Cover
Preface
Foreword
Part I: NATURAL ORAL CARE
1. 1 Natural Oral Care in Dental Therapy: Current and Future Prospects
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Safety of Natural Oral Care
  3. 1.3 Advantage of Natural Oral Care
  4. 1.4 Limitations of Natural Oral Care
  5. 1.5 Future Prospects of Natural Oral Care
  6. References
2. 2 Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene: An Overview of Their Biological Activities
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Oral Hygiene and Current Treatments
  3. 2.3 Plants Traditionally Used in Oral Hygiene
  4. 2.4 Clinically-Studied Plant Products for Oral Hygiene
  5. 2.5 In Vitro-Studied Herbal Products for Oral Hygiene
  6. 2.6 Discussion
  7. 2.7 Conclusion
  8. References
3. 3 Go Green—Periodontal Care in the Natural Way
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Plaque Control
  3. 3.3 Dant Dhavani (Brushing)
  4. 3.4 Jivha Lekhana (Tongue Scrapping)
  5. 3.5 Gandusha (Gargling) or Oil Pulling
  6. 3.6 Oxidative Stress in Periodontitis
  7. 3.7 Green Tea
  8. 3.8 Turmeric (Curcumin longa, Haldi)
  9. 3.9 Amala (Emblica officinalis, Amalaki, Phyllanthus emblica, Indian Gooseberry, Dhatriphala)
  10. 3.10 Anar/Dalima (Punica granatum)
  11. 3.11 Launga/Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)
  12. 3.12 Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)
  13. 3.13 Amra/Mango (Magnifera indica)
  14. 3.14 Neem (Azadirachta indica)
  15. 3.15 Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
  16. 3.16 Nilgiri (Eucalyptus globulus)
  17. 3.17 Tila/Sesame (Sesamum indicum)
  18. 3.18 Triphala
  19. 3.19 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil)
  20. 3.20 Rumi Mastagi/Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus)
  21. 3.21 Wheat Grass
  22. 3.22 Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
  23. 3.23 Licorice Root
  24. 3.24 Myrrh (Commiphora glileadenis)
  25. 3.25 Psidium guajava
  26. 3.26 Ginkbo Biloba
  27. 3.27 Honey
  28. 3.28 Other Herbs Which Can Be Potentially Used for Treating Periodontitis
  29. 3.29 Conclusion
  30. References
4. 4 Role of Herbal and Natural Products in the Management of Potentially Malignant Oral Disorders
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF)
  3. 4.3 Oral Leukoplakia (OL)
  4. 4.4 Oral Lichen Planus (OLP)
  5. References
Part II: STUDIES OF PLANTS USED IN DENTAL DISEASE
1. 5 Studies on the Anticariogenic Potential of Medicinal Plant Seed and Fruit Extracts
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 5.3 Result and Discussion
  4. 5.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
2. 6 Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Turmeric and Aloe Vera in a Gingivitis Model
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Gingivitis and Periodontitis
  3. 6.3 Aloe Vera
  4. 6.4 Turmeric
  5. 6.5 Methodology
  6. 6.6 Perspectives for the Future
  7. 6.7 Conclusions
  8. References
3. 7 Effects of Bauhinia forficata Link in Reducing Streptococcus mutans Biofilm on Teeth
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 7.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 7.4 Final Considerations
  5. Acknowledgments
  6. References
4. 8 Antimicrobial Effect of a Cardamom Ethanolic Extract on Oral Biofilm: An Ex Vivo Study
  1. 8.1 Introduction
  2. 8.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 8.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 8.4 Final Considerations
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
5. 9 Effect of Punica granatum Peel Extract on Growth of Candida albicans in Oral Mucosa of Diabetic Male Rats
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 9.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 9.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
Part III: APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN ORAL CARE
1. 10 Effect of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 What is Oil Pulling (Snaihik Gandoosh)?
  3. 10.3 How Does Oil Pulling Work?
  4. 10.4 Composition and Various Activities of Most Commonly Used Oils for Oil Pulling
  5. 10.5 Procedure of Oil Pulling
  6. 10.6 Effects of Oil Pulling on Oral Health
  7. 10.7 Drawbacks of Oil Pulling
  8. References
2. 11 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Dental Care
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Oral Surgery
  3. 11.3 Role of Proteolytic Enzymes in Cancer and Oral Mucositis
  4. 11.4 Osteoarthritis
  5. 11.5 Anti-Microbial Action
  6. 11.6 Treatment of Dental Carious Lesions
  7. 11.7 Improvement in Bonding of Orthodontics Brackets
  8. 11.8 Role on Biofilm Control (Plaque, Gingivitis, and Oral Malodor)
  9. 11.9 Extrinsic Stain Removal on the Teeth
  10. 11.10 Role in Replantation of the Avulsed Tooth
  11. 11.11 Effect of Bromelain on Immunogenicity
  12. 11.12 Other Possible Applications and Scope for Future Research
  13. References
3. 12 The Effect of Probiotics on Oral Health
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Overview of Oral Communities and Probiotic-Based Therapy to Oral Dysbiosis
  3. 12.3 Probiotics Mechanisms of Action
  4. 12.4 Dental Caries
  5. 12.5 Periodontal Disease
  6. 12.6 Oral Candidiasis
  7. 12.7 Halitosis
  8. 12.8 Conclusion
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
4. 13 Charcoal in Dentistry
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Charcoal Production Methods
  3. 13.3 Uses of Charcoal
  4. 13.4 Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
  5. 13.5 Benefits of Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
  6. 13.6 Precautions to be Taken While Using Charcoal Containing Oral and Dental Care Products
  7. 13.7 Conclusion
  8. References
5. 14 Propolis Benefits in Oral Health
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Types of Propolis
  3. 14.3 Biological Properties of Propolis
  4. 14.4 Other Biological Properties of Propolis
  5. 14.5 Benefits for Oral Health and Applications in Dentistry
  6. 14.6 Final Considerations
  7. Acknowledgment
  8. References
6. 15 Grape Seed Extracts in Dental Therapy
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Part I: Basics About Grape Seed Extracts
  3. 15.3 Part II: Biological Applications in Dentistry
  4. 15.4 GSEs in Restorative Dentistry
  5. 15.5 GSEs in Endodontic Treatment
  6. 15.6 GSEs in Periodontics
  7. 15.7 GSEs in Oral Cancer
  8. 15.8 Conclusion
  9. References
7. 16 Ocimum Sanctum L: Promising Agent for Oral Health Care Management
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 History of Ocimum sanctum
  3. 16.3 Chemical Constituents of Ocimum sanctum
  4. 16.4 Therapeutic Significance of Ocimum in Dental Health and Preventive Care Management
  5. 16.5 Novel Drug Delivery Formulations and Its Application in Dentistry
  6. 16.6 Conclusion
  7. References
8. 17 Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.): A Natural Gift to Humans for Dental Ministration
  1. 17.1 Introduction
  2. 17.2 Traditional Usage and Ethnopharmacological Relevance
  3. 17.3 Pharmacological Properties of Coconut
  4. 17.4 Role of a Coconut Tree in Dental Ministrations
  5. 17.5 Exemplary Potential of Coconut Water in Dentistry
  6. 17.6 Other Significance of Coconut
  7. 17.7 Active Constituent Identified from Coconut
  8. 17.8 Future Prospective
  9. 17.9 Conclusions
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
9. 18 Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): An Effective Folklore Toothbrush
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 History
  3. 18.3 Chemical Constituents
  4. 18.4 Extraction, Isolation, Identification of Chemical Constituents
  5. 18.5 Pharmacology—Therapeutic Activity of Salvadora persica L.
  6. 18.6 Conclusion
  7. References
10. 19 Triphala and Oral Health
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Taxonomical Classification
  3. 19.3 Chief Phytoconstituents
  4. 19.4 Role of Triphala in Dentistry (Table 19.1)
  5. 19.5 Pharmacological Activities of Triphala and Future Research
  6. 19.6 Public Health Importance
  7. 19.7 Formulation Using Triphala
  8. 19.8 Conclusion
  9. References
11. 20 Azadirachta indica (Neem): An Ancient Indian Boon to the Contemporary World of Dentistry
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Vital Bioactive Compounds of Neem
  3. 20.3 How to Distinguish Azadirachta Indica (Neem) from its Common Adulterant Melia Azedarach
  4. 20.4 Therapeutic Applications of Neem
  5. 20.5 Applications of Neem in Dentistry
  6. 20.6 Literature Supporting the Use of Neem in Dentistry
  7. 20.7 Toxicity and Safety
  8. 20.8 Contamination and Adulteration
  9. 20.9 Drug Interactions
  10. 20.10 Neem’s Prospects in Dentistry
  11. 20.11 Action Points and Recommendations for Health Care Professionals
  12. 20.12 Conclusion
  13. References
12. 21 Ginger in Oral Care
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Description
  3. 21.3 Macroscopic Characteristics
  4. 21.4 Pharmacognostic Standards
  5. 21.5 Nutrient Composition
  6. 21.6 Pharmacological and Medicinal Effects
  7. 21.7 Pharmacokinetics
  8. 21.8 Toxicological Studies
  9. 21.9 Conclusion
  10. References
13. 22 Effectiveness of Allium sativum on Bacterial Oral Infection
  1. 22.1 Introduction
  2. 22.2 Types of Allium sativum
  3. 22.3 Chemical Constituents
  4. 22.4 Dental Infections and Epidemiology
  5. 22.5 Dental Infection and Antibiotic Resistance
  6. 22.6 The Antibacterial Application of Garlic in Dentistry
  7. 22.7 Additional Use of Garlic in Dentistry—Oral Cancer
  8. 22.8 Garlic Mechanism of Action
  9. 22.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. References
Part IV: ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHANOPHARMACOLOGY
1. 23 Curative Plants Worn in the Healing of Mouth Evils
  1. 23.1 Introduction
  2. 23.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 23.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 23.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
2. 24 Ethnopharmacological Applications of Chewing Sticks on Oral Health Care
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 Applications of Chewing Sticks in Oral Health Care
  3. 24.3 Conclusions
  4. References
3. 25 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology in Indochina
  3. 25.3 Locally Available Naturally Derived Dental Products in Indochina
  4. 25.4 Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
  5. 25.5 Ethnomedicine for Dental Diseases in Indochina
  6. 25.6 Future Trend of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacology for Dental Diseases in Indochina
  7. 25.7 Conclusion
  8. References
4. 26 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in Anti-Halitosis
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Materials and Methods
  3. 26.3 Results and Discussion
  4. 26.4 Conclusion
  5. Acknowledgment
  6. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Classification of natural oral care on the basis of their uses.
2. Table 1.2 List of phytochemical reported in dental care.
3. Table 1.3 Chemical classification of natural oral care.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 In vitro studied plant products for oral hygiene.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Classification of Herbal Medicines [79].
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Seeds and fruits used for anticariogenic activity.
2. Table 5.2 Anticariogenic activity of solvent extracts of seeds and fruit.
3. Table 5.3 MIC (expressed in µg/ml) of effective seed extracts against cario...
4. Table 5.4 Phytochemical constituents of crude solvent extracts of effective...
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Mineral contents of TBF at 20%.
2. Table 7.2 Potential cytotoxic in four time points (0, 15, 30, and 60 min) b...
3. Table 7.3 S. mutans count (Log₁₀ CFU/mL) of mature biofilm formed on enamel bovin...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Microbial levels in log₁₀ CFU/mL for each group after the biofilm...
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Effects of oral treatment of Punica granatum peel extract at conce...
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Various edible oils used for oil pulling.
2. Table 10.2 Activities of oils used for oil pulling.
3. Table 10.3 Effect of oil pulling on oral health.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Possible mechanisms of action of probiotics.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 OTC dental care products with their main use.
2. Table 13.2 Various types of charcoal.
3. Table 13.3 Patents for inventions/formulations containing charcoal.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Mean concentration (μg/mL) of compounds isolated from raw red pr...
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Various physical properties of the polyphenols.
2. Table 15.2 Facets of the polyphenol–proteins interaction.
3. Table 15.3 The pharmacological and physiological actions of polyphenols.
4. Table 15.4 MIC values of procyanidin against different species.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Pharmacological activity of phyto constituents of Ocimum.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Phytoconstituents of Salvadora persica (Miswak) and their therape...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Depicting clinical studies and their outcome.
Chapter 21
1. Table 21.1 Macroscopic characteristics of ginger.
2. Table 21.2 Pharmacognostic standards of ginger.
3. Table 21.3 Proximate composition of ginger.
4. Table 21.4 The patented toothpaste formulations of ginger.
5. Table 21.5 The patented toothpowder formulations of ginger.
6. Table 21.6 Pharmacokinetics of gingerol.
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Scientific classification of garlic [41].
2. Table 22.2 Chemical composition of adult garlic [42].
3. Table 22.3 Research articles with application of garlic for treatment of pe...
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 The medicinal plants used in treating mouth evils.
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Some common chewing sticks and their local names.
2. Table 24.2 Key constituents of chewing sticks and their functions.
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Some important local traditional medicine systems in Indochina.
2. Table 25.2 Some important ethnopharmacological regimens that are mentioned ...
3. Table 25.3 Some important ethnopharmacological regimens that are mentioned ...
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Traditional medicinal plants used in anti halitosis.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Sources of natural care used in dental.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 List of natural products for pharmacological management of pote...
2. Figure 4.2 Illustration showing the role of risk factors and natural produ...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Anticariogenic activity of Quercus infectoria distilled water (...
2. Figure 5.2 Bioautography of ethyl acetate extract of Quercus infectoria ag...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Aloe vera plant (a–b) and turmeric from which the extract was t...
2. Figure 6.2 Cell culture in contact to Aloe Vera and Turmeric: Aloe Vera: (...
3. Figure 6.3 Viable cell number and anti-inflammatory effect of turmeric and...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Scanning electron microscopy pictures of two enamel samples: th...
2. Figure 7.2 Streptococcus mutans kill-kinetics of TBF and control for 48 h....
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Cardamom seeds. Personal file.
2. Figure 8.2 Cardamom seeds. Personal file.
3. Figure 8.3 Biofilm formed over the surface of cellulose membranes placed o...
4. Figure 8.4 Treatment of biofilm formed over a membrane disk for 1 min in a...
5. Figure 8.5 Schematic drawing of the experimental model with oral biofilm. ...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Procedure of oil pulling.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Overview of the potential applications of proteolytic enzymes ...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy images of oral biofilm. (a) Cario...
2. Figure 12.2 Development of caries lesion without treatment. (a) Healthy or...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Different types of materials used for oral hygiene.
2. Figure 13.2 Different oral hygiene instruments.
3. Figure 13.3 Benefits of using charcoal containing oral and dental care prod...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Worker of Apis mellifera in sunflower blossom. Fototeca Cristi...
2. Figure 14.2 Larvae of Apis mellifera in the honeycomb with propolis. Fotot...
3. Figure 14.3 Entrance of Tetragonisca angustula with carcasses of ants mumm...
4. Figure 14.4 Ethanolic extracts of propolis from southeastern Brazil, south...
5. Figure 14.5 Raw red propolis from Southeastern Brazil. Personal file.
6. Figure 14.6 Raw red propolis from Northeastern Brazil. Personal file.
7. Figure 14.7 Action mechanism of propolis: A) raw propolis and extracts; B)...
8. Figure 14.8 Tablets of red propolis. Personal file.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Molecular structure of (a) catechin and (b) cyanidin.
2. Figure 15.2 Molecular structure of Gallic acid.
3. Figure 15.3 Molecular structure of (a) epicatechin, (b) epicatechin-3-gall...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Represents the incredible medicinal value of the coconut tree.
2. Figure 17.2 Represents the various parts of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) tree.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Diagrammatic representation of components of Triphala.
2. Figure 19.2 Chief constituents of Triphala with their effect on the oral c...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Therapeutic activities of bioactive components of neem and the...
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Antimicrobial effect of Ginger.
2. Figure 21.2 Mechanism of antimicrobial effect of Ginger extract.
3. Figure 21.3 Analgesic effect of ginger.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Antibacterial activity of garlic.
2. Figure 22.2 Buds/cloves of Allium sativum.
3. Figure 22.3 Chemical structure of allicin, alliin and ajoene
4. Figure 22.4 The radiographic view of dental caries, periodontis, root stru...
5. Figure 22.5 Pharmacological potential of garlic.
6. Figure 22.6 Mechanism of action in antibacterial effect of garlic.
7. Figure 22.7 Side effects of garlic [110].
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Study area, Telangana, India.
2. Figure 23.2 Fraction allocation of augmentation variety of remedial foliag...
3. Figure 23.3 Fraction allocation of augmentation habitual of remedial folia...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Neem sticks and leaves.
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Conceptual framework explaining ethnomedicine and ethnopharmac...
2. Figure 25.2 Ethnopharmacology in Indochina (Hand drawing and photograph by...
3. Figure 25.3 Golden teeth procedure, an ethnocosmetics in Indochina (Photog...
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Study area, Mahabubnagar District, Telangana State, India.
2. Figure 26.2 Portion distribution of expansion forms of traditional medicin...
3. Figure 26.3 Portion distribution of part of traditional medicinal plants u...
4. Figure 26.4 Segment allocation of expansion forms of traditional medicinal...

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chauhan, Durgesh Nandini, editor. | Singh, Prabhu Raj, editor. | Shah, Kamal, editor. | Chauhan, Nagendra Singh, editor.
Title: Natural oral care in dental therapy / edited by Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Prabhu Raj Singh, Kamal Shah and Nagendra Singh Chauhan.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley-Scrivener, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019050429 (print) | LCCN 2019050430 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119614227 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119618935 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119618904 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Mouth Diseases--drug therapy | Plants, Medicinal | Mouth Diseases--prevention & control | Dental Care | Medicine, Traditional
Classification: LCC RK305 (print) | LCC RK305 (ebook) | NLM WU 166 | DDC 617.6/306--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050429
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019050430

ISBN 978-1-119-61422-7

Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

For hundreds of years now the existence and utility of natural products have bolstered the idea that natural products are still the choice for therapy. Their structural diversity and exclusive pharmacological actions differentiate them from drugs of synthetic origin. Not only are they used in traditional ways but also in modern medicine for treating life-threatening diseases. The discovery and design of new drugs from natural products always remain a challenging task. Still, they remain a choice due to their safety profile and negligible side effects. This book focuses on perspectives of natural medicine in various dental diseases. Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem worldwide. Oral health is integral to general well-being and relates to the quality of life that extends beyond the functions of the craniofacial complex. Standard Western medicine has had only limited success in the prevention of periodontal disease and treatment of a variety of oral diseases. The dentist needs to be more informed regarding the use, safety, and effectiveness of the various traditional medicines and over-the-counter products. For example, herbal extracts have been used in dentistry for reducing inflammation, as antimicrobial plaque agents, for preventing the release of histamine and as antiseptics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals, antibacterials, antivirals, and analgesics. They also aid in healing and are effective in controlling microbial plaque in gingivitis and periodontitis, thereby improving immunity.

The 26 chapters of this book cover the chemistry, clinical and preclinical panorama of natural products used in oral care. In Chapter 1, Chauhan et al. provide an exhaustive list of natural oral care products used in oral diseases and classify them according to use and chemistry. Chapter 2, contributed by Harput, discusses the crucial role that oral hygiene plays in the prevention of oral diseases, including periodontitis, tooth decay, and oral candidiasis. In Chapter 3, Varma and Zope highlight the herbs and their extracts used as an adjuvant in periodontal disease treatment. Chapter 4, written by Chakravarthy et al., focuses on various modalities currently available and discusses the efficacy and safety of such herbal products and natural extracts in the management of potentially malignant oral disorders. In Chapter 5, Patel et al. discuss experimental studies that show the promising broad spectrum anticariogenic activity of ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of Quercus infectoria that may prove useful for the clinical evaluation and development of a formulation suitable for the treatment of dental caries. Chapter 6, by Almanza-Aranda et al., reports that turmeric and Aloe vera in culture with HGF show promising potential and have clinical use for patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. In a study reported in Chapter 7, Ferreira-Filho et al. evaluate the effects of a tincture made from Bauhinia forficata Link leaves (TBF) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formed on teeth. In Chapter 8, Binimeliz et al. demonstrate the effect of an Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (ECE) against oral biofilm bacteria through an in vitro study. Chapter 9, contributed by Eidi and Noorbakhsh, reports on the effect of Punica granatum peel extract on the growth of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa of diabetic male rats. In Chapter 10, Zope and Varma give an overview of the evidence-based use of oil pulling therapy in the maintenance of oral health. The focus of Chapter 11 by Chakravarthy and Yeturu is plant-based proteolytic enzymes, including papain, bromelain, actinidin, and ficin; as well as the application of these enzymes in professional as well as personal oral health care. The aim of Chapter 12 by Nadelman et al. is to present an updated viewpoint of the effect of probiotics on oral health by describing the relationship between the administration/consumption of these bacteria and the main oral dysbiosis, the oral microbiota parameters, and the immune salivary components. Chapter 13, written by Thakur, highlights the role of charcoal in dentistry and the development of charcoal-based dentifrices. In Chapter 14, Martins et al. present an updated review of the benefits of propolis in oral health, and the subject of Chapter 15 by Anusuya et al. is the role of grape seed extract in dentistry. In Chapter 16, Fernandes et al. discuss the use of Ocimum sanctum L for oral care and halitosis, which, because of its anticariogenic properties, is also used in periodontal diseases such as periodontitis and gingivitis. This chapter not only discusses its conventional formulation but also O. sanctum L formulations loaded in a promising novel drug delivery system. Chapter 17, authored by Kishore and Verma, presents the latest information regarding traditional, ethnopharmacological, and bioactive phytochemicals and the significant use of coconut plant in oral cavity therapies. In Chapter 18, Sawarkar et al. discuss the use of miswak for maintaining oral health and its various commercial products. Shigli et al. write about triphala in Chapter 19 and demonstrate its traditional use and newer pharmacologic activities for use as an adjuvant mainstream drug in dentistry as well as in general medicine. The role that Azadirachta indica (neem) plays in dentistry is revealed by Tanguturi et al. in Chapter 20. In Chapter 21, Ganeshpurkar reveals the lethal effect ginger has on the growth of tooth-decaying bacteria since it is a good dental analgesic and promotes dentine remineralization. Moreover, the antiplaque and mouth-deodorizing effects of ginger are also well documented. The aim of Chapter 22 by Karic et al. is to raise awareness on the use of garlic formulations to reduce the risk of oral disease and dental caries. In Chapter 23, Singh and Rao discuss the traditional uses of plants in the treatment of mouth evils at Kosgimandal of Naryanapet District of Telangana State, India. Chapter 24 by Akaji and Otakhoigbogie reveals the healing power of plant materials, such as a chewing stick, primarily used for oral hygiene. In Chapter 25, Wiwanitkit discusses ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology for dental diseases in Indochina, a tropical region in Asia, and Chapter 26 by Singh and Reddy enlists traditional medicinal plants with anti-halitosis efficacy.

This important new volume will be valuable to dentists, oral hygienists, pharmacognosy experts, and natural product formulation scientists alike, either as a textbook or a reference. It is a must-have addition to any dental or herbal industry library. The aim of this book is to be a reference for all those interested in the development of natural oral care as an alternative treatment.

Last, but not the least, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors who have taken time out from their busy schedules to be part of this project and have written wonderful chapters that add both to the depth and value of this book. We welcome suggestions and criticisms from our readers. We also acknowledge our mentor Prof. V.K. Dixit Sir for his valuable guidance. Special thanks to our families for their support and encouragement. We express our gratitude to the publishing and production team, especially Martin Scrivener, for their kind, proficient, and encouraging guidance.

Durgesh Nandini Chauhan

Prabhu Raj Singh

Kamal Shah

Nagendra Singh Chauhan

December 2019