Table of Contents

Cover

Preface

Introduction

I.1. Why digitize the world?
I.2. Temporal representation of a channel
I.3. The need for coding
I.4. Synoptic bases on information theory
I.5. Codes in linear blocks
I.6. Coding techniques

History Pages

List of Acronyms

1 Modulation

1.1. Modulation?
1.2. Main technical constraints
1.3. Transmission of information (analog or digital)
1.4. Probabilities of error
1.5. Vocabulary of digital modulation
1.6. Principles of digital modulations
1.7. Multiplexing
1.8. Main formats for digital modulations
1.9. Error vector module and phase noise
1.10. Gaussian noise (AWGN)
1.11. QAM modulation in an AWGN channel
1.12. Frequency-shift keying
1.13. Minimum-shift keying
1.14. Amplitude-shift keying
1.15. Quadrature amplitude modulation
1.16. Digital communications transmitters
1.17. Applications

2 Some Developments in Modulation Techniques

2.1. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
2.2. A note on orthogonality
2.3. Global System for Mobile Communications
2.4. MIMO

3 Signal Processing: Sampling

3.1. Z-transforms
3.2. Basics of signal processing
3.3. Real discretezation processing
3.4. Coding techniques (summary)

4 A Little on Associated Hardware

4.1. Voltage-controlled oscillator
4.2. Impulse sensitivity function
4.3. Phase noise
4.4. Phase-locked loop

Conclusion

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Other Examples of Modulation
1. A1.1. Creating an angular modulation and examples of its application
2. A1.2. Example of frequency demodulation
Appendix 2: Synopsis on Analog and Digital Modulations
1. A2.1. AM power frequency spectrum
2. A2.2. Diode versus coherence
3. A2.3. Single sideband
4. A2.4. Variants
5. A2.5. Summaries
Appendix 3: Fourier Analysis
1. A3.1 Introduction
2. A3.2. Eulerian form of the Fourier series
3. A3.3. Fourier series (Maple/INSA_Lyon/FIMI_2A)
4. A3.4. Plot of ab and bn according to n
5. A3.5. Plot of sn and alphan according to n
6. A3.6. Graphical representation of the signal reconstitution from the Fourier series
7. A3.7. Manual definition of Fourier coefficients (amplitude and phase)
8. A3.8. FFT with Matlab

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Introduction

Figure I.1. Different types of codes
Figure I.2. Shannon diagram (source: item of interest for the recipient. Channel...
Figure I.3. Probability of error (symmetrical binary channel)
Figure I.4. Capacity of the transmission channel depending on the probability of...
Figure I.5. Block codes
Figure I.6. Convolutive coder
Figure I.7. Transition diagram. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...
Figure I.8. Response to message 101
Figure I.9. RSC coder
Figure I.10. Convolutive codes
Figure I.11. Viterbi algorithm
Figure I.12. Basic calculation units in the Viterbi decoder
Figure I.13. Gaussian channel capacity versus Eb/N0 (dB). Copyright © C. Schlege...
Figure I.14. Turbocodes. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/...

History Pages

Figure H.1. Telecom: curriculum vitae
Figure H.2. The pioneers
Figure H.3. Telegraph/telephone
Figure H.4. Beginnings of radio communications
Figure H.5. First deployments
Figure H.6. The emitter of Lyon – La Doua

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Transmission of a signal in baseband. For a color version of this fi...
Figure 1.2. Transmission of a signal via modulation. For a color version of this...
Figure 1.3. Heterodyne system. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....
Figure 1.4. Trends in industry
Figure 1.5. Digital modulation chain
Figure 1.6. Fundamental compromises
Figure 1.7. Polar/rectangular (Cartesian) conversion
Figure 1.8. Amplitude, frequency, phase and/or amplitude shift-keying
Figure 1.9. General schema of a modulator
Figure 1.10. Probability of error. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...
Figure 1.11. Probability of wrong decisions. For a color version of this figure,...
Figure 1.12. Error rate by bit, for a unipolar and antipodal transmission, accor...
Figure 1.13. Probability of error in erfc (erf complementary). For a color versi...
Figure 1.14. Probability of error by bit. For a color version of this figure, se...
Figure 1.15. The transmission chain
Figure 1.16. Ordinogram of a transmission chain
Figure 1.17. Power spectral densities (low pass type)
Figure 1.18. General form of the modulator
Figure 1.19. Variations: amplitude, phase, frequency
Figure 1.20. Position of a symbol in complex plane (from Fresnel)
Figure 1.21. Eye diagram: I and Q
Figure 1.22. Intersymbol interferences and eye diagrams. For a color version of ...
Figure 1.23. Eye diagrams (e.g. QPSK; Agilent). For a color version of this figu...
Figure 1.24. Multiplexing frequency
Figure 1.25. CDMA: all users on each frequency and users are separated by code. ...
Figure 1.26. TDMA principle
Figure 1.27. Example of PSK modulations: constellation of symbols in phase modul...
Figure 1.28. I and Q: (a) radio transmitter; (b) radio receiver
Figure 1.29. BPSK
Figure 1.30. BPSK. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/gontra...
Figure 1.31. BPSK modulator
Figure 1.32. Unipolar and biphase pulses
Figure 1.33. Top: unipolar RZ code (remains at zero). Bottom: bipolar RZ code
Figure 1.34. Biphase pulses
Figure 1.35. BPSK demodulator
Figure 1.36. Spectral efficiency of a BPSK. For a color version of this figure, ...
Figure 1.37. Constellation diagram (Agilent). For a color version of this figure...
Figure 1.38. Constellation diagram of a π/4 QPSK: (a) possible states for θk whe...
Figure 1.39. Positions (states) in the BPSK constellation represent a motif of s...
Figure 1.40. QPSK: I/Q. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/g...
Figure 1.41. QPSK phase modulation chronograph (Degauque/Kadionik)
Figure 1.42. QPSK modulator. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co...
Figure 1.43. NRZ
Figure 1.44. QPSK; at the transmitter: timing diagrams. For a color version of t...
Figure 1.45. A truncated constellation
Figure 1.46. Coherent QPSK demodulator
Figure 1.47. QPSK transmitter
Figure 1.48. Transmitter QPSK (MATLAB Inc)
Figure 1.49. Barker-13 phase coded pulses for different pulse shapes
Figure 1.50. Normalized autocorrelation function (lag) for a modulated Barker-13...
Figure 1.51. Filtering through various raised cosines. For a color version of th...
Figure 1.52. Filtering an impulse in raised cosine. For a color version of this ...
Figure 1.53. Filtering a QPSK signal using a raised cosine. For a color version ...
Figure 1.54. Spectrum of the modulated QPSK signal for a binary flow of 20 Kbits...
Figure 1.55. Spectrum of the modulated QPSK signal for a binary flow of 20 Kbits...
Figure 1.56. Spectrum of a rectangular impulse. For a color version of this figu...
Figure 1.57. This component recreates the original message sent. It is divided i...
Figure 1.58. Amplitude of the vector error depending on the signal/noise ratio. ...
Figure 1.59. Calculation of a typical spectrum of a vector error. For a color ve...
Figure 1.60. Typical spectrum of a vector error, filtered by a raised cosine (MA...
Figure 1.61. Constellation after filtering in raised cosine. For a color version...
Figure 1.62. Constellation after fine frequency offsets. For a color version of ...
Figure 1.63. Characteristic of a phase detector (the zig-zags are not ideal). Fo...
Figure 1.64. Creating a QPSK constellation
Figure 1.65. Another QPSK constellation
Figure 1.66. Noisy in-phase constellation. For a color version of this figure, s...
Figure 1.67. Delay: FIR filter (digital filters with finite-duration impulse res...
Figure 1.68. Probability density
Figure 1.69. QAM: phase error
Figure 1.70. Phase error (QAM)
Figure 1.71. Carrier (spur: see line) and phase noise. For a color version of th...
Figure 1.72. Phase noise
Figure 1.73. Simulation of a spectrum analyzer. For a color version of this figu...
Figure 1.74. A 16 QAM
Figure 1.75. At the transmitter: pulses: 101010. For a color version of this fig...
Figure 1.76. In the channel: pulses: 101010. For a color version of this figure,...
Figure 1.77. Filtering (average, integration). For a color version of this figur...
Figure 1.78. Sampling/thresholding (without error) (101010). For a color version...
Figure 1.79. PSDs
Figure 1.80. Trace of scatter from a 16 QAM. For a color version of this figure,...
Figure 1.81. 16 constellations. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...
Figure 1.82. Plot of a QAM constellation. For a color version of this figure, se...
Figure 1.83. Phase detection (Matlab Inc)
Figure 1.84. Removing I/Q imbalance. For a color version of this figure, see www...
Figure 1.85. Phase shifting. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co...
Figure 1.86. Minimum-shift keying (MSK) modulation spectrum: continuous phase, m...
Figure 1.87. Gaussian MSK (GMSK); the data are, from the outset, processed using...
Figure 1.88. BER for different modulations. For a color version of this figure, ...
Figure 1.89. On–off keying (OOK) amplitude modulation
Figure 1.90. OOK constellation
Figure 1.91. Constellation of amplitude phase shift-keying at M states
Figure 1.92. Symmetrical ASK
Figure 1.93. Modulation on a single carrier
Figure 1.94. Coherent demodulation on a single carrier
Figure 1.95. QAM-16 and QAM-64 constellations
Figure 1.96. QAM-M modulator
Figure 1.97. APSK-16 constellation
Figure 1.98. BPSK: probability of symbol error. For a color version of this figu...
Figure 1.99. Rayleigh channel
Figure 1.100. Block schema from a digital communications transmitter
Figure 1.101. At the receiver: demodulation
Figure 1.102. Power of the adjacent channel (Agilent)
Figure 1.103. Measures of power and synchronization
Figure 1.104. Occupied bandwidth (Agilent). For a color version of this figure, ...
Figure 1.105. Different types of errors
Figure 1.106. Phase error
Figure 1.107. Phase noise versus time: appears random (Agilent)
Figure 1.108. EVM peaks (above) appear during the amplitude’s passage to zero (l...
Figure 1.109. EVM peaks (above) appear during the amplitude’s passage to zero (b...
Figure 1.110. RF spectrum (above) and error vector spectrum (below) (QPSK). For ...
Figure 1.111. Diagram of constellations for QAM at 16 states. For a color versio...
Figure 1.112. I/Q imbalance measure – compensation coefficients. For a color ver...
Figure 1.113. Removal of I/Q imbalance

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1. Spectrum spread. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co...
Figure 2.2. SPECTRUM of a multicarrier modulation based on a Fourier transform. ...
Figure 2.3. Schema of the principle behind a COFDM system
Figure 2.4. Viterbi algorithm. The lattice makes it possible to visualize the de...
Figure 2.5. Space–time coding
Figure 2.6. (a) A typical OFDM spectrum (measure). (b) Example: signal and param...
Figure 2.7. Traditional view of modulation carrying the reception signals
Figure 2.8. OFDM spectrum. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.u...
Figure 2.9. Guard intervals
Figure 2.10. BER versus Eb/No. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....
Figure 2.11. Starting data. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....
Figure 2.12. QPSK modulations. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....
Figure 2.13. Subcarriers. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk...
Figure 2.14. Inverse Fourier transforms of the subcarriers. For a color version ...
Figure 2.15. Addition of prefixes. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...
Figure 2.16. Orthogonality. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....
Figure 2.17. The OFDM signal. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.c...
Figure 2.18. Two sinusoidal curves of different periods; with a null algebric su...
Figure 2.19. Null mean value: the positive surface equals the negative one. For ...
Figure 2.20. GSM network architecture. For a color version of this figure, see w...
Figure 2.21. Composition of a GSM. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...
Figure 2.22. Transmission beam/beam formation
Figure 2.23. Transmissions between transmitters and receivers
Figure 2.24. Multiple inputs and outputs

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. Laplace and z-transforms
Figure 3.2. Z-transforms’ properties
Figure 3.3. Z-transforms; convolutions
Figure 3.4. Links between z-transforms, Fourier z-transforms and Laplace z- tran...
Figure 3.5. Continuous/discrete; temporal/frequency. For a color version of this...
Figure 3.6. The signal processing chain
Figure 3.7. Chain noise
Figure 3.8. Analog/continuous signal
Figure 3.9. Discretized signal
Figure 3.10. Sampling
Figure 3.11. Notion of convolution
Figure 3.12. Notion of “Dirac” signal convolutions
Figure 3.13. Multiplication of a signal using a Dirac comb
Figure 3.14. Real sampling
Figure 3.15. Sampled signal
Figure 3.16. Blocked, sampled signal
Figure 3.17. Relationship between convolution and impulse response
Figure 3.18. Signal digitization and quantifying
Figure 3.19. “Sample and hold”/ADC (analog-to-digital converter)
Figure 3.20. Fourier transform
Figure 3.21. Fourier coefficients
Figure 3.22. Spectrums: module/amplitude and argument/phase
Figure 3.23. Power spectral density (PSD)
Figure 3.24. Results/conclusion
Figure 3.25. Spectrum of continuous signals
Figure 3.26. Spectrum of sampled period signals
Figure 3.27. Some spectrums: periodic signal before sampling
Figure 3.28. Spectrum of an aperiodic sampled window

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1. Voltage-controlled oscillator
Figure 4.2. Power: harmonic rejection
Figure 4.3. Pushing/pulling of a VCO
Figure 4.4. Phase noise
Figure 4.5. Phase noise caused by parasite signals. We note that LO stands for l...
Figure 4.6. Block schema of a phase-locked loop
Figure 4.7. Diagram circuit of a VCO
Figure 4.8. Adaptation at output
Figure 4.9. Adaptation and layout of an antenna
Figure 4.10. Important parameters of a VCO
Figure 4.11. Sketch of layout
Figure 4.12. An LC oscillator built around an SiGe HBT (silicon-germanium hetero...
Figure 4.13. Mixed-mode simulation for Dirac pulses injected at (a) the zero-cro...
Figure 4.14. Phase shift versus injected charges – between collector (L) and gro...
Figure 4.15. Principle of a PLL
Figure 4.16. PLL
Figure 4.17. PLL operation range
Figure 4.18. Example of capturing a phase-locked loop
Figure 4.19. Phase difference versus frequency
Figure 4.20. Phase difference via an exclusive-or
Figure 4.21. Simple PLL and filter loop. Note that the negative feedback loop sh...
Figure 4.22. PLL or simple wire?
Figure 4.23. Loop dynamic: the significance of the transfer function in the phas...
Figure 4.24. Loop dynamic: model of the phase domain
Figure 4.25. PLL: charge pump
Figure 4.26. Phase noise in PLLs: phase noise

Appendix 1

Figure A1.1. Schematic of a filtered mono-alternance rectifier. For a color vers...
Figure A1.2. Output of a filtered mono-alternance rectifier

Appendix 2

Figure A2.1. Amplitude modulation/demodulation
Figure A2.2. AM frequency spectrum
Figure A2.3. Modulation AM – example
Figure A2.4. AM envelope/diode; detector
Figure A2.5. Synchronous or coherent demodulation
Figure A2.6. Coherent detection. For a color version of this figure, see www.ist...
Figure A2.7. Coherent detection: DSB side band, LO: lower side band, LSB: upper ...
Figure A2.8. Examples of plots of spectrums
Figure A2.9. An AM transmitter and receiver
Figure A2.10. Summary of an LSB transmitter
Figure A2.11. Spectrum of an LSB transmission
Figure A2.12. FSK spectrum. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....
Figure A2.13. Phase modulation/frequency modulation
Figure A2.14. 2FSK/BFSK
Figure A2.15. Linear amplitude modulations. For a color version of this figure, ...
Figure A2.16. This technique is one of the simplest: the carrier is just multipl...
Figure A2.17. ASK modulation, with its Fourier transform. For a color version of...
Figure A2.18. Example of samples of output from a filter adapted for some exampl...
Figure A2.19. Analysis of a baseband system. For a color version of this figure,...
Figure A2.20. ASK: power spectrum
Figure A2.21. Filtered QPSK spectrums
Figure A2.22. Power spectral densities of filtered M-ary PSK. The spectal power ...
Figure A2.23. Power spectral densities of MSK signals, compared to QPSK and OPSK...
Figure A2.24. Spectral formatting of GMSK. The GMSK of a main lobe 15 times broa...
Figure A2.25. Error rate per bit. For a color version of this figure, see www.is...
Figure A2.26. Example of BER – binary modulations. For a color version of this f...

Appendix 3

Figure A3.1. Some sines and cosines representations. For a color version of this...
Figure A3.2. Fourier analysis. The red curve is calculated with 20 terms and the...
Figure A3.3. an: function of n. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...
Figure A3.4. bn: function of n. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...
Figure A3.5. sn: function of n. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...
Figure A3.6. alphan: function of n. For a color version of this figure, see www....
Figure A3.7. Reconsituted signal
Figure A3.8. Signal synthetized with different numbers of harmonics. For a color...
Figure A3.9. Synthesized signal
Figure A3.10. FFT flowchart
Figure A3.11. M = 8. FFT by decimation in time
Figure A3.12. Some Fourier transforms

First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

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The rights of Christian Gontrand to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019953804

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-540-4

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements are owed to the non-exhaustive list below:

Chafia Yahiaoui from the Ecole Supérieure d’Informatique d’Alger (Technical University of Algeria), and my telecom colleagues at INSA Lyon: Guillaume Villemaud, Jean-Marie Gorce, Hugues Benoit-Cattin, Attila Baskurt, Stéphane Frenot, Thomas Grenier, Jacques Verdier, Gérard Couturier, Patrice Kadionic, Alexandre Boyer and Carlos Belaustegui Goitia among others, for their detailed observations, as well as their helpful commentaries. Kind acknowledgements also go to Omar Gaouar, my kindly mate at INSA FES, a networker, but also a music buff.

This work is supported by the UpM (Union pour la Méditerranée – Mediterranean Union). It has been accomplished at the Centre d’Intégration en Télécommunication et Intelligence Artificielle (Center of integration in telecommunications and artificial intelligence), INSA FES, UEMF.

Preface

Impressive developments in Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have naturally led universities and technical schools to develop the electrical engineering (EI) training they provide. This is particularly true in the wireless communications sector. In fact, communications as part of the transmission of data, whether verbal or in video form, is finding more and ever more varied applications. It is becoming necessary for future graduates to understand and master problems linked to the implementation of radio links, depending on the environment, formatting and source data flow, on the power available to the antenna and on the receiver’s selectivity and sensitivity.

This book only requires an introductory level of understanding in mathematics. It does not aim to suffice in and of itself, but rather to convince the reader of the wealth of this domain and its future, to provide good building blocks that will lead to fruition elsewhere. Manufacturers’ concise application notes also seem vital for any researcher/engineer.

Technological innovation plays a very important role in the ICT domain. It therefore seems necessary for training courses now to provide well-adapted and innovative content in teaching and associated tools, while still mastering, as well as possible, the fundamental nature of teaching, which is the only guarantee of a solid and lasting education.

This book is aimed at professional diploma students and engineering and masters students. However, it could also perhaps be aimed at researchers in related domains, such as that of hardware, with, for example, phase-locked loops and their central components: voltage-controlled oscillators, and the famous associated phase noise. Of course, there is an entire domain linked to what is known as firmware, which must be taught, but there are also mathematical tools already in use, for relativity for example, or cryptography, indeed, older forms of coding must be revisited, such as that of Claude Shannon.

Christian GONTRAND

November 2019