Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
eMagRes Books
International Advisory Board
Contributors
Series Preface
Preface
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Part A: Fundamental Theory
Chapter 1: Continuous-Wave EPR
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basic Design and Operation of a CW-EPR Spectrometer
1.3 Solution Spectra
1.4 The Effect of Motion on CW-EPR Spectra
1.5 Spectra of Solids
1.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
References
Chapter 2: EPR Interactions –
g
-Anisotropy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Zeeman Interaction for Spin ½
2.3
g
-Anisotropy in the Solid State
2.4
g
-Anisotropy in the Liquid State
2.5 Fictitious Spin ½
2.6 The Origin of the
g
-Anisotropy
References
Chapter 3: EPR Interactions – Zero-field Splittings
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of ZFS on the EPR Spectrum
3.3 Origins of ZFS
3.4 Examples of ZFS in Actual Systems
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
3.6 Recommended Reading
References
Chapter 4: EPR Interactions – Coupled Spins
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Isotropic Exchange Interaction
4.3 Two Coupled Spins
s
i
: The Hamiltonian Matrix and EPR
4.4 Coupling Two General Spins
4.5 Coupling More than Two Spins
4.6 Relationship between Spin Hamiltonian Parameters of the Total Spin States and those of the Uncoupled Paramagnets
4.7 Breakdown of the Strong Exchange Limit
4.8 Other Terms in the Exchange Hamiltonian
4.9 Noncoincidence Effects between the Interaction Matrices:
g
,
A
,
J
,
D
,
J
dip
,
D
12
, etc
4.10 Exchange between Orbitally Degenerate Species
4.11 Concluding Comments
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
References
Chapter 5: EPR Interactions – Hyperfine Couplings
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Dipolar Interaction and Hyperfine Hamiltonian
5.3 EPR Transitions in the General High Magnetic Field Case
5.4 Examples of EPR Spectra in Liquid and Frozen Solution
5.5 Example of EPR Spectra at Multiple Frequencies
5.6 Mechanisms of Hyperfine Coupling
5.7 EPR Spectra in the Low-field Case
5.8 Transition Probabilities
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
References
Chapter 6: EPR Interactions – Nuclear Quadrupole Couplings
6.1 The Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction
6.2 Energy Levels and Spectra
6.3 Analysis of EFG Tensors
6.4 Experimental Examples – EPR Spectra
6.5 Experimental Examples – ENDOR/ESEEM Spectra
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Chapter 7: Quantum Chemistry and EPR Parameters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory
7.3 Electronic Structure Methods
7.4 Illustration: Hyperfine Couplings
7.5 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Spin Dynamics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Single-Electron Spin System
8.3 Two Coupled Electrons
8.4 An Electron Coupled to a Nucleus with
I
= 1/2
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Chapter 9: Relaxation Mechanisms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Relaxation Processes
9.3 Relaxation of Triarylmethyl (Trityl) Radicals
9.4 Relaxation of Semiquinones
9.5 Relaxation of Nitroxides
9.6 Relaxation of Cu(II) Complexes
9.7 Relaxation of Iron–Sulfur Clusters
9.8 Relaxation in Irradiated Organic Solids
9.9 Metals with
S
> ½
9.10 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Part B: Basic Techniques and Instrumentation
Chapter 10: Transient EPR
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental Considerations
10.3 Applications of Transient EPR
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Pulse EPR
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pulses and Spins
11.3 Basic Pulse Sequences
11.4 Bandwidths
11.5 Non-Coherent Effects
11.6 Spectrometer
11.7 Practical Aspects
11.8 Further Reading
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: EPR Instrumentation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Magnet Systems
12.3 Microwave Bridges
12.4 EPR Resonators
12.5 Sample Cryostats
12.6 Spectrometer Control and Signal Detection
12.7 Instrumentation for Special Applications
Further Reading
References
Chapter 13: EPR Imaging
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Brief History
13.3 Basics of Image Acquisition
13.4 Spin Probes
13.5 Imaging Instrumentation and Methodology
13.6 Applications
13.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14: EPR Spectroscopy of Nitroxide Spin Probes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Nitroxide Probes
14.3 The Hamiltonian Describing the Nitroxide Spectrum
14.4 Dynamics of the Nitroxide Probe Encoded in the Spectral Linewidth
14.5 Polarity and Proticity of the Nitroxide Microenvironment Extracted from
g
and
A
Tensor Parameters
14.6 Techniques to Monitor Water Accessibility Toward the Nitroxides
14.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Part C: High-Resolution Pulse Techniques
Chapter 15: FT-EPR
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Single Pulse,
S
= 1/2
15.3 Multipulse FT-EPR
15.4
S
> 1, Triplets and Interacting Radicals
15.5 Digital FT
15.6 FT-EPR Examples
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Chapter 16: Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ENDOR
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Static Spin Hamiltonian and the Nuclear Frequencies
16.3 CW ENDOR
16.4 Pulse ENDOR Techniques
References
Chapter 17: Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ELDOR-detected NMR
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The EDNMR Experiment
17.3 EDNMR for
I
> 1/2
17.4 Experimental Considerations
17.5 EDNMR versus Pulse ENDOR
17.6 EDNMR versus ESEEM
17.7 Simulations
17.8 Two-dimensional Experiments
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18: Hyperfine Spectroscopy – ESEEM
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic 1D ESEEM Experiments
18.3 Four-pulse ESEEM
18.4 Improving the Performance of ESEEM
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19: Dipolar Spectroscopy – Double-resonance Methods
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Dilute Cluster Description of the Sample
19.3 Pulse Sequences
19.4 Expressions for Dipolar Evolution
19.5 Orientation Selection
19.6 Complications and Remedies
19.7 Spins
S
> ½
19.8 Data Analysis
19.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Further Reading
References
Chapter 20: Dipolar Spectroscopy – Single-resonance Methods
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Basic Theoretical Aspects of PDS Methods
20.3 Double-quantum Coherence EPR, Six-pulse Sequence
20.4 Four- and Five-pulse ‘Single-quantum Coherence’ PDS Sequences
20.5 Other Single-frequency PDS Methods
20.6 2D-FT Orientation-correlation PDS
20.7 Relaxation and Instantaneous Diffusion
20.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21: Shaped Pulses in EPR
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Specific Types of Pulses
21.3 Instrumentation
21.4 Applications of Shaped Pulses in EPR
21.5 Future Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Part D: Special Techniques
Chapter 22: Pulse Techniques for Quantum Information Processing
22.1 Spin Qubits
22.2 Decoherence
22.3 Measuring Gate Fidelities
22.4 High-fidelity Operations
22.5 Sensing
22.6 Multiple Qubits
22.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23: Rapid-scan EPR
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Advantages of Rapid Scan Relative to Conventional CW Spectroscopy
23.3 Why Does Rapid Scan Give Improved
S/N
?
23.4 Hardware and Software Used in Rapid Scan
23.5 Parameter Selection
23.6 Extending Rapid Scan to Wider Spectra
23.7 Rapid Frequency Scans
23.8 Future
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 24: EPR Microscopy
24.1 Preface
24.2 Introduction
24.3 Pulse EPR Microscopy: Theory
24.4 Pulse EPR Microscopy: Practice
24.5 Experimental Examples for EPRM Applications
24.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 25: Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR)
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Instrumentation
25.3 ODMR of Triplet States in Molecules and Crystals
25.4 ODMR of Half-integer Spin Systems
25.5 ODMR of Interacting Spin Pairs
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 26: Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (EDMR) Spectroscopy
26.1 Introduction
26.2 A Brief History of EDMR Spectroscopy
26.3 Electronic Mechanisms that Cause EDMR Signals
26.4 Continuous-wave EDMR
26.5 Pulse EDMR
26.6 Radio Frequency EDMR
26.7 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 27: Very-high-frequency EPR
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Benefits of VHF-EPR
27.3 VHF-EPR Spectrometers
27.4 Further Reading and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
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