Molecular and Supramolecular Information Processing
From Molecular Switches to Logic Systems
2012
ISBN: 978-3-527-33195-6
Katz, E. (ed.)
Information Processing Set
2 Volumes (consisting of "Biomolecular Information Processing" and "Molecular and Supramolecular Information Processing")
2012
ISBN: 978-3-527-33245-8
Wallace, G.G., Moulton, S., Kapsa, R.M.I., Higgins, M.
Organic Bionics
2012
ISBN: 978-3-527-32882-6
Cosnier, S., Karyakin, A. (Eds.)
Electropolymerization
Concepts, Materials and Applications
2010
ISBN: 978-3-527-32414-9
Alkire, R.C., Kolb, D.M., Lipkowski, J. (Eds.)
Bioelectrochemistry
Fundamentals, Applications and Recent Developments
2012
ISBN: 978-3-527-32885-7
Kumar, C.S. (ed.)
Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences
10 Volume Set
2011
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33114-7
Waser, R. (ed.)
Nanoelectronics and Information Technology
Advanced Electronic Materials and Novel Devices
Third, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition
2012
Print ISBN: 978-3-527-40927-3
Implantable Bioelectronics
Edited by
Evgeny Katz
The Editor
Prof. Evgeny Katz
Clarkson University
Department of Chemistry
Clarkson Avenue 8
USA
All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33525-1
ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-67317-9
ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-67316-2
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Preface
Scientific research and engineering in the area of implantable bioelectronic devices have been progressing rapidly in the last two decades, greatly contributing to medical and technological advances, thus resulting in numerous applications. In addition, this research absorbs novel achievements and discoveries in microelectronics, computing, biotechnology, materials science, micromachinery, and many other science and technology areas. The present book overviews the multidisciplinary field of implantable bioelectronics, highlighting its key aspects and future perspectives. The chapters written by the leading experts cover different subareas of the science and technology related to implantable bioelectronics – together covering the multifaceted area and its applications. The different topics addressed in this book will be of high interest to the interdisciplinary community active in the area of implantable bioelectronics. It is hoped that the collection of the different chapters will be important and beneficial for researchers and students working in various areas related to bioelectronics, including microelectronics, biotechnology, materials science, computer science, medicine, and so on. Furthermore, the book is aimed at attracting young scientists and introducing them to the field, while providing newcomers with an enormous collection of literature references. I, indeed, hope that the book will spark the imagination of scientists to further develop the topic.
It should be noted that the field of implantable bioelectronics relates to some extent to the fascinating area of unconventional computing, the consideration of which is outside the scope of the present book. This complementary area of molecular/biomolecular computing was covered in two other recent books from Wiley-VCH: Molecular and Supramolecular Information Processing: From Molecular Switches to Logic Systems, E. Katz (Ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2012 and Biomolecular Information Processing – From Logic Systems to Smart Sensors and Actuators, E. Katz (Ed.), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2012.
Finally, the editor (E. Katz) and publisher (Wiley-VCH) express their gratitude to all authors of the chapters, whose dedication and hard work made this book possible, hoping that the book will be interesting and beneficial to researchers and students working in various areas related to bioelectronics. I would like to conclude this preface by thanking my wife Nina for her support in every respect in the past 40 years. Without her help, it would not have been possible to complete this work.
August 2013
Evgeny Katz Potsdam, NY, USA
List of Contributors
Anne Agur
University of Toronto
Department of Surgery
Faculty of Medicine
Toronto, Medical Sciences Building
Canada
Abhishek Basak
Case Western Reserve University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Nanoscape Research Laboratory
Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106
USA
Ravi V. Bellamkonda
WH Coulter Professor and
School Chair
GRA Distinguished Scholar
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
Ferst Dr
Atlanta, GA 30332-0535
USA
Swarup Bhunia
Case Western Reserve University
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
Glennan Building
Cleveland, OH 44106
USA
Joav Birjiniuk
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
Ferst Dr
Atlanta, GA 30332
USA
Zoltan Blum
Malmö University
Biomedical Sciences
Health and Society
Jan Waldenströms gata 25
SE-20506 Malmö
Sweden
Jordi Colomer-Farrarons
University of Barcelona
Department of Electronics
Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO)
Martí i Franquès 1
Planta 2
Barcelona
Spain
Serge Cosnier
CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier
Grenoble 1
Département de Chimie Moléculaire
UMR-5250
570 rue de la chimie
BP 53
Grenoble cedex 9
France
Maria R. Dzamukova
Kazan (Idel buye\Volga region) Federal University
Biomaterials and Nanomaterials Group
Department of Microbiology
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Kreml urami 18
Kazan 420008
Republic of Tatarstan
Russian Federation
Rawil F. Fakhrullin
Kazan (Idel buye\Volga region) Federal University
Biomaterials and Nanomaterials Group
Department of Microbiology
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Kreml urami 18
Kazan 420008
Republic of Tatarstan
Russian Federation
Jessica D. Falcone
Georgia Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Atlantic Dr
Atlanta, GA 30332
USA
Magnus Falk
Malmö University
Biomedical Sciences
Health and Society
Jan Waldenströms gata 25
SE-20506 Malmö
Sweden
Philip X.-L. Feng
Case Western Reserve University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Case School of Engineering
Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106
USA
George Fitzmaurice
Autodesk Research
King Street East
Suite 600, Toronto
Ontario, M5A 1J7
Canada
Manel González-Piñero}
University of Barcelona
Department of Public Economy
Political Economy and Spanish Economy
Av Diagonal 690-696
Barcelona
Spain
and
Technical University of Catalonia
Biomedical Engineering Research Centre
Pau Gargallo 5
Barcelona
Spain
Tovi Grossman
Autodesk Research
King Street East
Suite 600, Toronto
Ontario, M5A 1J7
Canada
Maryam Sadat Hashemian
Case Western Reserve University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Nanoscape Research Laboratory
Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106
USA
Christian Holz
University of Potsdam
Hasso Plattner Institute
Prof.-Dr.-Helmert-Str 2 - 3
Potsdam, 14482
Germany
Michael Holzinger
CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier
Grenoble 1
Département de Chimie Moléculaire
UMR-5250
570 rue de la chimie, BP 53
Grenoble cedex 9
France
Amol Jadhav
University of California at Berkeley
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Berkeley, CA
USA
Esteve Juanola-Feliu
University of Barcelona
Department of Electronics
Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO)
Martí i Franquès 1
Planta 2
Barcelona
Spain
Evgeny Katz
Clarkson University
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
Clarkson Avenue
Potsdam, NY 13699
USA
Sven Kerzenmacher
University of Freiburg
Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK
Georges-Koehler-Allee 103
D-79110 Freiburg
Germany
Wen H. Ko
Case Western Reserve University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Case School of Engineering
Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44106
USA
Robert Kretschmar
Georgia Institute of Technology
Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
Ferst Dr
Atlanta, GA 30332
USA
Alan Le Goff
CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier
Grenoble 1
Département de Chimie Moléculaire
UMR-5250
570 rue de la chimie
BP 53
Grenoble cedex 9
France
Michel M. Maharbiz
University of California at Berkeley
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Berkeley, CA
USA
Ellen M. McGee
Retired Adjunct Philosophy Professor
Retired Director, The Long Island Center for Ethics
Long Island University
CW Post
Northern Blvd
Brookville, NY 11548
USA
Pere Miribel-Catalá
University of Barcelona
Department of Electronics
Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO)
Martí i Franquès 1
Planta 2
Barcelona
Spain
Seetharam Narasimhan
Intel Corporation
Portland, OR
USA
Ekaterina A. Naumenko
Kazan (Idel buye\Volga region) Federal University
Biomaterials and Nanomaterials Group
Department of Microbiology
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology
Kreml urami 18
Kazan 420008
Republic of Tatarstan
Russian Federation
Jun Ohta
Nara Institute of Science and Technology
Graduate School of Materials Science
8916-5 Takayama
Ikoma
Nara 630-0192
Japan
Dmitry Pankratov
Malmö University
Biomedical Sciences
Health and Society
Jan Waldenströms gata 25
SE-20506 Malmö
Sweden
Ada S. Y. Poon
Stanford University
Department of Electrical Engineering
David Packard Building
Serra Mall
Stanford, CA 94305-9505
USA
Jean-Michel Redoute
Monash University
Biomedical Integrated Circuits and Sensors Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems Engineering
Clayton
Melbourne Vic 3800
Australia
Kaushik Roy
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering Building
Northwestern Ave.
West Lafayette
Indiana 47907-2035
USA
Josep Samitier
University of Barcelona
Department of Electronics
Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO)
Martí i Franquès 1
Planta 2
Barcelona
Spain
and
IBEC-Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia
μ nanosystems Engineering for Biomedical Applications Research Group
Baldiri Reixac 10-12
Barcelona
Spain
and
CIBER-BBN-Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering
Biomaterials and Nanomedicine
María de Luna 11
Edificio CEEI
Zaragoza
Spain
Hirotaka Sato
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
3School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore
Mrigank Sharad
Purdue University
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Electrical Engineering Building
Northwestern Ave.
West Lafayette
Indiana 47907-2035
USA
Sergey Shleev
Malmö University
Biomedical Sciences
Health and Society
Jan Waldenströms gata 25
SE-20506 Malmö
Sweden
Gymama Slaughter
University of Maryland Baltimore County
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
Bioelectronics Laboratory
Baltimore, MD 21250
USA
Kevin Warwick
University of Reading
School of Systems Engineering
Whiteknights
Reading RG6 6AY
UK
Mehmet Rasit Yuce
Monash University
Biomedical Integrated Circuits and Sensors Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Systems Engineering
The integration of electronic elements with biological systems, resulting in novel devices with unusual functionalities, attracts significant research efforts owing to fundamental scientific interest and the possible practical applications of such devices. The commonly used buzzword “bioelectronics” highlights the functional integration of two different areas of science and engineering – biology and electronics, to yield a novel subarea of biotechnology [1, 2]. Bioelectronics is a rapidly developing, multidisciplinary research direction, combining novel achievements from electronics miniaturization allowing devices to operate with ultralow power consumption [3], the development of flexible devices for interfacing with biological tissue via advances within materials science [4], bio-inspired unconventional computing for mimicking biological information processing [5], and many other highly innovative science and technology areas. One of the most advanced applications benefiting from the development of bioelectronics is the rapidly progressing area of biosensors technology [6]. The use of novel nanostructured materials integrated with biomolecular systems [7–9] tremendously contributes to the rapid progress of bioelectronics, especially in regard to biosensor applications [10]. The novel electronic systems based on flexible supports [11] for direct interfacing with biological tissues are very promising for use in implantable bioelectronic devices [12] (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1 (a) Flexible bioelectronic devices allow interfacing with a biological tissue. (b) A new type of biosensor uses flat, flexible electronics (“tattoo”-bioelectronics) printed on a thin rubbery sheet, which can stick to human skin for at least 24 h.
(Photos “a” and “b” were kindly provided by Prof. Joseph Wang, University California San Diego, USA, and Prof. John A. Rogers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA, respectively.)
The most challenging developments in bioelectronics are related to biomedical applications, particularly advancing the direct coupling of electronic devices/machines with living organisms, where electronics operates in a biological environment implanted within a living body. This technology is already highly advanced, at least in some medical applications such as implantable cardiostimulators [13, 14] and various other implantable prosthetic devices [15, 16]. The most important issue in the biotechnological engineering of implantable devices is the interface between living tissues and artificial man-made implantable devices. Cardiac defibrillators/pacemakers, deep brain neurostimulators, spinal cord stimulators, gastric stimulators, foot drop implants, cochlear implants, insulin pumps, retinal implants, implantable neural electrodes, muscle implants, and other implantable devices must perform their functions by directly interacting with the respective organs to improve their natural operation or substitute the missing function. Implantable medical devices can also restore function by integrating with nondamaged tissue within an organ. The artificially generated electrical and sometimes electromechanical activity in each of these cases must be engineered within the context of the physiological system and its biological characteristics. For example, in one of the recent research projects [17], a nervous system was wired to a robotic hand, allowing its remote control (Figure 1.2). Neural signals were transmitted to various technological devices to directly control them, in some cases via the Internet, and feedback to the brain was obtained from, for example, the fingertips of the robot hand [17].
Figure 1.2 Prof. Warwick had his nervous system wired to a robotic hand allowing its remote control. (a) A 100-electrode array surgically implanted into the median nerve fibers of the left arm allowed electrical reading of nerve signals. (b) The robotic hand was remotely controlled by signals from the researcher's nervous system.
(Photos “a” and “b” were kindly provided by Prof. Kevin Warwick, University of Reading, UK.)
Highly integrated systems also make possible the development of implantable devices that can sense their biological environment in real time and properly respond to the changing conditions. Integrated “Sense-and-Act” systems for intelligent drug delivery have emerged, contributing to the novel concept of personalized medicine and appear particularly important for advancing point-of-care and end-user applications [18]. Although very sophisticated digital electronics can provide perfect internal operation of the implantable devices, their interfacing with the biological environment requires further advancement. New materials and novel concepts are needed for improved interfacing of the biological and electronic systems. Improving biocompatibility, via surface chemistry, is critical for enabling future implantable bioelectronic devices. Information processing by the integrated biological/electronic system requires novel computational approaches because natural information processing is conceptually different from the digital operation used in modern electronics. New methods for harvesting and managing energy to power implantable devices are required [19, 20]. They can be based on bio-inspired approaches using, for example, implantable biofuel cells harvesting energy from the internal physiological resources [21–23] (Figure 1.3). Revolutions in miniaturized electronic devices, cognitive science, bioelectronics, bio-inspired unconventional computing, nanotechnology, and applied neural control technologies are resulting in breakthroughs in the integration of humans and machines. The interactions of electronic computing elements, wireless information processing systems, advances in prosthetic devices, and artificial implants facilitate the merging of humans with machines. These exciting advancements lay the foundation for the development of bionic animal/human–machine hybrids [24] (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). Apart from biomedical applications, one can foresee bioelectronic self-powered “cyborgs” capable of autonomous operation using power from biological sources, utilized in environmental monitoring, homeland security, and military applications.
Figure 1.3 Implantation of biofuel cells in a living tissue can provide electrical power harvested from metabolic species for activating implantable bioelectronic devices. (a) A biofuel cell implanted in a free moving snail. (b) Conceptual schematic design for an implanted biofuel cell harvesting power from the cerebrospinal fluid, showing a plausible site of implantation within the subarachnoid space. The inset is a micrograph of one prototype, showing the metal layers of the anode (central electrode) and cathode contact (outer ring) patterned on a silicon wafer.
(Photo “a” originates from Prof. E. Katz laboratory, Clarkson University, NY, USA. Part “b” is adapted from Ref. [23] with permission.)
Figure 1.4 Brain–machine interface allowing control of moving robotic vehicles. Rat–robot hybrid involves implanted neural electrodes that allow the rat's brain signals to control a motorized vehicle.
(Photo was kindly provided by Prof. Kunihiko Mabuchi and Dr. Osamu Fukayama, The University of Tokyo, Japan.)
Figure 1.5 “Cyborgs” with electronically integrated biomachine parts: (a) A giant flower beetle wears an electronic backpack that allows researchers to wirelessly control its flight. (b) A robotic hand controlled by brain signals can substitute for the missing hand of a disabled person.
(Photos “a” and “b” were kindly provided by Prof. Michel M. Maharbiz, University of California, Berkeley, USA, and by the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, USA, respectively.)
The present book summarizes the diverse subareas of implantable bioelectronics including the modification of biological cells, interfacing tissues, and particularly nervous systems with electronics, harvesting energy from biological sources using implantable biofuel cells and creating “cyborgs” where the function of biological organisms is highly integrated with electronic systems and machines. The variety of systems described in the book and their possible applications are really impressive! While some systems and their applications represent the present level of technology, others are at the interface with future advancements. Possible revolutionary changes in a human's life can be expected on the basis of the rapid progress in the technology integrating the human body with machines. This requires not only novel technological solutions but also careful ethical considerations. This book aims at summarizing the achievements in this rapidly developing multifaceted research area providing background for further progress and helping in understanding of various aspects in this complex scientific field.
References
1. Willner, I. and Katz, E. (eds) (2005) Bioelectronics: From Theory to Applications, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim.
2. Pethig, R.R. and Smith, S. (2012) Introductory Bioelectronics: For Engineers and Physical Scientists, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester.
3. Sarpeshkar, R. (2010) Ultra Low Power Bioelectronics: Fundamentals, Biomedical Applications, and Bio-Inspired Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Halámková, L., Halámek, J., Bocharova, V., Szczupak, A., Alfonta, L., and Katz, E. (2012) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 5040–5043.
22. Zebda, A., Cosnier, S., Alcaraz, J.-P., Holzinger, M., Le Goff, A., Gondran, C., Boucher, F., Giroud, F., Gorgy, K., Lamraoui, H., and Cinquin, P. (2013) Sci. Rep., 3, 1516, art. #1516.
23. Rapoport, B.I., Kedzierski, J.T., and Sarpeshkar, R. (2012) PLoS ONE, 7, art. #e38436.
24. Johnson, F.E. and Virgo, K.S. (eds) (2006) The Bionic Human: Health Promotion for People with Implanted Prosthetic Devices, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
