Table 32.4. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature of selected marsupials
Table 32.5. Dosages (mg/kg) of tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ), xylazine/ketamine (X/K), medetomidine/ketamine (M/K), and alfaxalone for immobilization of marsupials (Vogelnest 1999; Vogelnest & Woods 2008)
Table 33.1. Anesthetic and analgesic drugs used in insectivores
Table 34.1. Normal adult body weights of select Edentate species
Table 34.2. Doses for anesthetic induction agents in Edentata
Table 35.1. Chemical restraint agents used for aardvarks
Table 36.1. Anesthetic and analgesic drugs used in megachiropteran and microchiropteran bats
Table 37.1. Body weight ranges for various prosimian species
Table 37.2. Drugs commonly used for sedation and anesthesia in prosimian primates
Table 37.3. Doses of analgesic drugs used in prosimian primates
Table 37.4. Useful combination regimes for prosimian primates
a
Table 38.1. Taxonomy of monkeys including approximate adult body weights
Table 38.2. Recommended drugs and drug combinations for immobilization of monkeys and gibbons
Table 39.1. Range of dosages of injectable anesthetic induction and reversal agents used in wild and captive great apes
Table 39.2. Range of physiologic parameters reported in great apes under various anesthetic regimens
Table 40.1. Taxonomic and biologic information for canids
Table 40.2. Injectable immobilization drug dosages for canids
Table 41.1. Recommended mean doses (mg/kg) of immobilizing agents used to facilitate capture of free-ranging American black bears, brown bears, and polar bears
Table 42.1. General Procyonidae chemical restraint agent doses (IM)
Table 42.2. Specific Procyonidae chemical restraint agent doses (IM)
Table 42.3. General mustelid chemical restraint agent doses (IM)
Table 42.4. Specific mustelid chemical restraint agent doses (IM)
Table 43.1. Latin names, common names, body weights, and longevity of viverrid species
Table 43.2. Anesthetic drug combinations used in viverrids
Table 44.1. Serum chemistry ranges for captive adult spotted hyenas under KXA anesthesia
Table 44.2. Complete blood count ranges for captive adult spotted hyenas under KXA anesthesia
Table 45.1. Dosages for immobilization agents used in large nondomestic felids (
P
anthera
spp.) and cheetahs (
A
cinonyx jubatus
)
Table 45.2. Dosages for immobilization agents used in small nondomestic felids (
F
elis
spp. and
N
eofelis nebulosa
)
Table 45.3. Dosages for analgesic and NSAIDs used in nondomestic felids
Table 46.1. Some chemical immobilizing agents used in phocid seals 1990–2010
Table 46.2. Classification of stages of immobilization in phocid seals
Table 47.1. Blood gas variables from the caudal gluteal vein in 10 physically restrained California sea lions (
Z
alophus californianus
)
Table 47.2. Parenteral and inhalant anesthetic drug dosages in otariids
Table 49.1. Common juvenile and adult weight ranges for selected species of cetaceans housed in oceanaria and aquaria
Table 49.2. Analgesic drugs used in cetaceans
Table 49.3. Chemical sedative and anesthetic agents used in bottlenose dolphins (
T
ursiops truncatus
)
Table 50.1. Family Sirenia
Table 50.2. Analgesic, anesthetic, and reversal agents for the Florida manatee (
T
richechus manatus latirostris
)
Table 50.3. Physiological parameters for the Florida manatee (
T
richechus manatus latirostris
)
Table 51.1. Geographic distribution, height, and weight of officially recognized elephant taxa
Table 51.2. Procedures requiring elephant sedation or anesthesia
Table 51.3. Doses of opiate agonists used in elephant anesthesia
Table 51.4. Published cardiopulmonary values for etorphine-immobilized free-ranging elephants
Table 51.5. Drugs used for standing sedation in elephants
Table 51.6. Published cardiopulmonary values for etorphine-immobilized captive elephants
a
Table 51.7. Commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents used in elephants
a
Table 52.1. Present-day wild equids
Table 52.2. Biological data of the wild equids
Table 52.3. Suggested dosages for long-acting neuroleptics in selected wild equids
Table 52.4. Selected anesthetic protocols for wild equids
Table 53.1. Typical body weight and size for members of Tapiridae
Table 53.2. Criteria that should be considered when designing an anesthetic protocol for tapirs
Table 53.3. Summary of protocols utilized to immobilize free-ranging tapirs
Table 53.4. Anesthetic protocols used in captive tapirs
Table 54.1. Suggested doses for chemical restraint of adult
captive
rhinoceroses producing anesthetic planes from sedation to recumbency
Table 54.2. Suggested doses for chemical restraint of adult
wild
rhinoceroses including supplemental agents used for respiratory support
Table 54.3. Suggested opioid reversal protocols for walking, crate loading and transport of adult African rhinoceroses
Table 54.4. Suggested doses for immobilization and anesthesia of rhinoceros calves in both
captive
and
wild
environments
Table 55.1. Species of suids by family and weight ranges
Table 55.2. Common immobilization protocols used in nondomestic suids
Table 56.1. New anesthetic combination dosages for captive hippos
a
Table 57.1. Drug protocols for sedation and anesthesia in domesticated healthy adult camelids
a
Table 57.2. Drug protocols for sedation and anesthesia in domesticated neonatal camelids
a
Table 58.1. Drugs used for chemical restraint in giraffe
Table 58.2. Drugs used for chemical restraint in okapi
Table 60.1. Drugs used by SANParks in the mass capture of various species
Table 60.2. Drugs used in South African National Parks for the immobilization of various antelope species
Table 60.3. Anesthetic induction regimens for selected antelope species with average adult captive body weights
Table 61.1. Weights
Table 61.2. Dosages used in gazelle and small antelope
Table 61.3. Dosages for anesthetic antagonists
Table 63.1. Average body weights of adult exotic cattle
a
Table 63.2. Recommended anesthetic agents and protocols for wild cattle
Table 65.1. Drug dosages (mg/kg, IM, SC or IV) for premedication and sedation of rabbits
Table 65.2. Analgesic drugs used in rabbits and hares
a
Table 65.3. Drugs used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in rabbits (and hares)
Table 66.1. Drugs used for premedication in rodents
Table 66.2. Suggested analgesic dosages for rodents
Table 66.3. Parenteral anesthetic regimens and dosages (mg/kg) for representative rodents
Table 66.4. Guidelines for endotracheal tube size selection in rodents