Cover
List of Contributors
Author Biographies
Preface
Introduction: European Communication History: A Challenging if Timely Project
1. A Re‐Turn to the History of Mediated Communication?
2. Changing Times‐Spaces in Europe – Historical Takes or (Re‐)Turns
3. Only Dusty Old Papers or New Insights? Media History and the Internet Age
4. A Rising Field – Research on the History of Mediated Communication in Europe
5. What is Europe? Geographical Mix, Country Selections and Criteria
6. More About the Scope of this Handbookand Editorial Approach
7. Thematic Introduction to the Sections and Chapters
8. Conclusions
9. References
1 Struggles over “Press Freedom” and “Public Spheres”: Competing Conceptualizations, Values, Norms
1. Introduction
2. The Central European Countries and Great Britain
3. The Extension of Mediated Communication by New Media
4. The Southern European Countries
5. The Nordic Countries
6. Conclusion
7. References
2 The “New” Newspapers: The Popular Press in Britain, Portugal, Russia, and Germany, late‐1800s to Early‐1900s
1. Introduction
2. Britain
3. Portugal
4. Russia
5. Germany
6. Concluding Comments
7. References
3 European Film Since the 1890s: A Media Sector in the Shadow of Hollywood
1. Introduction: European Global Dominance
2. Transition: The Impact of World War I
3. The Interwar Period – From Film Europe to Filmed Propaganda
4. Post‐War Europe – The Struggle to Retain Markets
5. The Rise of the European Co‐Production
6. From State Aid to Supranational Regulation
7. References
4 Organizing a New Medium: The Emergence of Radio Broadcasting in Europe
1. Introduction
2. Inventions, Technical Progress and the Radio Boom in the United States
3. Striving for Independence: The BBC in Great Britain
4. Growing Influence of the State: Radio Broadcasting in Germany
5. Promoting a New State and National Identity: The Case of Czechoslovakia
6. A Dual System Controlled by the State: Radio Broadcasting in Portugal
7. Many Monopolies and Some Alternative Models: The Development in Other European Countries
8. Conclusion: The Dominance of the State in Early Radio Broadcasting
9. References
5 World War I and the Emergence of Modern Propaganda
1. Introduction
2. German War Propaganda: Conflicting Viewson the Use of Traditional and ‘New’ Media
3. British War Propaganda: Adaptability as a Strategy for Success
4. Russian War Propaganda: Using Media to Counter Internal Criticism
5. Resisting the Invader: Belgian and French Propaganda
6. Trench Journals and Soldiers' Morale
7. Conclusion
8. References
6 Modernization, Democratization and Politicization: Mass Media in 1920s Europe
1. Introduction
2. The United Kingdom
3. Germany
4. The Territorial Netherlands
5. Sweden
6. Italy
7. Conclusion
8. References
7 Crises, Rise of Fascism and the Establishment of Authoritarian Media Systems
1. Introduction
2. The Fascist Media System in Italy: Between Imposing Control and Granting Leeway
3. Media in National Socialist Germany. Between “Total Synchronization” and Audience Orientation
4. The Hybrid Media System in Hungary
5. The Spanish Media System During Franco's Dictatorship: From Totalitarian to Moderate Authoritarianism
6. Conclusion
7. References
8 The Russian Revolution and the Establishment of the Authoritarian Media System
1. Introduction
2. The Revolution of 1905 and the Emergence of a More Pluralist Media System
3. The Russian Revolution of 1917 – and the Start of the Bolshevik Media System
4. Red and White Propaganda During the “Civil War”
5. Liberalization During the New Economic Policy Period and the Soviet Media System
6. The Media System in Stalin's Soviet Russia and the Threat of War in the 1930s
7. Television and Radio Broadcasting
8. Conclusion
9. References⁵
9 International Radio Broadcasting During World War II
1. Introduction
2. “Hier spricht Deutschland!”: Nazi Wireless Propaganda
3. Britain's Engagement in the War via Radio
4. Cross‐Border Broadcasting in an Occupied Country: The Case of Poland
5. Broadcasting in Neutral Countries: The Cases of Portugal and Spain
6. Other Major Players
7. Conclusion
8. References
10 Media After 1945: Continuities and New Beginnings
1. Introduction
2. The Media Landscape in Europe at the End of World War II
3. Established Orders – New Orders? Media Policy and the Post‐war Media Systems
4. New Faces, New Voices? – Women in a Male Dominated Profession
5. Key Topics in the Immediate Post‐war Period
6. Conclusion
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
11 Media and the Cold War: The East/West Conflict
1. Introduction
2. Germany
3. Poland
4. Spain
5. Finland
6. Conclusion
7. References
12 Authoritarian Media Control in Eastern Europe, Spain, Portugal, and Greece After World War II
1. Introduction
2. Spain: From the Press Act to a Democratic Constitution
3. Portugal: “Preventing the Perversion of Public Opinion”
4. Greece: Propaganda in Disguise of Consumerism, Kitsch, and Greek Christianity
5. The GDR: Collective State and Economic Interests as Supreme Guidelines
6. Hungary: The Media Between Communist Virtues and Libertarian Efforts
7. Conclusion
8. References
13 The Rise of Television: Institutionalization and the Forming of National Audiences
1. Introduction
2. The Many Births of Television
3. The Emergence of Television in Post‐War Europe: Patterns and Paths
4. Television as Medium and Message
5. European TV Cultures in the Cold War Media Landscape
6. Conclusion
7. References
14 The Introduction of Commercial Broadcasting to Europe
1. Introduction
2. Radio and Television at the Center of the Political Debate: Pressures for Access
3. Private Pressure Groups and the Deregulation of Television
4. First Steps of Commercial Television
5. The Privatization of Radio and Television in Southern Europe: Differences and Similarities
6. European Regions: An Opportunity for Commercial Radio and Television
7. New Technologies for a New Society: VCR, Cable, and Satellite Television
8. Cable and Satellite: Emerging Technologies
9. Transformation in Media Production and Consumption
10. Conclusion
11. References
15 History of the Media in Central and Eastern Europe
1. Introduction: Media History and Central and Eastern Europe
2. Bulgaria
3. Hungary
4. Lithuania
5. Poland
6. Central and Eastern Europe: Summary and Conclusions
7. References
16 Media Concentration and the Rise of Multinational Companies
1. Introduction
2. Northern Europe: the UK, Germany and Ireland
3. Southern Europe: France, Italy, and Spain
4. Eastern Europe: Poland, Romania and Russia
5. Conclusions
6. References
17 EU Democratic Deficits: The EU Project and a European Public Sphere
1. Introduction
2. Constituting the European Project
3. The European Public Sphere: A Condition for a United Europe?
4. … Ridden by a Democratic Deficit?
5. Cultural Dimensions of an (Evolving) European Public Sphere
6. Urban Spaces: European Capitals of Culture
7. Audiovisual Spaces: European Film
8. Communication and Media in the Project Europe
9. Crisis in Europe: Europe in Crisis
10. References
18 The Emergence of the Internet and the End of Journalism?
1. Introduction
2. The Emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web
3. Country Specific Trends in Media Development
4. When Traditional Media Went Online
5. Changing Practices and Challenges
6. Conclusion
7. References
19 Professionalisms and Journalism History: Lessons from European Variations
1. Introduction
2. Tension of Practices and Ideals
3. The Weight of a Dominant Narrative
4. The Long Century of European Journalism: Variations of Time and Context
5. The Search for Public Interest Journalism
6. The Late High Moment of Professionalism
7. Concluding Remarks
8. References
20 The Development of Journalism Education in Europe
1. Introduction: National Traditions and Different Ways of Training Aspiring Journalists
2. US Journalism Schools and Their Influence on Some European Countries
3. The Role of the German Zeitungswissenschaft
4. Changes in the European Training Schemes After World War II
5. Spain and Finland as Surprising Exceptions in Southern and Northern Europe
6. Heterogeneity and Ideological Biased Education in Communist Countries
7. First Wave of University‐Based Programs in Journalism in Western Europe
8. A Second Wave in the 1990s
9. After the Fall of the Berlin Wall
10. Concluding Remarks
11. References
21 New Media and Audience Behavior
1. Introduction
2. Old “New Media” and Their Audiences
3. The New “New Media”: Computerization and the Internet
4. Conclusion
5. References
22 Americanization, or: The Rhetoric of Modernity: How European Journalism Adapted US Norms, Practices and Conventions
1. Introduction
2. Americanization as a Two‐Sided Concept
3. Different Styles of Journalism
4. News Values and Active On‐the‐Spot Reporting
5. The Objectivity Regime
6. Conclusion
7. References
23 Gender, Media, and Modernity
1. Introduction
2. Mid‐nineteenth Century to 1914
3. 1914 to the 1960s
4. 1970s to the Present
5. References
24 Ethnic Minorities and the Media: A Struggle for Voice, Self, and Community?
1. Introduction – An Incomplete History of a Fragmented and Moving Target
2. Emergence and Development of Minority Media
3. The Beginning of a Long History of Identity Management: the Representation of the “We” in Disintegrating Empires
4. The 1960s: Broadcasting Debates on Inclusion and Exclusion
5. Migrant Movements and the Extension of the Term “Minority Media”
6. Through the Lens of the Others: Representation of Minorities and Diversity in Mainstream Media
7. Conclusion
8. References
25 Imagined New Spaces of Political Solidarity in the 1880s–1920s: Beyond the National?
1. Introduction
2. Classic Liberalism with Limited Democracy: A Dominant Model Under Pressure
3. Images and Imaginings of New Political, Economic, and Social “Spaces”
4. Émile Durkheim on Divisions of Labor – Social and Spatial
5. New Social Movements – Reimagining the Space of Political Organization
6. Social Democrats Get to Parliament: Moderated or Silenced Internationalism?
7. The Fall: From “Belle Époque” to World War I
8. World War I and the Reconstruction (and Embedding) of Modern Nationalism
9. Conclusions and Implications
10. References
Author Index
Subject Index
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List of Contributors

Irati Agirreazkuenaga, University of the Basque Country, Spain

Konstantin Alexeev, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia

Klaus Arnold, deceased

Juan Pablo Artero, University of Zaragoza, Spain

Olivier Baisnée, Sciences‐Po Toulouse, France

Péter Bajomi‐Lázár, Budapest Business School, University of Applied Sciences, Hungary

Gabriele Balbi, USI Università della Svizzera italiana, Italy

Aukse Balcytiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania

Carlos Barrera, University of Navarra, Spain

Adrian Bingham, University of Sheffield, UK

Thomas Birkner, WWU Münster, Germany

Marcel Broersma, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Niels Brügger, Aarhus University, Denmark

Anthony Cawley, Liverpool Hope University, UK

Jan Cebe, Charles University, Czech Republic

Hugh Chignell, Bournemouth University, UK

Marie Cronqvist, Lund University, Sweden

Antonio Cuartero, University of Málaga, Spain

Alina Dobreva, Central European University, Hungary

Koenraad Du Pont, Brussels Center for Journalism Studies – KU Leuven, Belgium

Susanne Eichner, Aarhus University, Denmark

Joris van Eijnatten, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

Matilde Eiroa, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain

Merja Ellefson, Umeå University, Sweden

Gabriele Falböck, University of Vienna, Austria

Alicia Ferrández Ferrer, University of Alicante, Spain

Andreas Fickers, University of Luxembourg and Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History, Luxembourg

Anke Fiedler, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany

Roderick Flynn, School of Communications, Dublin City University, Ireland

Rosa Franquet, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain

Juan Antonio García Galindo, University of Málaga, Spain

Heike Graf, Södertörn University, Sweden

Jaume Guillamet, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Damian Guzek, University of Silesia, Poland

Mark Hampton, Lingnan University, Hong Kong

Michael Harnischmacher, University of Passau, Germany

Emmanuel Heretakis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Matthew Hibberd, Università Svizzera Italiana, Switzerland

Christoph Hilgert, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany

Svennik Høyer, deceased

Jochen Hung, Utrecht University, the Netherlands

Yeşim Kaptan, Kent State University, USA

Susanne Kinnebrock, Augsburg University, Germany

Beata Klimkiewicz, Jagiellonian University, Poland

Olga Kolokytha, University of Vienna, Austria

Barbara Köpplová, Metropolitan University Prague, Czech Republic

Olga Kruglikova, Saint Petersburg State University, Russia

Risto Kunelius, University of Tampere, Finland

Helena Lima, University of Porto, Portugal

Claire McCallum, University of Exeter, UK

Patrick Merziger, University of Leipzig, Germany

Monika Metykova, University of Sussex, UK

Michael Meyen, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany

Agnieszka Morriss, City University London, UK

Dana Mustata, University of Groningen, Netherlands

Sian Nicholas, Aberystwyth University, Wales, UK

Kaarle Nordenstreng, University of Tampere, Finland

Christian Oggolder, Austrian Academy of Sciences and Alpen‐Adria Universität, Austria

Peppino Ortoleva, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy

Nils E. Øy, Volda University College, Norway

Walery Pisarek, deceased (previously at The Pontifical University of John Paul II, Poland)

Paschal Preston, Dublin City University, Ireland

Elizabeth Prommer, University of Rostock Institute for Media Research, Germany

Nelson Ribeiro, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal

Giuseppe Richeri, University of Lugano, Switzerland

Ramón Salaverría, University of Navarra, Spain

Katharine Sarikakis, University of Vienna, Austria

Anne Schmidt, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Germany

Christian Schwarzenegger, Augsburg University, Germany

Eugenia Siapera, Dublin City University, Ireland

Balázs Sipos, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary

Kristin Skoog, Bournemouth University, UK

Sergio Splendore, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Hans‐Ulrich Wagner, Hans‐Bredow‐Institute – Research Centre Media History, Germany

Anne‐Katrin Weber, University of Lausanne, Switzerland

Lennart Weibull, University of Gothenburg and The SOM Institute, Sweden

Jürgen Wilke, University of Mainz, Germany

Marina Yanglyaeva, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia

Yulia Yurtaeva‐Martens, Filmuniversity “Konrad Wolf,” Germany