reading

Cover
Foreword to the Third Edition
Preface
1. Note
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1. 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 1.2 THE CURRENT AEC BUSINESS MODEL
4. 1.3 DOCUMENTED INEFFICIENCIES OF TRADITIONAL APPROACHES
5. 1.4 BIM: NEW TOOLS AND NEW PROCESSES
6. 1.5 BIM AS A LIFECYCLE PLATFORM
7. 1.6 WHAT IS NOT A BIM PLATFORM?
8. 1.7 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BIM? WHAT PROBLEMS DOES IT ADDRESS?
9. 1.8 BIM AND LEAN CONSTRUCTION
10. 1.9 WHAT CHALLENGES CAN BE EXPECTED?
11. 1.10 FUTURE OF DESIGNING AND BUILDING WITH BIM
12. 1.11 CASE STUDIES
13. Chapter 1 Discussion Questions
14. Note
CHAPTER 2: Core Technologies and Software
1. 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 2.1 THE EVOLUTION TO OBJECT-BASED PARAMETRIC MODELING
3. 2.2 BEYOND PARAMETRIC SHAPES
4. 2.3 BIM ENVIRONMENTS, PLATFORMS, AND TOOLS
5. 2.4 BIM MODEL QUALITY AND MODEL CHECKING
6. 2.5 BIM PLATFORMS
7. 2.6 DESIGN REVIEW APPLICATIONS
8. 2.7 CONCLUSION
9. Chapter 2 Discussion Questions
CHAPTER 3: Collaboration and Interoperability
1. 3.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 3.2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF DATA EXCHANGE METHODS
4. 3.3 BACKGROUND OF PRODUCT DATA MODELS
5. 3.4 OTHER EFFORTS SUPPORTING STANDARDIZATION
6. 3.5 THE EVOLUTION FROM FILE-BASED EXCHANGE TO BIM SERVERS
7. 3.6 INTERFACING TECHNOLOGIES
8. Chapter 3 Discussion Questions
9. Notes
CHAPTER 4: BIM for Owners and Facility Managers
1. 4.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 4.1 INTRODUCTION: WHY OWNERS SHOULD CARE ABOUT BIM
3. 4.2 OWNER'S ROLE IN A BIM PROJECT
4. 4.3 COST AND TIME MANAGEMENT
5. 4.4 AN OWNER AND FACILITY MANAGER'S BUILDING MODEL
6. 4.5 LEADING THE BIM IMPLEMENTATION ON A PROJECT
7. 4.6 BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTING BIM: RISKS AND COMMON MYTHS
8. 4.7 ISSUES FOR OWNERS TO CONSIDER WHEN ADOPTING BIM
9. Chapter 4 Discussion Questions
CHAPTER 5: BIM for Architects and Engineers
1. 5.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 5.2 SCOPE OF DESIGN SERVICES
4. 5.3 BIM USE IN DESIGN PROCESSES
5. 5.4 BUILDING OBJECT MODELS AND LIBRARIES
6. 5.5 CONSIDERATIONS IN ADOPTION FOR DESIGN PRACTICE
7. Chapter 5 Discussion Questions
8. Notes
CHAPTER 6: BIM for Contractors
1. 6.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 6.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 6.2 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS
4. 6.3 INFORMATION CONTRACTORS WANT FROM BIM
5. 6.4 BIM-ENABLED PROCESS CHANGE
6. 6.5 DEVELOPING A CONSTRUCTION BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL
7. 6.6 USING A CONTRACTOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL
8. 6.7 3D: VISUALIZATION AND COORDINATION
9. 6.8 4D: CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS AND PLANNING
10. 6.9 5D: QUANTITY TAKEOFF AND COST ESTIMATING
11. 6.10 PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL
12. 6.11 OFF-SITE FABRICATION AND MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
13. 6.12 BIM IN THE FIELD
14. 6.13 COST AND SCHEDULE CONTROL AND OTHER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
15. 6.14 COMMISSIONING AND TURNOVER
16. Chapter 6 Discussion Questions
17. Notes
CHAPTER 7: BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators
1. 7.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 7.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 7.2 TYPES OF SUBCONTRACTORS AND FABRICATORS
4. 7.3 THE BENEFITS OF A BIM PROCESS FOR SUBCONTRACTOR FABRICATORS
5. 7.4 GENERIC BIM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATORS
6. 7.5 SPECIFIC BIM REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATION
7. 7.6 ADOPTING BIM IN A FABRICATION OPERATION
8. Chapter 7 Discussion Questions
9. Notes
CHAPTER 8: Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation
1. 8.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 8.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 8.2 BIM MANDATES
4. 8.3 BIM ROADMAPS, MATURITY MODELS, AND MEASURES
5. 8.4 BIM GUIDES
6. 8.5 BIM EDUCATION AND TRAINING
7. 8.6 LEGAL, SECURITY, AND BEST PRACTICE ISSUES
8. Chapter 8 Discussion Questions
CHAPTER 9: The Future: Building with BIM
1. 9.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
3. 9.2 BIM BEFORE 2000: PREDICTING TRENDS
4. 9.3 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF BIM: 2000 TO 2017
5. 9.4 CURRENT TRENDS
6. 9.5 VISION 2025
7. 9.6 BEYOND 2025
8. Chapter 9 Discussion Questions
9. Notes
CHAPTER 10: BIM Case Studies
1. 10.0 INTRODUCTION
2. 10.1 NATIONAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, DUBLIN
3. 10.2 HYUNDAI MOTORSTUDIO GOYANG, SOUTH KOREA
4. 10.3 FONDATION LOUIS VUITTON, PARIS
5. 10.4 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
6. 10.5 SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL, DENVER
7. 10.6 VICTORIA STATION, LONDON UNDERGROUND
8. 10.7 NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT RESIDENCE HALLS, SINGAPORE
9. 10.8 MAPLETREE BUSINESS CITY II, SINGAPORE
10. 10.9 PRINCE MOHAMMAD BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MEDINA, UAE
11. 10.10 HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE, CHEVY CHASE, MARYLAND
12. 10.11 STANFORD NEUROSCIENCE HEALTH CENTER, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA
13. Note
Glossary
References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. TABLE 1–1 Additional Costs of Inadequate Interoperability in the Construction Industry, 2002 (in $M)
2. TABLE 1–2 Lean Construction Principles (Sacks et al., 2010)
Chapter 3
1. TABLE 3–1 Common Exchange Formats in AEC Applications
2. TABLE 3–2 Standards Developed by the ISO/TC 59/SC 13 Technical Committee (Organization of Information About Construction Works)
3. TABLE 3–3 COBie2 Data Sections
4. TABLE 3–4 File-Based Collaborative Project Management Systems
5. TABLE 3–5 Determination of the Status of an Object by GUID (Adapted from Lee et al., 2011)
Chapter 4
1. TABLE 4–1 Summary of BIM Application Areas and Potential Benefits to All Owners, Owner-Operators, and Owner-Developers
2. TABLE 4–2 Table of BIM Tools That Are Useful to Owners
3. TABLE 4–3 Guidelines for Sources of Facility Information in an Integrated BIM FM System
Chapter 5
1. TABLE 5–1 Environmental Analyses Supported by Sketch Models
2. TABLE 5–2 Building System Layout Applications
Chapter 7
1. TABLE 7–1 Experimental Data for Three Reinforced Concrete Building Projects
2. TABLE 7–2 BIM Software for Subcontractors and Fabricators
3. TABLE 7–3 An Example of Staged Adoption of BIM Workstations for a Fabricator's Engineering Department
Chapter 8
1. TABLE 8–1 BIM Mandates around the World (by Target Year)
2. TABLE 8–2 BIM Maturity Models by Evaluation Target
3. TABLE 8–3 Job Competencies Required for Major BIM Roles (Adapted from Uhm et al., 2017).
4. TABLE 8–4 Minimum Eligibility Criteria for the bSK BIM Certificates
5. TABLE 8–5 Test Subjects for the bSK BIM Certificates
6. TABLE 8–6 Test Subjects for the Singapore BCA BIM Certification
7. TABLE 8–7 Assessment BIM Guides for BSI Kitemark BIM Certificates
8. TABLE 8–8 BIM Courses Offered by the BIM Certificate Programs at Universities
Chapter 9
1. TABLE 9–1 Predictions Made in 1989 and an Evaluation of Their Fulfilment by 2017
Chapter 10
1. TABLE 10–0–1 Brief Descriptions of the Case Study Projects
2. TABLE 10–0–2 Case Studies by Phase of Lifecycle
3. TABLE 10–0–3 BIM Benefits Described in the Case Studies
4. TABLE 10–0–4 BIM Uses, Software, and Technologies Used for the Case Studies
5. TABLE 10–1–1 Codebook Information Fields
6. TABLE 10–2–1 Comparison of Person-Days Input Between the South Korean Government Standard and Multi-trade Prefabrication
7. TABLE 10–2–2 BIM Uses and Tools
8. TABLE 10–4–1 Project Summary
9. TABLE 10–4–2 The Construction Project Team
10. TABLE 10–5–1 Results for Prefabrication of the Different Elements
11. TABLE 10–7–1 Project Team
12. TABLE 10–8–1 Project Details and Outline of Phases.
13. TABLE 10–8–2 Training and Resources
14. TABLE 10–8–3 BIM Modeling Personnel
15. TABLE 10–8–4 BIM Roles and Responsibilities Defined in the BIM Execution Plan
16. TABLE 10–8–5 Productivity Gain for Coordination of Office Area
17. TABLE 10–9–1 Key Parties and Their Roles in the Project
18. TABLE 10–9–2 Model Elements with Maintainable Content in CMMS Database
19. TABLE 10–9–3 An Object ID Scheme
20. TABLE 10–11–1 Baseline Processes Associated with a Major Plumbing Leak
21. TABLE 10–11–2 Baseline Processes Associated with Structural and Fire Safety Analysis
22. TABLE 10–11–3 Baseline Processes Associated with Asset Information Entry and Update
23. TABLE 10–11–4 Baseline Processes Associate with Preserving Design Intent: Material Finishes
24. TABLE 10–11–5 Baseline Processes Associated with Engineering Staff Training
25. TABLE 10–11–6 Baseline Processes Associated with a Shutdown Request
26. TABLE 10–11–7 Baseline Processes Associated with Performing an ICRA/PCRA Review
27. TABLE 10–11–8 Cost to Maintain the BIM Model and Maintain It over 5 Years

List of Illustrations

Preface
1. FIGURE 00–01 Socio-technical levels.
Chapter 1
1. FIGURE 1–1 Conceptual diagram representing an AEC project team and the typical organizational boundaries.
2. FIGURE 1–2 Schematic diagram of Design-Bid-Build, CM at Risk, and Design-Build processes.
3. FIGURE 1–3 Los Angeles Community College District BIM process for Design Build projects (BuildLACCD, 2016).
4. FIGURE 1–4 Indices of labor productivity for manufacturing, off-site construction trades, and on-site construction trades, 1967–2015.
5. FIGURE 1–5 The BIM maturity model by Mark Bew and Mervyn Richards
Chapter 2
1. FIGURE 2–1 A set of functions that generate regular shapes, including sweeps.
2. FIGURE 2–2 One of the first complex mechanical parts generated using B-reps and the Boolean operations (Braid, 1973) and an early solid modeler representation of a building service core (Eastman, 1975).
3. FIGURE 2–3 A set of primitive shapes and operators for Constructive Solid Geometry. Each shape's parameters consist of those defining the shape and then placing it in 3D space.
4. FIGURE 2–4 The definitions of a set of primitive shapes and their composition into a simple building. The building is then edited.
5. FIGURE 2–5 The parametric relation representation in some BIM applications.
6. FIGURE 2–6 A partial assembly of a freeform façade. The mullion partitioning and dimensions are defined in the parameter table, while the curvature is defined by a curved surface behind it. The surface drives automatic adjustment of the mullion profiles, glazing panelization, and bracket rotation. The faceted glazing panels are connected by brackets as shown in the blowup. This wall model and its variations were generated by Andres Cavieres using Generative Components.
7. FIGURE 2–7 Conceptual structure of a wall-object family, with various edges associated with bounding surfaces.
8. FIGURE 2–8 A clerestory wall in a ceiling that has different parametric modeling requirements than most walls.
9. FIGURE 2–9 An example of parametric modeling: A theater is initiated with (a) a raised lobby at the rear, sloping house floor, and raised stage at the front; (b) the enclosing walls and roof are added; (c) angled side walls are added, but do not naturally attach to the sloped house floor; (d) these are aligned to the sloped floor; (e) rules are added to align the sloping wall with the lobby floor; (f) the areas of the house are used for quick estimates of seating; (g) the lobby depth is increased to provide more space, automatically changing the slope of the house floor and the bottom of the side walls; (h) the house space area is reviewed to consider seating implications.
10. FIGURE 2–10 A custom parametric model for masonry (brick or block) freeform surface (curved in two directions). The object includes the management of trimming of pieces and the automatic assessment when reinforcing is required (from Cavieres, 2009).
11. FIGURE 2–11 Sketch showing the initial section extracted from the building model (left) and the manually detailed drawing elaborated from the section (right).
12. FIGURE 2–12 BIM environments, platforms, and tools.
Chapter 3
1. FIGURE 3–1 Three-level definitions of information exchange requirements.
2. FIGURE 3–2 The increasing complexity of data for different types of exchange. Horizontal axis is the approximate number of object classes within the schema.
3. FIGURE 3–3 IFCs consist of a library of object and property definitions that can be used to represent a building project and support use of that building information for a particular purpose. The figure shows three examples of specific domain uses from a single IFC project: (A) an architectural view, (B) a mechanical system view, and (C) a structural view. Also shown are (D) a sample IFC object or entity and sample properties and attributes.
4. FIGURE 3–4 The system architecture of IFC subschemas. Each Resource and Core subschema has a structure of entities for defining models, specified at the Interoperability and Domain Layers.
5. FIGURE 3–5 The IFC structure for defining a wall.
6. FIGURE 3–6 The four major steps for defining and implementing an NBIMS of Program, Design, Construct, and Deploy (NIBS, 2012).
7. FIGURE 3–7 Example internal structure of exchanges supported by a BIM server. In order to support synchronization, all BIM tools must be accessible and checked by the server. Active transactions communicate between applications to define project/user action items. In some cases, active transactions may initiate updates. The synchronization management system is controlled by the BIM administrator.
8. FIGURE 3–8 Loss of information between project phases.
Chapter 4
1. FIGURE 4–1 Comparison of information quality between drawing and BIM-based processes over life of building.
2. FIGURE 4–2 Snapshot of team collaboration using Onuma Systems (OS) during BIMStorm event.
3. FIGURE 4–3 Snapshot showing the owner (GSA) and judges in a Virtual Reality Cave environment while interactively reviewing the design.
4. FIGURE 4–4 Example of automated space planning from conceptual requirements to simulation of circulation.
5. FIGURE 4–5 Examples of Legion Studio's visual and analytical outputs based on 2D and 3D building information data. The main 3D rendering shows a simulation of a metro station during a weekday morning peak. (A) A map of an airport uses color to show average speed, with red indicating slow movement and blue indicating free-flowing movement; (B) a map of a stadium with access routes and adjacent retail facilities showing mean density, with red and yellow indicating the locations of highest density; and (C) a graph comparing passenger interchange times between several origin-destination pairs.
6. FIGURE 4–6 Chart showing the upper and lower limits that an owner typically adds to the contingency and reliability of an estimate over different phases of a project and the potential targeted reliability improvements associated with BIM-based estimating.
7. FIGURE 4–7 Influence on overall project cost over the project lifecycle.
8. FIGURE 4–8 Views of a 4D model for a nine-floor hospital facility showing concurrent retrofit activities across departments and floors: (A) 4D view of a department; (B) 4D view of a floor; (C) 4D view of all floors; (D) activity type legend showing the types of activities the construction management team and owner communicated in the 4D model; (E) the activities in progress; and (F) the 4D hierarchy showing the organization by floor and department.
9. FIGURE 4–9 Example of using a building model to manage facility assets such as MEP systems. If power were lost to such a system, this graphical view would quickly allow FM staff to show all areas impacted by this failure.
10. FIGURE 4–10 illustrates how the space data in the BIM model for the Medina airport can be displayed on hand-held computers.
11. FIGURE 4–11 BIM for Operations and Maintenance and how it relates to the other models used over the lifecycle.
12. FIGURE 4–12 Integration between BIM and CMMS system as implemented using EcoDomus middleware system.
13. FIGURE 4–15 Guidelines for developing a BIM Execution Plan for a project.
14. FIGURE 4–16 Proportion of contractors perceiving a positive ROI for BIM (by country) (Jones and Bernstein, 2012).
15. FIGURE 4–17 Contractors' current and future expected BIM implementation levels, averages for all regions.
Chapter 5
1. FIGURE 5–1 Value added, cost of changes, and current compensation distribution for design services.
2. FIGURE 5–2 The structural BIM model of the Crusell Bridge, Helsinki, Finland. Note the curvature of the bridge's longitudinal alignment.
3. FIGURE 5–3 (a) A Sketchup model of the Porter Environmental Sciences research building at Tel Aviv University. The image was part of the winning bid for the design competition for this Leed Platinum building. (b) A photograph of the Porter Building after completion of construction.
4. FIGURE 5–4 Incheon Arts Centers Concert Hall. Design can be freeform or structured in Rhino.
5. FIGURE 5–5 Revit mass objects can have freeform shapes that become more detailed with added object types.
6. FIGURE 5–6 (A) Vectorworks supports a wide variety of massing shapes and surfaces. (B) A design can be freeform or planar in Bonzai.
7. FIGURE 5–7 (A) Point cloud data of a concrete highway bridge near Cambridge, UK. (B) A reconstructed BIM model of the same bridge.
8. FIGURE 5–8 (A) A stack of lite-wall precast pieces in a Tekla Structures model with loads defined. (B) The same section in the STAAD PRO finite element analysis package.
9. FIGURE 5–9 Optimization of a structural design of a building.
10. FIGURE 5–10 A view of a design engineer's Tekla Structures model of the USC School of Cinematic Arts. The model contains details for three subcontractors—structural steel, rebar fabricator, and cast-in-place concrete—and enables the engineer to ensure design coordination among these systems.
11. FIGURE 5–11 Detailed layout of the auditorium at the Merck Research Laboratories in Boston. Associated drawings included panel fabrication layout. The design was especially complicated because of the skewed structural grid.
12. FIGURE 5–12 Display of ArchiCAD objects modified, added, or deleted in a structural analysis cycle using the IFC Model Change Detection Wizard. The exchanges were made using IFC files filtered for structural load-bearing content.
13. FIGURE 5–13 Sample set of four building high-rise cores of different types with a high-rise using one of them.
14. FIGURE 5–14 Detail layout of a sample building core, with partial development.
15. FIGURE 5–15 A screenshot of the SmartBIM Library.
16. FIGURE 5–16 The various components of the lifetime capital and operating costs of a veterans' hospital.
Chapter 6
1. FIGURE 6–1 Distribution of 598,066 construction firms and total employees by size of firm for 2012.
2. FIGURE 6–2 BIM process flow for a project where the contractor builds the construction model from 2D drawings and then uses it for system coordination and clash detection, construction planning and scheduling, quantity takeoff and estimating.
3. FIGURE 6–3 Process flow for a project, where the architect and other designers and subcontractors use 3D modeling tools or have a consultant develop 3D models from 2D drawings and contribute to a shared 3D construction model.
4. FIGURE 6–4 Fabricators contribute production detail level information about the components and systems they provide. Where they prepare models, their information can be integrated directly into the construction BIM model. Where they provide 2D shop drawings, the details must be modeled before they can be integrated.
5. FIGURE 6–5 Information flow from the construction model to various stand-alone tools for the different contractor BIM applications.
6. FIGURE 6–6 Information flow from the construction model to integrated contractor BIM tools that provide most of the functionality that is needed.
7. FIGURE 6–7 Snapshot of contractors and subcontractor using a building information model to support MEP coordination.
8. FIGURE 6–8 Sample Gantt chart of a construction schedule for a project involving three buildings and multiple floors and areas. Assessing the feasibility or quality of a schedule based on a Gantt chart is often difficult for many project participants and requires manually associating each activity with areas or components in the project since there are no visual associations with the referenced areas to a drawing or diagram.
9. FIGURE 6–9 4D view of construction of the NTU North Hills student residence buildings (see case study 10.7 in Chapter 10), showing construction of concrete building cores and assembly of prefabricated modular units. The tower cranes were included in the model to review crane reach, clearances, and conflicts.
10. FIGURE 6–10 4D schedule of an airport terminal building prepared using Synchro PRO 4D scheduling and project management software.
11. FIGURE 6–11 A 4D model snapshot showing scaffolding in Tekla Structures. Adding temporary equipment is often critical for determining the feasibility of the schedule; the details allow subcontractors and planners to visually assess safety and constructability issues.
12. FIGURE 6–12 Diagram showing the key data interfaces of a 4D model. (A) Four-dimensional hierarchy or grouping of components related to activities in the schedule. (B) Organization of geometry data provided by design and engineering organizations. (C) Schedule data that can be illustrated hierarchically but is typically a set of activities with properties, such as start and finish dates. (D) Activity types that define the visual behavior of the 4D model.
13. FIGURE 6–13 Example of how BIM component definitions relate to estimating assembly items and recipes.
14. FIGURE 6–14 One-cycle of the multitrade prefabrication method applied on floors 5–8 of the Hyundai Motor Studio project (see also Section 10.2 for more information on this project).
15. FIGURE 6–15 Viewing HVAC ducts in the BIM model on an iPad on site using the BIM 360 Glue app, during construction of the Mapletree Business Park II, Singapore. See Case Study 10-8 for more information on this project.
16. FIGURE 6–16 (A) Viewing HVAC ducts concealed behind a false ceiling using the as-built model viewed on an iPAD, at the Mapletree III Business Park project in Singapore (see case study 10-8). (B) Using Trimble BIM software with a Microsoft Hololens AR visor to superimpose a model of a drywall on the actual background scene.
17. FIGURE 6–17 Tablet interface showing the BIM model being used for point layout with Autodesk BIM 360 Layout.
18. FIGURE 6–18 From model to field: layout of hangers for MEP installation in a flex deck slab shutter system prior to pouring concrete.
19. FIGURE 6–19 Reporting work status using the mobile app interfaces of VisiLean and Sitedrive.
20. FIGURE 6–20 Laser scanning point cloud data can be mapped onto BIM objects to show deviations of the as-built geometry from the designed geometry. The colors represent the degree of deviation from the planned (gray) surfaces, according to the scale at the left of the figure.
21. FIGURE 6–21 Vico Cost Planner. Building objects in the model can be filtered and colored according to budget line items that reflect their cost, budget, or other financial properties.
Chapter 7
1. FIGURE 7–1 A masonry partition wall detailed for fabrication (LOD 400). This level of detail allows optimization of the block layout to reduce the need for cutting blocks to a minimum, and it also enables accurate quantity take-off of all the necessary block shapes and sizes for delivery.
2. FIGURE 7–2 An isometric view of the layout plan for placing pallets of masonry blocks for partition walls on the story of a reinforced concrete residential building, showing the type of block in each pallet and their placement between the planned locations of shoring poles that support the slab formwork. These visual instructions are provided to crane operators and signalers, ensuring delivery of the right materials to the tight place for the masonry trade crews.
3. FIGURE 7–3 Classification of components, according to degree of system integration and completion, for use in government programs to promote “Design for Manufacturing and Assembly” (DfMA), based on the classification system used by the Singapore government Building Construction Authority (BCA) for public construction projects incentive schemes.
4. FIGURE 7–4 Typical traditional information and product flow for a fabricator of ETO components.
5. FIGURE 7–5 (A) A benchmark of production lead time for engineering design and detailing of architectural precast façade panels using 2D CAD. (B) An evaluation of a comparable lead time using 3D parametric modeling (Sacks, 2004).
6. FIGURE 7–6 Drawing inconsistency for a precast concrete spandrel beam: (A) elevation, (B) piece fabrication shop drawing drawn in mirror image in error, and (C) the beams in place with mismatched end connection details (Sacks et al., 2003).
7. FIGURE 7–7 Axonometric views of projects A, B, and C. These models (A–C), prepared as part of an experiment to evaluate 3D modeling productivity, contain complete rebar details. The close-up image (D) shows detailed rebars in a balcony slab and supporting beams.
8. FIGURE 7–8 (Top) Prescient Co. Inc.'s proprietary BIM design add-on for Revit. (Bottom) A manufactured building frame.
9. FIGURE 7–9 (Top) Field personnel use rugged tablet PCs to query information about precast pieces and their production, delivery, erection, and approval status from a color-coded model of the stadium. (Bottom) The PCs are equipped with readers to capture information from RFID tags attached to the precast concrete pieces.
10. FIGURE 7–10 Structural steel connection in Tekla Structures. The software applies the connection selected by the operator (left to middle) and automatically updates the customized connection when the beam is made deeper and the column is rotated (middle to right).
11. FIGURE 7–11 Step 10 in a sequence of assembly steps for assembling the various embeds and rebars needed in a mold before pouring a precast concrete piece in a fabrication plant. The 3D view shows only the pieces required in this step, and the items needed are listed in the tree at left.
12. FIGURE 7–12 Reinforcing bars and other embeds in a Tekla Structures parametric column-corbel-beam connection for precast concrete construction. The connection layout can be adjusted to fit the section sizes and the layout of the columns and beams. Parametric modeling operations can include shape subtraction and addition operations that create reveals, notches, bullnoses, and cutouts defined for connections to other parts.
13. FIGURE 7–13 Rendering of the formwork configuration for casting of a tall concrete pylon for a railway bridge.
14. FIGURE 7–14 A model view showing a building's MEP systems with transparent building structure components, prepared by a general contractor (Mortenson) for construction coordination.
15. FIGURE 7–15 MEP assemblies designed and prefabricated for installation in a housing project: (A) Design model, (B) Fabrication, (C) Shipping to site, (D) Installed.
Chapter 8
1. FIGURE 8–1 The relationships between BIM roadmaps, BIM maturity models, BIM mandates, BIM guides, and BIM measures.
2. FIGURE 8–2 The USACE 2012 BIM Roadmap (USACE, 2012).
3. FIGURE 8–3 The Canada BIM Roadmap (bSC, 2014).
4. FIGURE 8–4 A comparison between the Australian and UK BIM maturity models (buildingSMART Australasia, 2012).
5. FIGURE 8–5 The UK High Speed 2 (HS2) BIM Roadmap (HS2, 2013).
6. FIGURE 8–6 Commonly used BIM measures, updated from Won (2014).
7. FIGURE 8–7 An example of the LOD Model Element Table (AIA, 2008).
8. FIGURE 8–8 The positive feedback relationship of BIM execution plans, best practices, and guides through BIM project execution, evaluation, and evolution.
Chapter 9
1. FIGURE 9–1 Example of a component-based simulation of an operating room, allowing the owners and designers to compare different equipment. The equipment components include parameters and behaviors, ensuring that proper clearances and distances are maintained.
2. FIGURE 9–2 The Yas Island Formula One building. (A) The physical spaces that model the weld crew's workspaces to find unsafe interferences. (B) The overall frame of the structure.
3. FIGURE 9–3 The trend of BIM use in the U.S. from 2007 to 2012.
4. FIGURE 9–4 A collection of online equipment designed to improve the safety of operatives in the field and the ergonomics of their working environment. The system was developed by the Ideas Laboratory, a shared innovation laboratory based in Grenoble, France.
5. FIGURE 9–5 An example of a KanBIM user interface, displayed on a large-format touch screen for use on the construction site (Sacks et al., 2010).
6. FIGURE 9–6 The SEEBIM prototype semantic enrichment engine uses forward-chaining rule inferencing to add semantic information to building models defined in IFC coordination view 2.0 (Sacks et al., 2017).
7. FIGURE 9–7 Number of construction technology start-up companies founded, 2010–2015.
8. FIGURE 9–8 BIM Progression through the decades.
Chapter 10
1. FIGURE 10–1–1 NCH and its surroundings.
2. FIGURE 10–1–2 NCH entrance.
3. FIGURE 10–1–3 Existing site.
4. FIGURE 10–1–4 Position of the NCH in relation to its surroundings.
5. FIGURE 10–1–5 Discipline-specific models and the federated model.
6. FIGURE 10–1–6 NCH in relation to LUAS Light Rail.
7. FIGURE 10–1–7 Patient room user view.
8. FIGURE 10–1–8 Atrium user view.
9. FIGURE 10–1–9 Google Cardboard view.
10. FIGURE 10–1–10 Codebook data for an operating theater.
11. FIGURE 10–1–11 Analysis of roof panels by area in Dynamo.
12. FIGURE 10–1–12 Clash reduction analysis.
13. FIGURE 10–1–13 Take-off within CostX.
14. FIGURE 10–2–1 BIM model image of Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang.
15. FIGURE 10–2–2 Completed Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang.
16. FIGURE 10–2–3 Two-tiered coordination process.
17. FIGURE 10–2–4 Façade panels.
18. FIGURE 10–2–5 Façade design model before panelization.
19. FIGURE 10–2–6 Façade design model after panelization.
20. FIGURE 10–2–7 Façade construction model showing the structural subframe.
21. FIGURE 10–2–8 A mega truss steel structure of Hyundai Motorstudio Koyang.
22. FIGURE 10–2–9 3D laser scanning for quality control of the steel structure.
23. FIGURE 10–2–10 A work process for 3D laser scanning.
24. FIGURE 10–2–11 A scanning process for design analysis.
25. FIGURE 10–2–12 A design analysis result based on 3D laser scanning.
26. FIGURE 10–2–13 Utilization process of VR and an example.
27. FIGURE 10–2–14 Use of 4D simulation.
28. FIGURE 10–2–15 Shop drawing for multi-trade prefabrication (for manufacturing).
29. FIGURE 10–3–1 Fondation Louis Vuitton (FLV) by Frank Gehry.
30. FIGURE 10–3–2 Gehry's sketch of the Fondation.
31. FIGURE 10–3–3 Free-form use of glass in the sails of the Fondation Louis Vuitton.
32. FIGURE 10–3–4 (A and B) Daniel Buren, a French artist known for his in-situ works, has covered the 3,584 pieces of glass making up the building's 14 sails in brightly colored filters.
33. FIGURE 10–3–5 Iceberg structure and steel framework.
34. FIGURE 10–3–6 Structural ribs support the building's skin. The geometry of the ribs is generated by a set of parameters that define their curvature.
35. FIGURE 10–3–7 View of the façade and its assembly components. The computed view shows the grid that carries the glass panels, with the Ductal concrete panels covering the iceberg structures, and the heavier structural steel elements picking up the glass panel loads.
36. FIGURE 10–3–8 3D intelligent components. The picture shows different parametric objects that with their embedded intelligence can adjust themselves to the different geometries with which they have to interface.
37. FIGURE 10–3–9 Optimization process of the Ductal panels. The colors indicate association of panels with a family of panels.
38. FIGURE 10–3–10 CNC hot-wire panel cutting machine. It is set up to cut horizontally above the table carrying the mold base. The mold base is cut from the lower surface, then the upper surface is cut. Finally, the shape of the panel profile is trimmed from the stock piece, providing the panel shape, then the positive panel is removed with a negative mold.
39. FIGURE 10–3–11 Adaptive instantiation of the panels. A 3D intelligent component (Power Copy), which carried information regarding the geometry, material, and installation constraints, was placed in each grid location on the surface, thus adapting each of the components to its own location. The panel connections are indicated with the white spots.
40. FIGURE 10–3–12 Local and global optimization for the glass sails.
41. FIGURE 10–4–1 DDP: A walkway between the museum and the design lab.
42. FIGURE 10–4–2 DDP project timeline.
43. FIGURE 10–4–3 Distribution of panel types.
44. FIGURE 10–4–4 Intended gaps between panels at EMP, Seattle.
45. FIGURE 10–4–5 Dongdeamun History and Culture Park (DHCP).
46. FIGURE 10–4–6 Comparison of the constructed floor areas per year (m²) between DDP and the other buildings designed by ZHA, and also between DDP and the other exhibition facilities in S. Korea constructed between 2012 and 2014 based on actual schedules.
47. FIGURE 10–4–7 Comparison of the final construction costs per m² between DDP and the other exhibition facilities in South Korea constructed between 2012 and 2014.
48. FIGURE 10–4–8 Generation of details of the façade panels and substructures from a surface model.
49. FIGURE 10–4–9 Multipoint stretch forming process.
50. FIGURE 10–4–10 Mock-up tests.
51. FIGURE 10–4–11 Installed façade panels.
52. FIGURE 10–4–12 Use of MPSF in concrete work: (A) Assembled concrete forms fabricated using MPSF. (B) Exposed concrete structures.
53. FIGURE 10–4–13 Application of MPSF in ship and airplane manufacturing.
54. FIGURE 10–5–1 (A and B) General view of the hospital project BIM model.
55. FIGURE 10–5–2 The organizational structure bound by the collaboration agreement.
56. FIGURE 10–5–5 Design Phase and Construction Phase BIM Workflow Diagrams.
57. FIGURE 10–5–6 SJHP exterior panel coordination model.
58. FIGURE 10–5–7 (A) BIM model of a multitrade rack. (B) A photograph of the same rack installed in the building.
59. FIGURE 10–5–8 Benefit-to-cost ratios for the four types of prefabricated modules.
60. FIGURE 10–5–9 (A and B) Using the BIM model in the field.
61. FIGURE 10–6–1 A historical image of Victoria Mainline Station.
62. FIGURE 10–6–2 (A and B) Congestion at Victoria Station.
63. FIGURE 10–6–3 The new entrance in Bressenden Place.
64. FIGURE 10–6–4 The new ticket hall.
65. FIGURE 10–6–5 The exposed existing Victorian sewer and other buried utilities. These utilities were laser scanned and then modeled and put into the 3D model.
66. FIGURE 10–6–6 (A and B) Jet grouting at Victoria.
67. FIGURE 10–6–7 The BIM concept.
68. FIGURE 10–6–8 A gap highlighted in the 3D model between the jet grouts.
69. FIGURE 10–6–9 The same area of the jet grouting during excavation.
70. FIGURE 10–6–10 Unique ID codes for all the jet grouts.
71. FIGURE 10–6–11 A 2D section cut highlighting areas over jet grout overlap and potential areas for concern.
72. FIGURE 10–6–12 The full extent of the jet grouting around the proposed tunnel.
73. FIGURE 10–6–13 Legion model of the extended south ticket hall.
74. FIGURE 10–6–14 Bressenden Place entrance plant room.
75. FIGURE 10–6–15 The vertical Shaft No.2 interfacing with the squareworks tunnel (highlighted in blue).
76. FIGURE 10–6–16 CAD drawing of Shaft No.2 created from the model.
77. FIGURE 10–6–17 3D print of Victoria Station Upgrade.
78. FIGURE 10–6–18 Holographic print of Victoria Station Upgrade.
79. FIGURE 10–7–1 A typical steel PPVC module.
80. FIGURE 10–7–2 Integration of PPVC with conventional construction (hybrid approach of PPVC and cast in-situ works). (A) Elevation view. (B) 3D view.
81. FIGURE 10–7–3 BIM representation of NTU PPVC project. (A) North perspective view. (B) Bird's-eye view.
82. FIGURE 10–7–4 Applications and benefits of BIM in PPVC stages.
83. FIGURE 10–7–5 Factory production. (A to D) Welding of boxing plates and bracing plates on to assembled module. (E) Semi-completed module. (F) Installation of fireboard at the fit-out yard.
84. FIGURE 10–7–6 (A and B) Transportation of a module from fit-out yard to site. (C and D) Lifting and installation of PPVC modules at site, installed modules at site.
85. FIGURE 10–7–7 BIM as a tool for collaboration between different disciplines.
86. FIGURE 10–7–8 PPVC modules customized to meet design requirements of varying sizes of student hostel units (single- and double-occupancy rooms) and faculty apartments. Types 1 and 2 are each composed of two modules in actual construction.
87. FIGURE 10–7–9 Detailed and comprehensive design development of users' design features with BIM modeling, clothes rack, and façade features.
88. FIGURE 10–7–10 (A and B) 3D BIM model of project site layout planning.
89. FIGURE 10–7–11 Earthwork cut and fill of soil volume in BIM.
90. FIGURE 10–7–12 (A, B, and C) High consistency and accuracy from BIM for structural studies.
91. FIGURE 10–7–13 (A, B, and C) High consistency and accuracy from BIM for MEP studies.
92. FIGURE 10–7–14 (A and B) Passive design studies on ventilation performance for green mark platinum.
93. FIGURE 10–7–15 (A and B) Wind velocity and pressure profile.
94. FIGURE 10–7–16 Computational fluid dynamics study (CFD) of the site.
95. FIGURE 10–7–17 BIM for clash detection to minimize errors during construction coordination
96. FIGURE 10–8–1 Mapletree Business City II.
97. FIGURE 10–8–2 Mapletree Business City II.
98. FIGURE 10–8–3 Site plan.
99. FIGURE 10–8–4 Lush landscape e-deck of Mapletree Business City II.
100. FIGURE 10–8–5 Model management with linked files.
101. FIGURE 10–8–6 Collaborative work process.
102. FIGURE 10–8–7 (A and B) Technical and BIM coordination meeting with federated BIM model.
103. FIGURE 10–8–8 BIM coordination meeting report sample.
104. FIGURE 10–8–9 Reviewing and marking up models in A360.
105. FIGURE 10–8–10 (A and B) Two façade modulation options considered at the design development stage.
106. FIGURE 10–8–11 A QR code for viewing a panoramic rendering with Google Cardboard.
107. FIGURE 10–8–12 (A and B) Immersive virtual reality viewing of the BIM model.
108. FIGURE 10–8–13 A custom Revit family that includes clearance volumes for doors that open on two sides, to enable automated code-checking for accessibility using clash-checking.
109. FIGURE 10–8–14 (A and B) Outputs from a 3D printer versus a rendering of the design intent BIM model.
110. FIGURE 10–8–15 (A and B) BIM reinforcement detailing.
111. FIGURE 10–8–16 (A, B, and C) A precast concrete stair unit. (A) BIM model. (B) shop drawing. (C) Precast piece.
112. FIGURE 10–8–17 Detecting routing of concealed services with the as-built BIM model on iPad.
113. FIGURE 10–8–18 (A and B) Final landscape design after the sun path study in the BIM model.
114. FIGURE 10–8–19 BIM scheduling compared with site progress photos.
115. FIGURE 10–8–20 (A and B) 4D construction sequence and floor cycle simulation.
116. FIGURE 10–8–21 (A and B) Complex Ribbon Landscape.
117. FIGURE 10–8–22 4D simulation of complex ribbon landscape.
118. FIGURE 10–8–23 Selecting the points from the BIM model via the iPad.
119. FIGURE 10–8–24 Design intent of the ribbon landscape feature. (A) BIM model. (B) 3D print.
120. FIGURE 10–8–25 (A and B) In-progress and completed ribbon landscape.
121. FIGURE 10–8–26 Photo of BIM board on-site.
122. FIGURE 10–8–27 Temporary Metal Hoarding in BIM.
123. FIGURE 10–9–1 Medina Airport.
124. FIGURE 10–9–2 (Top) Medina Airport aerial view. (Bottom) Mechanical systems in BIM model.
125. FIGURE 10–9–3 Web-based file and project management tools are essential to provide coherent communication and data exchange across a large group.
126. FIGURE 10–9–4 Stakeholder roles within workflow for developing BIM models and FM integration.
127. FIGURE 10–9–5 The BIM execution plan for the overall BIM-FM platform and its relationship to the development of BIM models on future projects. This is essential to ensure that information from future projects can be integrated into the BIM-FM platform.
128. FIGURE 10–9–6 Site conditions are registered and reflected to the BIM models to ensure asset data is up to date and accurate. Models are updated periodically based on the information from the site.
129. FIGURE 10–9–7 BIM FM platform interface where detailed visual and element information is available to the user.
130. FIGURE 10–9–8 The relation of each component within a system is defined in the BIM model. This makes it possible to isolate and track connected components per system and/or zone. The figure shows the shutdown valve of the sprinkler system in one of the departure gates in the terminal.
131. FIGURE 10–9–9 IT infrastructure of the BIM-FM platform and relation to the CMMS application.
132. FIGURE 10–9–10 An object ID scheme. Image courtesy TAV Construction.
133. FIGURE 10–9–11 Section view of the terminal concourse showing the room space volume definition used as part of asset naming.
134. FIGURE 10–9–12 Typical air handling unit (AHU) with its various connected systems.
135. FIGURE 10–9–13 Air handling unit (AHU) shown with both the connected supply/return water supply system and air duct routing to areas the unit is serving.
136. FIGURE 10–10–1 The key elements of an FM-capable BIM.
137. FIGURE 10–10–2 Workflow for setting up a systems-centric model.
138. FIGURE 10–10–3 System identification, nomenclature, and assignment.
139. FIGURE 10–10–4 Exhaust subsystem view.
140. FIGURE 10–10–5 Workflow to respond to an event or issue.
141. FIGURE 10–10–6 BIM-derived impacted systems report.
142. FIGURE 10–10–7 Database-derived impacted systems report.
143. FIGURE 10–10–8 Database-derived impacted spaces, functions, and people report.
144. FIGURE 10–10–9 Extract from exhaust air system flow diagram.
145. FIGURE 10–11–1 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center building at Hoover Medical Campus.
146. FIGURE 10–11–2 BIM pilot proof of concept framework timeline.
147. FIGURE 10–11–3 Stakeholder involvement through the pilot evaluation.
148. FIGURE 10–11–4 BIM pilot process workflow.
149. FIGURE 10–11–5 Sample data (attributes) for an air handling unit from Stanford's Data Dictionary.
150. FIGURE 10–11–6 Vision of the FM process development.
151. FIGURE 10–11–7 Stanford Healthcare facilities and operations meaningful areas of impact.
152. FIGURE 10–11–8 Addressing a plumbing leak on the second floor of the pharmacy, Room #2726A.
153. FIGURE 10–11–9 Planned electrical shutdown.
154. FIGURE 10–11–10 Scheduled construction and carpet replacement for corridor 6.
155. FIGURE 10–11–11 Structural study: hanging heavy items or drilling penetrations.
156. FIGURE 10–11–12 Fire safety analysis: determine fire wall rating value.
157. FIGURE 10–11–13 Preserving design intent: integrated room finishes.
158. FIGURE 10–11–14 Staff training: understanding complex engineering systems by having access to information.
159. FIGURE 10–11–15 (A) Revit family model elements that are required to conform to Stanford BIM guidelines. (B) An example of the information carried in the Maximo Data Dictionary for a Boiler.
160. FIGURE 10–11–16 Mechanical system isolation for verification.

BIM Handbook

A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Designers, Engineers, Contractors, and Facility Managers