English Grammar Workbook For Dummies®, 3rd Edition with Online Practice
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Does this resemble the inside of your head when you’re preparing to talk with an Authority Figure (teacher, boss, mother-in-law, parole officer, whatever)?
Glad to have met … to be meeting … to … Uh oh. Maybe just Hi! How’s it going? Nope. Too friendly. New direction: You asked to see whoever… um … whomever wrote … had written … the report.
If you answered yes, you’re in the right place. English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, helps you navigate the sea of grammar without wrecking your grades, your career, or your mind. I mention grades and career because the ability to speak and write according to the rules of Standard English gives you an advantage in school and in the working world. Even if you feel relatively comfortable in everyday situations, you still may benefit from practicing some of the trickier grammar points, especially if you’re facing high-stakes exams such as the SAT, ACT, or AP. Some of these tortures (sorry, I mean tests) focus entirely on English skills, and some require you to use those skills to answer questions on other subjects. English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, helps you prepare for both situations.
This book presents the latest guidelines for Standard English. Yes, latest. When an English teacher is pounding them into your head, the rules of Standard English usage seem set in stone. But language isn’t static. It moves along just as people do — sometimes quickly and sometimes at the speed of a tired snail. To keep you sharp in every 21st-century situation, English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, presents information and then practice with the current, commonly accepted language of texts, tweets, emails, and presentation slides, as well as what’s proper in more traditional forms of writing.
English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, doesn’t concentrate on the sort of grammar exercise in which you circle all the nouns and draw little triangles around prepositions. You’ll find identification problems in this book, but only a few. A closely guarded English-teacher secret is that you don’t need to know too much terminology to master grammar. Instead, most of the practice problems concentrate on how to express meaning in real-life speech and writing.
Each chapter begins with a quick explanation of what’s acceptable — and what’s not — in Standard English. Next, I provide an example and then hit you with a bunch of questions. After completing the exercises, you can check your answers at the end of the chapter. I also tell you why a particular choice is correct to help you make the right decision the next time a similar issue pops up. Sprinkled liberally throughout the book and online are comprehensive exercises, so you can apply your knowledge to the material in an entire chapter. In the appendix, you find editing exercises that rely on skills you’ve honed throughout the entire book. The callout numbers pointing to the corrections in the answer key for these exercises correspond with the numbered explanations in the text.
In writing the English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, I assume that you …
The most important assumption I’ve made is that you have a busy life. Who doesn’t? With this fact in mind, I’ve tried to keep the explanations in this book clear, simple, and short. For more complete explanations, pick up a copy of the companion book, English Grammar For Dummies, 3rd Edition, or, if you need to review the fundamentals, Basic English Grammar For Dummies, written by yours truly and published by Wiley. In those books, I go into much more detail and provide more examples, accompanied by step-by-step explanations.
Icons are the cute little drawings that attract your gaze and alert you to key points, pitfalls, and other helpful things. In English Grammar Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition, you find these four:
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To the refrigerator for a snack. Nope. Just kidding. Now that you know what’s where, turn to the section that best meets your needs. If you’re not sure what would benefit you most, take a moment to think about the aspects of writing or speaking that make you pause for a lengthy head scratch. Do you have trouble picking the appropriate verb tense? Is finding the right word a snap but placing a comma cause for concern?
After you’ve done a little grammatical reconnaissance, select the sections of this book that meet your needs. Use the table of contents and the index to find more detail about what’s where. If you aren’t sure whether a particular topic is a problem, no problem! Try a couple of sentences and check your answers, or whip through an online quiz. If everything comes out okay and you understand the answers, move on. If you stub your toe, go back and do a few more questions in the book or from the online quiz until the grammar rule becomes clear. Or, if you like to start with an overview, hit the exercises in the appendix first. Then zero in on the sections that address the errors you made in those exercises.
Part 1
IN THIS PART …
Adapt language to suit your situation, audience, and purpose.
Identify the basic elements of a sentence: the subject, verb, and complement.
Sort verbs into “action” and “linking” categories.
Examine the proper format for statements, commands, questions, and negative remarks.
Form noun plurals properly.
Ensure that your sentences are complete.
Chapter 1
IN THIS CHAPTER
Distinguishing between formal and informal language
Choosing the correct level of formality in speaking and writing
When it comes to language, one size does not fit all. The way you tell an Authority Figure (teacher, boss, emperor, whatever) about an app you invented differs from the way you explain your brainchild to a friend. If you’re like most people, you probably switch levels of formality automatically, dozens of times a day. But sometimes you may find yourself wondering how to express yourself, especially in emails, texts, and tweets. If you hit the wrong note, your message may not receive the reaction you’d hoped for. Very few investors react positively to someone who writes, “Yo, want in on this?” Nor will you find it easy to get a date if you ask, “Would you consider dining with me at an informal Italian restaurant that offers relatively good pizza?” In this chapter you practice identifying levels of formality and examine situations in which each is appropriate.
Proper English is important. The only problem with that statement is the definition of “proper.” Language has many levels of formality, all of which are “proper” at times and completely unsuitable at others. Many gradations of formality exist, but to make things easier, I divide English into three large categories: what I call “friendspeak” (the most casual), “conversational” (one step up), and “formal” (the equivalent of wearing your best business attire). Take a look at these examples:
All three statements say the same thing in very different ways. Here’s the deal:
Think about your audience when you’re selecting friendspeak, conversational English, or formal English. What impression are you trying to give? Let your goals guide you. Also consider the situation. At work you may rely on conversational English when you run into your boss at the coffee machine, but not when you’re submitting a quarterly report. At school, choosing conversational English is okay for a teacher-student chat in the cafeteria, but not for homework. More on situation and language appears in the next section, “Matching Message to Situation.”
Can you identify levels of formality? Before you hit the questions, check out this example:
Q. Place these expressions in order of formality, from the most formal to the least. Note: Two expressions may tie. For example, your answer may be A, B and C — in which case expression A is the most formal and expressions B and C are on the same, more casual level.
A. B, C, A. Expression B is the most formal because it follows all the conventions of English. Every word is in the dictionary, and the sentence is complete. (See Chapter 3 for more practice with complete sentences.) Expression C, on the other hand, is an incomplete sentence and is therefore less formal. Also, in Expression C the verb rule has an unusual meaning. Your readers or listeners probably understand that gangs aren’t official authorities but instead wield a lot of unofficial power. The statement is more conversational than formal. Expression A employs slang (sketchy means “slightly dangerous”), so it’s closer to friendspeak than to formal English.
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When you’re listening or reading, you probably note the difference between formal and informal language constantly — maybe unconsciously. Knowing levels of language, however, isn’t enough. You also need to decide what level of formality to employ when you’re speaking and writing. Before you choose, consider these factors:
Listen to those around you or read others’ work that appears in the same context you’re navigating. Unless you want to stand out, aim for the same level of formality you hear or see.
Q. Text from a department head to the CEO requesting a salary increase:
greenlight $20K or I walk
A. Inappropriate. Think about the power ladder here. The CEO is on the top rung, and the department head somewhere farther down. Even though texts tend to be informal, this one is about money. When you ask for money, be polite! To be polite in Grammarland is to use formal, correct language. The department head should have written something like “If you cannot raise my salary by $20,000, I will seek employment elsewhere.”
11 Email from student to professor about the assigned reading of Shakespeare's Hamlet:
Best. Play. Ever.
12 Chat between friends:
There’s this prince, he’s named Hamlet. He’s freaking out about his mother’s marriage to his uncle only a couple of months after Hamlet’s father died.
13 Portion of an essay about the play, written as a homework assignment:
The Queen’s new husband is not a sympathetic character. Dude, he’s a murderer!
14 Cover letter from a job applicant to a potential employer, a tech start-up:
Attached please find my resume, pursuant to your advertisement of July 15th.
15 Instant messages between classmates, discussing their grades:
A+!!!
sick
ttyl
ok bfn
16 Portion of a letter to the editor of the town paper from a citizen:
The lack of a stoplight on that corner has led to several car crashes. The city council is right to think about the expense of installing one, but what about the cost of human life and suffering?
17 Comment on social media post about a tax to finance improved traffic flow:
You morons should stop stealing our money. We coulda bought five stoplights made outta gold for the amount of money you spent on office furniture. To conclude, shut up!
18 Email to the mother of a potential tutoring client:
I have an advanced degree in mathematics and many years of experience teaching algebra. My rates are on a par with those of other tutors in the area. Also, I get along well with kids!
19 Tweet from the president to the members of the local garden association:
Meeting tonight at 8 p.m. #springplanting
20 Speech by the class president to fellow students at graduation:
We made it! We’re out of this place! But Roger and May are gonna totally ship anyway!
In this section you find all the answers you’re looking for. Well, maybe not the answers to “What is the meaning of life?” or “Why is the sky blue?” but definitely the right responses to the questions in this chapter.
1 A and B, C. Both A and B are formal English expressions. Each employs businesslike vocabulary (regarding, proposal, and in reference to). Expression C takes the formality level down a notch, substituting idea for proposal and about for regarding and in reference to.
2 B, C, A. Expression B sounds fancy, and it is. You find heretofore in legal documents and in many other types of formal English writing. (It means “before this time,” by the way.) Expression C is something you probably hear and say all the time. It’s conversational. Expression A might be conversational without like, but adding that little word puts this one in the friendspeak category.
3 C, A, B. Expression C hits the top of the formal meter, and B is at the bottom. (You probably already guessed that abreevs isn’t a real word. Also, B breaks its own rule by including ok instead of okay.) In between expressions C and B is A, which is grammatically correct without being stuffy.
4 B, C, A. Expression B is a complete sentence, and so is C. But guys isn’t formal, so C slips into conversational English. Expression A pops up in friendspeak, whenever someone does something impolite or embarrassing. The four exclamation points (three too many in standard, formal English) also situate this one in friendspeak.
5 C, A, B. Expression C features two complete sentences, and every word is in the dictionary. Expression A is also a complete sentence, but asking if someone is into this type of music (or anything else) brings slang to the sentence. Slang is never formal. Expression B has an abbreviation (edm = electronic dance music) and a “word” (2nite, or “tonight”) that is okay only when you’re texting, and sometimes not even then.
6 B, A and C. Both expressions A and C are written in friendspeak. They use abbreviations and an acronym: M and J’s stand for names — probably Mike and John’s — and FOMO, which is “fear of missing out.” This usage shows up only in the least formal situations, usually texts between friends. Expression B is a full sentence with all the words written correctly and completely.
7 C, B, A. Expression C explains the speaker’s situation in clear, Standard English. Expression B has half-sentences (probably because the speaker is sleep-deprived), so it’s less formal, in the category of conversational English. Expression A, with its hashtags (the # sign) is the sort of communication only friends will appreciate. It’s written in friendspeak.
8 A, C, B. Expression A is a complete sentence and employs some sophisticated vocabulary (retrospect). It’s formal English. Expression C has incomplete sentences (No water in the pool and broken ankle). The one complete sentence is a humorous, short comment (Who knew?). For these reasons, C stands for conversational English here. Expression B is friendspeak; YOLO is an acronym for “you only live once.”
9 A and B and C. Did I catch you here? All three of these texts are in friendspeak. Expression A expresses doubt with an abbreviation for “too good to be true.” Expression B asks if something is “for real.” Expression C also asks for confirmation, saying, “Are you sure?”
10 B, A, C. Expression B is a complete, correct sentence, so it’s formal English. Expression A drops a couple of words, so it’s more conversational. Expression C makes sense only if you know that the person who texted this stops for cash often and freaks out when the card doesn’t work. It’s friendspeak (and maybe a request for a loan!).
11 Inappropriate. Professors and teachers aren’t your friends. They’re in charge of your education. English teachers in particular — even the ones who show up in class wearing jeans and sneakers — value language. True, the message may appeal, because English teachers tend to think that everything they assign is worthy material. However, the message may fail (and the student also) if the teacher expects formal language.
12 Appropriate. This chat is a good example of conversational English that’s perfectly fine. The friends are conversing — your first clue. They break a few rules, such as illegally stringing together two complete sentences: There's this prince, he's named Hamlet.
13 Inappropriate. Homework assignments have no room in them for Dude, unless you’re writing fiction and a character says that word. The first sentence establishes a formal tone; the second sentence should match, not lower, the level of formality.
14 Inappropriate. Surprised? Job applicants should be formal, but they should also avoid outdated expressions and overly stuffy language, especially for a tech start-up where innovation and rule-breaking are valued. “Attached please find” should be “Attached is.” “Pursuant to” would be better as “in response to.”
15 Appropriate. This one’s in friendspeak, entirely proper for two pals sending information quickly via instant messages. Translated for those who need actual words, this exchange reads as follows:
Friend 1: I got an A+.
Friend 2: That’s great. (Sick is slang for “excellent, wonderful.”)
Friend 1: I will talk to you later. (The first letter of each word creates this expression.)
Friend 2: All right (or okay). Bye for now.
16 Appropriate. This paragraph is quite formal, and its purpose is to persuade readers that a stoplight is needed. To convince someone, you want to sound informed, sane, and thoughtful. Formal English fills that slot!
17 Inappropriate. Social media has a reputation as an “anything goes” sort of medium, but before you post, think about your purpose. Who would pay attention to this writer? To persuade someone not to tax, or to persuade someone of anything, you need a real argument, not just a set of insults like morons, stealing, and shut up. Proper grammar isn't essential, but if your goal is to be taken seriously, mistakes such as coulda (instead of could have) and outta (instead of out of) don't help.
18 Appropriate. Job applicants usually want to sound competent, and those seeking teaching roles should be even more formal than others. Why? Because language in academic situations is generally formal. You may have wondered about the last sentence, which includes the informal term kids. Here, the writer breaks into conversational English, but with a reason: to show that the writer can relate to and be comfortable with the child to be tutored.
19 Appropriate. Tweets may have no more than 280 characters, so the number of spaces, letters, and symbols can't go above that number. Dropping words is fine in this format, as is directing people who are interested in attending the meeting to other tweets about spring planting.
20 Inappropriate. Unless you're in a school that prizes informality to an extreme degree (and those places do exist), a graduation speech should be something that appeals to the entire audience. Roger, May, and the speaker may know that ship means to be in a romantic relationship, but Roger's grandmother probably doesn't.
Chapter 2
IN THIS CHAPTER
Finding verbs in statements and questions
Distinguishing between action and linking verbs
Adding meaning with helping verbs
Locating the subject in every type of sentence
Forming noun plurals
Identifying complements and objects
Cops trying to crack a case often create a line-up. A possible suspect appears with several other people who could not have committed the crime. Behind one-way glass, a witness stares at the group and then chooses — That’s him! When you crack a sentence, you face a line-up too — the words in the sentence. In this chapter, you practice identifying the major criminals … er, I mean elements of a sentence: the verb, the subject, and the complement or object. Because subjects are often nouns and you frequently need to determine whether you have a singular or plural subject, I throw in a little practice with noun plurals as well.
Before you do anything to a sentence — write, analyze, or edit — you have to locate its heart, also known as the verb. The words that express action or state of being are verbs; they pump meaning into a sentence, just as a real heart pumps blood into veins and arteries. In this section, you practice identifying verbs, sorting out types of verbs, and examining the role of helping verbs. For information on another important verb characteristic, tense, read Chapter 4.
To find the verb, think about the meaning of the sentence. Ask two questions: What’s happening? What is, was, or will be? The first question gives you an action verb, and the second question yields a linking verb. An action verb expresses action. (How shocking!) Action verbs aren’t always energetic, however. Sleep, dream, realize, and meditate are all action verbs. Think of a linking verb as a giant equal sign. This sort of verb links a person, place, or thing to a description or an identity. In the sentence “Mary is tired,” is links Mary and tired. Most linking verbs are forms of the verb be or one of its close cousins (seem or remain, for example). Verbs that express sensation — taste, feel, sound, and smell, for instance — are also linking verbs if they can be replaced by a form of be without completely changing the meaning of the sentence.
Q. Find the verb(s) in this sentence and indentify each as linking (LV) or action (AV):
Gloria was a tennis fanatic, so she rushed out to buy tickets to the championship match.
____________________________________________________
A. was (LV), rushed (AV). This sentence makes two statements, one about Gloria herself and one about her actions. To locate the verbs, ask your questions:
What’s happening? rushed This is an action verb because it explains what Gloria did.
What is, was, or will be? was This is a linking verb because it explains Gloria’s personality, “linking” Gloria to tennis fanatic.
Q. Identify the verbs in the sentence and label them linking (LV) or action (AV):
My cat sleeps all day because he has always been lazy.
____________________________________________________
A. sleeps (AV), has been (LV). When you ask What's happening? the answer is sleeps, so you know that sleeps is a verb. Even though it doesn't require much energy, sleep is something you do, so it's an action verb. When you ask What is, was, or will be? the answer is has been. That verb, like all forms of be, is a linking verb. Did you include always? The word gives a time range, not a state of being or an action. It's an adverb, not a verb, even though it's tucked inside the verb has been.
1 The fire engine raced down the street.
____________________________________________________
2 Around the curve, just ahead of the railroad tracks, stood seven donkeys.
____________________________________________________
3 One of the donkeys, frightened by the noise of the siren, ran away.
____________________________________________________
4 Another looked worried but did not move.
____________________________________________________
5 Was he brave or was he determined to defend his herd?
____________________________________________________
6 Most likely, the animal did not notice the noise or did not care.
____________________________________________________
7 Did you know that the donkey was eating George's lawn?
____________________________________________________
8 George's house was not on fire, but several others on his street were burning.
____________________________________________________
9 George left the donkey alone and went inside for an extra-long lunch.
____________________________________________________
10 Because of the donkey, George did not mow his lawn.
____________________________________________________
Three little letters — not — turn a positive comment (“I like your boots”) to a negative one (“I do not like your boots”). Apart from the fashion critique, what do you notice about the negative statement? The verb changes from like to do like. You need that extra part because “I not like” isn’t proper English. Negative verbs don’t always rely on a form of the verb do. Sometimes have, has, or had does the job. Sentences with a be verb can turn negative without any help at all. In this section you can try your hand at not creating the wrong negative verb.
Q. Rewrite the sentence as a negative expression.
Mark's acting received an Academy Award.
____________________________________________________
A. Mark's acting did not receive an Academy Award. Two things change when the positive verb (received) becomes negative (did not receive). Received, a past-tense form, turns into the basic, no-frills, bare infinitive (receive). The helping verb did pairs with it. As you probably noticed, not is tucked between the two parts of this verb, its usual spot.
11 My phone buzzes like a bee.
____________________________________________________
12 Sheila is in love with bees.
____________________________________________________
13 She wanted to be a beekeeper.
____________________________________________________
14 Looking at bee hives gives her hives.
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15 The bee flying near our picnic table left Sheila alone all afternoon.
____________________________________________________
16 Sheila will ask me to change my ringtone.
____________________________________________________
In many languages, you say the equivalent of “Ate the cookie?” to find out whether your friend gobbled up a treat. In English, you nearly always need a helping verb and a subject (the person or thing you’re talking about) to create a question: “Did you eat the cookie?” (The verbs to be and to have are the only exceptions.) Notice that the combo form (did eat) is different from the straight past tense (ate). Other question-creators, italicized in these examples, change the tense: “Will you eat my cookie?” or “Do you eat cookies?” (This last one suggests an ongoing action.) In nearly all questions, the subject follows the first (or only) verb.
Q. You found a wallet on the ground.
____________________________________________________
A. Did you find a wallet on the ground? The helping verb did comes before you in this question. The past-tense form, found, changes to find, the basic, bare infinitive.
17 You took the wallet to the police station.
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18 The cops always accept lost items.
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19 The wallet was stolen.
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20 The detectives seemed interested.
____________________________________________________
21 They noticed seven credit cards, each with a different name.
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22 The photo on the license matches a mug shot.
____________________________________________________
23 The police will act swiftly.
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24 You want the reward for recovering stolen property.
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In addition to has, have, had, and the be verbs (am, is, are, was, were, and so on) you can attach a few other helpers to a main verb, and in doing so, change the meaning of the sentence slightly. Consider hiring the following helpers:
Q. Lisa said that she __________________ consider running for Parks Commissioner, but she hasn’t made up her mind yet. (possibility)
A. might or may. The might or may shows that Lisa hasn’t ruled out a run.
25 The mayor, shy as ever, said that she __________________ go to the tree-planting ceremony only if the press agreed to stay outside the forest. (condition)
26 Kirk, a reporter for the local radio station, __________________ not agree to any conditions, because the station manager insisted on eyewitness coverage. (ability)
27 Whenever he met with her, Kirk __________________ always urge the mayor to invite the press to special events, without success. (repeated action)
28 The mayor __________________ make an effort to be more open to the press. (duty)
29 Lisa, who writes the popular “Trees-a-Crowd” blog, explained that she __________________ rely on her imagination to supply details. (possibility)
30 Lisa knows that Kirk __________________ leap to fame based on his tree-planting report, and she doesn’t want to miss an important scoop. (ability)
31 All good reporters __________________ know that if a tree falls or is planted in the forest, the sound is heard by a wide audience only if a radio reporter is there. (duty)
32 Sound engineers, on the other hand, __________________ skip all outdoor events if they __________________ do so. (condition, ability)