Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Standard Formulas and Calculations

1.01 Abrasion Index
1.02 Acid Number
1.03 Acidity and Alkalinity
1.04 Annular Velocity
1.05 Antoine Equation
1.06 API Gravity – Kilograms per Liter/Pounds per Gallon
1.07 Barrel – Conversion to other Units.
1.08 Bernoulli’s Principle
1.09 Brine
1.10 Bubble Point and Bubble Point Pressure
1.11 Buoyancy, Buoyed Weight, and Buoyancy Factor
1.12 Capacity
1.13 Capillary Number
1.14 Capillary Pressure
1.15 Cementation Value
1.16 Composite Materials
1.17 Compressibility
1.18 Darcy’s Law
1.19 Dew Point Temperature and Pressure
1.20 Displacement
1.21 Effective Weight
1.22 Flow Through Permeable Media
1.23 Flow Through Porous Media
1.24 Flow Velocity
1.25 Fluid Saturation
1.26 Formation Volume Factor – Gas
1.27 Formation Volume Factor – Oil
1.28 Friction
1.29 Gas Deviation Factor
1.30 Gas Solubility
1.31 Gas-Oil Ratio
1.32 Geothermal Gradient
1.33 Hole Capacity
1.34 Horsepower
1.35 Hydrostatic Pressure
1.36 Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
1.37 Marx-Langenheim Model
1.38 Material Balance
1.39 Modulus of Elasticity
1.40 Oil and Gas Originally in Place
1.41 Oil Recovery Factor
1.42 Permeability
1.43 Poisson’s Ratio
1.44 Porosity
1.45 Pressure Differentials
1.46 Productivity Index
1.47 PVT Properties
1.48 Reserves Estimation
1.49 Reservoir Pressure
1.50 Resource Estimation
1.51 Reynold’s Number
1.52 Saturated Steam
1.53 Standard Oilfield Measurements
1.54 Twist
1.55 Ultimate Tensile Strength
1.56 Volume Flow Rate
1.57 Volumetric Factors
1.58 Yield Point

Chapter 2: RIG Equipment

2.01 API Casing Grades
2.02 Block Efficiency Factor
2.03 Blocks and Drilling Line
2.04 Crown Block Capacity
2.05 Derrick Load
2.06 Energy Transfer
2.07 Engine Efficiency
2.08 Line Pull Efficiency Factor
2.09 Mud Pump
2.10 Offshore Vessels
2.11 Rotary Power
2.12 Ton-Miles Calculations

Chapter 3: Well Path Design

3.01 Average Curvature-Average Dogleg Severity
3.02 Bending Angle
3.03 Borehole Curvature
3.04 Borehole Torsion
3.05 Horizontal Displacement
3.06 Magnetic Reference and Interference
3.07 Tool Face Angle
3.08 Tool Face Angle Change
3.09 Tortuosity
3.10 Types of Wellpath Designs
3.11 Vertical and Horizontal Curvatures
3.12 Wellbore Trajectory Uncertainty
3.13 Wellpath Length Calculations

Chapter 4: Fluids

4.01 Acidity-Alkalinity
4.02 Base Fluid–Water-Oil Ratios
4.03 Common Weighting Materials
4.04 Diluting Mud
4.05 Drilling Fluid Composition
4.06 Equivalent Mud Weight
4.07 Fluid Loss
4.08 Marsh Funnel
4.09 Mud Rheology
4.10 Mud Weighting
4.11 Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, and Zero-Sec Gel
4.12 Reynolds Number and Critical Velocity
4.13 Slip Velocity

Chapter 5: Hydraulics

5.01 Basic Calculations
5.02 Bingham Plastic Model
5.03 Bit Hydraulics
5.04 Critical Transport Fluid Velocity
5.05 Equivalent Circulating Density
5.06 Equivalent Mud Weight
5.07 Gel Breaking Pressure
5.08 Hole Cleaning – Cuttings Transport

Chapter 6: Tubular Mechanics

6.01 API Casing and Liners – Weight, Dimensions, Capacity, and Displacement
6.02 API Drill Pipe Capacity and Displacement
6.03 Bending Stress Ratio
6.04 Buckling Force
6.05 Drag Force
6.06 Drill Collar Length
6.07 Fatigue Ratio
6.08 Length Change Calculations
6.09 Maximum Permissible Dogleg
6.10 Pipe Wall Thickness and other Dimensions
6.11 Slip Crushing
6.12 Stress
6.13 Tension
6.14 Torque

Chapter 7: Drilling Tools

7.01 Backoff Calculations
7.02 Downhole Turbine
7.03 Jar Calculations
7.04 Overpull/Slack-off Calculations
7.05 Percussion Hammer
7.06 Positive Displacement Motor (PDM)
7.07 Rotor Nozzle Sizing
7.08 Stretch Calculations

Chapter 8: Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient

8.01 Formation Pressure
8.02 Leak-off Pressure

Chapter 9: Well Control

9.01 Accumulators
9.02 Driller’s Method
9.03 Formulas Used in Kick and Kill Procedures
9.04 Hydrostatic Pressure Due to the Gas Column
9.05 Kill Methods
9.06 Kill Mud Weight
9.07 Leak-off Pressure
9.08 Length and Density of the Kick
9.09 Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
9.10 Riser Margin

Chapter 10: Drilling Problems

10.01 Differential Sticking Force
10.02 Hole Cleaning–Slip Velocity Calculations
10.03 Increased Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) Due to Cuttings
10.04 Keyseating
10.05 Lost Circulation
10.06 Common Minerals and Metals Encountered During Drilling Operations
10.07 Mud Weight Increase Due to Cuttings
10.08 Pressure Loss in the Drill String
10.09 Spotting Fluid Requirements

Chapter 11: Cementing

11.01 API Classification of Cement
11.02 Cement: Physical Properties of Additives
11.03 Cement Plug
11.04 Cement Slurry Requirements
11.05 Contact Time
11.06 Gas Migration Potential
11.07 Hydrostatic Pressure Reduction
11.08 Portland Cement – Typical Components
11.09 Slurry Density
11.10 Yield of Cement

Chapter 12: Well Cost

12.01 Drilling Cost
12.02 Expected Value
12.03 Future Value
12.04 Price Elasticity

Chapter 13: Appendices

Glossary

Bibliography and Information Sources

About the Author

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Relationship of Bubble Point to Dew Point.
Figure 1.2 Schematic of the Marx-Langenheim Temperature Profile.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Energy Transfer.
Figure 2.2 Schematic of an Offshore Vessel.
Figure 2.3 Vessel Motion.
Figure 2.4 Vessel Draft and Freeboard.
Figure 2.5 Environmental Forces that Influence Offshore Vessels.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Shear Rate-Shear Stress Relationship of Time Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids.
Figure 4.2 Shear Rate-Shear Stress Relationship of Non-Newtonian Fluids.
Figure 4.3 Shear Rate-Shear Stress Relationship of a Power Law Fluid Using the Logarithmic Scale.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Examples of Selected ASTM Standard Test Method for Determining Abrasion*.
Table 1.2 Ranges of Acidity and Alkalinity.
Table 1.3 Example of the Antoine Constants.
Table 1.4 API Gravity Conversion to Kilograms per Liter/Pounds per Gallon
Table 1.5 API Gravity and Sulfur Content of Selected Heavy Oils.
Table 1.6 API Gravity at Observed Temperature Versus API Gravity at 60 °F
Table 1.7 Selected Crude Oils Showing the Differences in API Gravity and Sulfur Content Within a Country.
Table 1.8 API Gravity and Sulfur Content of Selected Heavy Oils and Tar Sand Bitumen.
Table 1.9 Water Salinity Based on Dissolved Salts (parts per thousand).
Table 1.10 Lithology and Cementation Values.
Table 1.11 Symbols used in Determining the Compressibility Factor.
Table 1.12 Definition of the various symbols.
Table 1.13 Commonly Used Variables in Material Balance Equations.
Table 1.14 Permeability of Different Systems.
Table 1.15 The modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio for common metals at room temperature.
Table 1.16 API pipe properties.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 API Casing Grades.
Table 2.2 Effect of the number of Lines on Efficiency.
Table 2.2 Shape Coefficients.
Table 2.3 Height Coefficients.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Ranges of Acidity and Alkalinity.
Table 4.2 Common Weighting Materials.
Table 4.3 Micron sizes.
Table 4.4 Micron Cut Points for Solid Removal Systems.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Dimensions for Schedule 10, 40, 80 Pipes

This edition first published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-08362-7

Preface

Drilling engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as safely and economically as possible. Drilling engineers are often degreed as petroleum engineers, although they may come from other technical disciplines (such as mechanical engineering, geology, or chemical engineering) and subsequently be trained by an oil and gas company. The drilling engineering also may have practical experience as a rig hand or mud-logger or mud engineer.

The drilling engineer, whatever his/her educational background, must work closely with the drilling contractor, service contractors, and compliance personnel, as well as with geologists, chemists, and other technical specialists. The drilling engineer has the responsibility for ensuring that costs are minimized while getting information to evaluate the formations penetrated, protecting the health and safety of workers and other personnel, and protecting the environment. Furthermore, to accomplish the task associated with well drilling and crude oil (or natural gas production) it is essential that the drilling engineers has a convenient source of references to definitions, formulas and examples of calculations.

This Second Edition continues as an introductory test for drilling engineers, students, lecturers, teachers, software programmers, testers, and researchers. The intent is to provide basic equations and formulas with the calculations for downhole drilling. In addition, where helpful, example calculations are included to show how the formula can be employed to provide meaningful data for the drilling engineer.

The book will provide a guide to exploring and explaining the various aspects of drilling engineering and will continue to serve as a tutorial guide for students, lecturers, and teachers as a solution manual and is a source for solving problems for drilling engineers.

For those users who require more details of the various terms and/or explanation of the terminology, the book also contain a comprehensive bibliography and a Glossary for those readers/users who require an explanation of the various terms. There is also an Appendix that contains valuable data in a variety of tabular forms that the user will find useful when converting the various units used by the drilling engineer.

Dr. James Speight,
Laramie, Wyoming.
January 2018.