Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Dental Materials

1.1 History
1.2 Properties
1.3 Materials
1.4 Special Fabrication Methods
References

Chapter 2: Implants

2.1 Dental Restoration Methods
2.2 Implant Designs
2.3 Dental Restoration Composition
2.4 Hybrid Implants
2.5 CAD/CAM Implants
2.6 Powder Injection Molding
2.7 Composite Bone Grafts
2.8 Sphene Biocoating on cp-Ti Substrates
2.9 Cell-Material Interactions
2.10 Dental Implant with Porous Body
2.11 Implant with a Polymeric Post
2.12 Short Dental Implants Versus Standard Dental Implants
2.13 Adjustable Dental Implants
2.14 Materials for Implants
References

Chapter 3: Dentures

3.1 Properties
3.2 Materials
3.3 Fabrication Methods
References

Chapter 4: Toothpaste Compositions

4.1 History
4.2 Ingredients for Toothpastes
4.3 Compositions
References

Chapter 5: Mouth Rinses

5.1 Mouth Rinses with Hydrogen Peroxide
5.2 Properties
References

Chapter 6: Toothbrushes and Dental Floss

6.1 Toothbrushes
6.2 Dental Floss
References

Index

Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Monomers used in dental formulations.
Figure 1.2 Initiators and inhibitors.
Figure 1.3 Trypan blue.
Figure 1.4 Acrylate monomers.
Figure 1.5 Photopolymerization initiators.
Figure 1.6 Reducing compounds (39).
Figure 1.7 Reducing compound (39).
Figure 1.8 γ-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.
Figure 1.9 Pigments.
Figure 1.10 Strongly acidic acid monomers.
Figure 1.11 Solvents.
Figure 1.12 Comonomers with acidic groups.
Figure 1.13 Butylated hydroxytoluene.
Figure 1.14 Diurethane dimethacrylate.
Figure 1.15 tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy dopamine methacrylate (62).
Figure 1.16 High refractive functional groups.
Figure 1.18 Shrinkage vs. filler content (3).
Figure 1.19 Silorane.
Figure 1.20 Components of the initiating system (3).
Figure 1.21 Lucirin and camphorquinone.
Figure 1.22 Chitosan.
Figure 1.23 Amphotericin B.
Figure 1.24 Monomers for dark curing.
Figure 1.25 Photosensitizing agents.
Figure 1.26 Electron donors.
Figure 1.27 Electron acceptors.
Figure 1.28 Monomer conversion as a function of illumination time (105).
Figure 1.29 Bisphosphonic acids.
Figure 1.30 Mevalonic acid and isopentenyl pyrophosphate.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Monomers.
Figure 2.2 Curing initiators.
Figure 2.4 Antifungals.
Figure 2.5 Antiasthma drugs and antihypertensive substances.
Figure 2.6 Antiviral substances.
Figure 2.7 Antiseptic substances.
Figure 2.8 Local anesthetics.
Figure 2.9 Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Figure 2.10 Silane agents.
Figure 2.11 Basic structure of a layered double hydroxide hybrid material. Reprinted from (8) with permission from Springer Nature.
Figure 2.12 FE-SEM images of (a,b) coprecipitated ZnAl-LDH and (c,d) agarose/LDH. Reprinted from (8) with permission from Springer Nature.
Figure 2.13 Micrograph of SS 316L. Reprinted from (17) with permission from Orthodontics and Endodontics.
Figure 2.14 Temperature change with time (25).
Figure 2.15 Plasticizers (29).
Figure 2.16 Post implant (29).
Figure 2.17 Poly(ether ether ketone).
Figure 2.18 Compounds for biocomposite (59).
Figure 2.19 Expandable polymer dental implant (60).
Figure 2.20 Endosseous dental implant assembly (61).
Figure 2.21 Pullulan.
Figure 2.22 Soft-tissue healing 3 months after implant placement of a two-piece zirconia implant. Reprinted from (65, 71) with permission from Wiley.
Figure 2.23 (A) Clinical photograph (left image) and radiograph (right image), 1 year after loading (two-piece zirconia implant). (B) Clinical photograph (left image) and radiograph (right image), 4 years after loading (two-piece zirconia implant) (65, 71). Reprinted from (65, 71) with permission from Wiley.
Figure 2.24 Tetracycline.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Separate regions of a tooth (4).
Figure 3.2 Comonomers to prevent denture plaque deposition (6).
Figure 3.3 Monomers.
Figure 3.4 Surfactants (8).
Figure 3.5 Carboxymethyl cellulose.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Humectants.
Figure 4.2 Xanthan gum.
Figure 4.3 Sweeteners (18).
Figure 4.4 Coloring agents.
Figure 4.5 Organic antimicrobial agents.
Figure 4.6 2,4,4′-Trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether.
Figure 4.7 Flavoring agents.
Figure 4.8 Therapeutic agents.
Figure 4.9 Therapeutic agents.
Figure 4.10 Saponin.
Figure 4.11 Cocamidopropyl betaine, malic acid and saccharin.

Chapter 2

Figure 5.1 Adenosine derivatives.

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 History of dental polymeric materials (3).
Table 1.2 Acronyms for monomers (4).
Table 1.3 Acronyms for initiators and inhibitors (4).
Table 1.4 Standards in dentistry.
Table 1.5 Acrylate- and methacrylate-based monomers (39).
Table 1.6 Photopolymerization initiators (39).
Table 1.7 Reducing compounds (39).
Table 1.8 ISO requirements of glass ionomer cements (45, 46).
Table 1.9 Surface modifying agents (47).
Table 1.10 Heat-curable composition (57).
Table 1.11 Light-curable composition (57).
Table 1.12 Chemically curable composition (57).
Table 1.13 Composition for highly crosslinked polymer powder (60).
Table 1.14 High refractive functional groups (63).
Table 1.15 Antibacterial monomers (66).
Table 1.16 NACP nanocomposites (84).
Table 1.17 Tooth desensitizing oral care composition (86).
Table 1.18 Components of Heliomolar (89).
Table 1.19 Components in Filtek™ Silorane (3).
Table 1.20 Use of antimicrobial nanoparticles (95).
Table 1.21 Monomers for dark curing (105).
Table 1.22 Photosensitizing agents (105)
Table 1.24 Electron acceptors (105).
Table 1.25 Dark curable composition (105).
Table 1.26 Monomer conversions as a function of illumination time (105).

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Monomers for dental implants (2).
Table 2.2 Pharmaceutical agents (2).
Table 2.3 Pharmaceutical agents (2).
Table 2.4 Fillers (2).
Table 2.5 Properties of the hydrogel polymers (8).
Table 2.6 Plasticizers (29).
Table 2.7 Statistical properties (30).
Table 2.8 Tensile strength and the elastic moduli (32).
Table 2.9 Stem Cells (61).
Table 2.10 Shape-memory polymers (72).

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Suitable monomers for an improved dental tooth (8).
Table 3.2 Surfactants (8).
Table 3.3 Alternatives to fixed partial dentures (9).
Table 3.4 Compositions for salts of AVE/MA copolymers (12).
Table 3.5 Denture adhesive compositions in cream form (12).
Table 3.6 Therapeutically active ingredients (10).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 List of toothpaste brands (9, 10).
Table 4.2 Toothpaste formulations (12).
Table 4.3 Toothpaste formulations (12).
Table 4.4 Sweeteners (15).
Table 4.5 Coloring agents (20).
Table 4.6 Organic antimicrobial agents (21).
Table 4.7 Bad breath reduction agents (21).
Table 4.8 Flavoring agents (21).
Table 4.9 Toothpaste composition (22).
Table 4.10 Stripe quality index Example 1 (22).
Table 4.11 Toothpaste composition (23).
Table 4.12 Ingredients for a non-fluoridated composition (11).
Table 4.13 Tartar control agents (27).
Table 4.14 Physiologically compatible dyes (33).
Table 4.15 Toothpaste compositions (43).
Table 4.16 Composition with a pigment in a dissolvable polymer film (44).
Table 4.17 Two phase composition (47).
Table 4.18 Composition with diamond particles (48).
Table 4.19 Composition for patients with sensitive teeth (48).
Table 4.20 Inclusion complex polymers (54).
Table 4.21 Continuous phase composition (54).
Table 4.22 Peroxygen/anesthetic tablet composition (54).
Table 4.23 Bleaching/antimicrobial/antigingivitis mouthwash composition (54).
Table 4.24 RDA scores (58).
Table 4.25 Abradable films (66).
Table 4.26 Humectants (18).
Table 4.27 Flavoring agents (18).
Table 4.28 Therapeutic agents (18).
Table 4.29 Ingredients of organic toothpaste (73).
Table 4.30 Foamable fluoride treatment formulation (76).

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Pre-brushing mouth rinse composition (1).
Table 5.2 Two phase whitening mouth rinse composition (1).
Table 5.3 Mouth rinse compositions (4).
Table 5.4 Semisolid formulation (6).
Table 5.5 Pre-brushing mouth rinse composition (7).
Table 5.6 Alcohol-free mouth rinse composition (18).
Table 5.7 Flavoring agent (18).
Table 5.8 Dual phase composition (19).
Table 5.9 Sample groups (24).
Table 5.10 Composition with propolis extract (29).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Types of toothbrushes (1).

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-51031-4

Preface

This book focuses on the materials used for dental applications. The text focuses on the basic issues and also the literature of the past decade. The book provides a broad overview of dental materials.

Chemicals that are used for the preparation and fabrication of dental materials are explained. Also, the desired properties of these materials are discussed. The relevance of the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties is elucidated.

Methods for the characterization and classification, as well as clinical studies are reviewed here. In particular, materials for dental crowns, implants, toothpaste compositions, mouth rinses, and also materials for toothbrushes and dental floss are discussed.

For example, in toothpaste compositions several classes of materials are incorporated, such as abrasives, detergents, humectants, thickeners, sweeteners, coloring agents, bad breath reduction agents, flavoring agents, tartar control agents, and others. These chemicals are detailed in the text and the chemical structures for a lot of these chemicals are also shown in the figures.

This text may be of importance for students of dental hygiene, therapy and nursing. Anincrease of knowledge regarding the chemical issues in this field is expected. Also, chemists and other scientists that are interested in these topics could be interested in reading this text to expand their basic knowledge.

How to Use This Book

Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all aspects, and it is recommended that the reader study the original literature for more complete information.

Index

There are three indices: an index of acronyms, an index of chemicals, and a general index. In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context. When a compound is found in a figure, the entry is marked in boldface letters in the chemical index.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasen-hüttl, Dr. Johann Delanoy, Franz Jurek, Margit Keshmiri, Dolores Knabl Steinhäufl, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, Renate Tschabuschnig, and Elisabeth Groß for their support in literature acquisition. Many thanks to Dr. Gerhard Kindermann, and coworkers, who inspired me to write this book in the course of my dental treatment there, and in particular thanks to Carmen Piribauer, who checked the manuscript. In addition, many thanks to the head of my department, Professor Wolfgang Kern, for his interest and permission to prepare this text.

I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with herein. This book could not have been otherwise compiled.

Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text. In addition, my thanks go to Jean Markovic, who made the final copyedit with utmost care.

Johannes Fink
Leoben, 6th February 2018