CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Preface

Part One: Introduction: Change in Perspective due to Nanotechnology for Environmental Techniques and Devices

Chapter 1: Nanomaterials for Environmental Science: A Recent and Future Perspective
1. 1.1 Introduction
2. 1.2 The Aim and Objective of the Study
3. 1.3 Scientific Vision and Cognizance in the Field of Nanotechnology
4. 1.4 Frontiers of Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future
5. 1.5 The Vision and Advancements in the Field of Nanotechnology
6. 1.6 Recent Scientific Endeavor in the Field of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
7. 1.7 The Status of Environment Today
8. 1.8 Environmental Sustainability: Its Vision for the Future
9. 1.9 Technological Vision and Scientific Objective in the Field of Application of Nanomaterials
10. 1.10 Recent Scientific Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanomaterials and its Applications
11. 1.11 The Avenues Ahead in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications
12. 1.12 Scientific Cognizance and Scientific Sagacity of Environmental Engineering
13. 1.13 Nontraditional Environmental Engineering Techniques
14. 1.14 Future Trends and Scientific Doctrine of Novel Separation Processes
15. 1.15 Recent Scientific Research Pursuits in Membrane Science
16. 1.16 Future Trends in Research and Development in Nanomaterials
17. 1.17 Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts and the Scientific Progress
18. 1.18 Conclusions
19. References
Chapter 2: Atomic-scale Study of Fullerene Molecules on Semiconductor Surfaces
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 STM Study of C60 Adsorption on Solid Surface
3. 2.3 C60F18 on Si(111)
4. 2.4 C60F18 on Si(100)-2 × 1
5. 2.5 C60F36 on Si(111)-7 × 7
6. 2.6 Conclusions
7. References
Chapter 3: Recent Advances in Nanostructured Catalysts for Vehicle Exhaust Gas Treatment
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
3. 3.3 Diesel Particulate Filter
4. 3.4 Three-Way Catalysts
5. 3.5 Selective Catalytic Reduction
6. 3.6 Lean NOx Traps
7. 3.7 Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 4: Analytical Applications of Nanoscale Materials for Water Treatment: A Review
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Significance of Nanotechnology for Wastewater Purification
3. 4.3 Classification of Nanoadsorbents
4. 4.4 Analytical Applications
5. 4.5 Concluding Remarks and Prospects
6. Abbreviations
7. Acknowledgment
8. References

Part Two: Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques

Chapter 5: Carbon Nanomaterials-based Nanocomposite as Emerging Field for Pollution Control
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
3. 5.3 CNT Sensors
4. 5.4 Graphene
5. 5.5 Fullerene
6. Acknowledgment
7. References
Chapter 6: Nanocarbons in Agricultural Plants: Can be a Potential Nanofertilizer?
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Organic Carbon-Based Fertilizer as “Biochar”
3. 6.3 Nanocarbons in Plant Growth
4. 6.4 Conclusions
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 7: Adsorptive Removal of Antibiotics onto Graphene–Soy Protein Aerogel Composites from Aqeous Solution
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Experiment
3. 7.3 Results and Discussion
4. 7.4 Conclusions
5. References

Part Three: Functionalized Nanomaterial for Environmental Techniques

Chapter 8: Photocatalysis: Activity of Nanomaterials
1. 8.1 Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis
2. 8.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
3. 8.3 Synthesis of Photocatalytic Materials
4. 8.4 Phase Transition and Microstructure of Photocatalytic Materials
5. 8.5 Optical and Magnetic Properties
6. 8.6 Photocatalytic Activity
7. References
Chapter 9: Functionally Active Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Concept of Integral Environmental Pollutants
3. 9.3 Purpose of Functionally Active Nanomaterials
4. 9.4 Functionally Active Nanomaterials
5. 9.5 Potential Methods for Environmental Remediation
6. 9.6 Functionally Active Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants
7. 9.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
8. References
Chapter 10: Functionalized Nanomaterial for Environmental Techniques
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Nanomaterial-based Environmental Techniques
3. 10.3 Limitations of Nanomaterials Used for Environmental Techniques
4. 10.4 Methods of Nanomaterials' Functionalization
5. 10.5 Nanomaterial–Functional Groups Bonding Types
6. 10.6 Functionalization and Applications of Silica-based Nanomaterials
7. 10.7 Functionalization and Applications of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
8. 10.8 Functionalization and Applications of Metal and Metal Compound Nanomaterials
9. 10.9 Conclusions
10. References

Part Four: Nanoseparation Devices for Environment

Chapter 11: Comprehensive Treatment of Industrial Wastewater with Membrane Separation Technology: From Hybrid Process to Novel Devices
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Membrane and Membrane Process for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
3. 11.3 Applications of Membrane Process for Wastewater Treatment and Comprehensive Recovery
4. 11.4 Novel Devices for Process Intensification and Fouling Control
5. 11.5 Conclusions and Perspective
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
Chapter 12: A Review on the Advancements of Nanomembranes for Water Treatment
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Separation Mechanisms in Nanofiltration
3. 12.3 Fabrication and Modification of Nanofiltration Membrane
4. 12.4 Application to Water Treatment
5. 12.5 Fouling
6. 12.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgment
8. References
Chapter 13: Manipulating Grouping Dynamics of Nanoscale Boron Particles as Basis for Environmentally Friendlier Combustion and Efficient Filtration
1. 13.1 Boron Particles and Powders: A Review
2. 13.2 Clustering of Particles in Oscillating Flow: From the Nanometric to the Hundred-micrometer Size Range
3. Acknowledgments
4. References

Part Five: Nano-Lab on Chip for Environment

Chapter 14: Nanosensor in Gas Monitoring: A Review
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Sensing Technologies in Petroleum Industries
3. 14.3 Nanosensor Technology
4. 14.4 Conclusions
5. Acknowledgment
6. References
Chapter 15: Plasmonic Nanomaterials for SERS Detection of Environmental Pollutants
1. 15.1 Introduction
2. 15.2 About SERS
3. 15.3 Environmental Pollution and SERS Detection
4. 15.4 Plasmonic Materials for Raman Enhancement
5. 15.5 Future Perspective
6. References

Part Six: Bionanomaterial-based Devices for Environment

Chapter 16: Bionanomaterials as Emerging Sensors in Environmental Management
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Electrochemical Sensors
3. 16.3 Applications
4. 16.4 Conclusions
5. References
Chapter 17: Role of Bionanomaterial-Based Devices in Water Detoxification
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Classical Approaches of Metals
3. 17.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles
4. 17.4 Characterization Techniques
5. 17.5 Wastewater Remediation
6. 17.6 Future Perspectives of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
7. 17.7 Conclusions
8. Acknowledgment
9. References
Chapter 18: Nanocellulose as Promising Material for Environmental Applications
1. 18.1 Introduction
2. 18.2 Analytical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
3. 18.3 Connection of Analytical and Environmental Sciences
4. 18.4 Nanocellulose
5. 18.5 Different Formats of Nanocellulose-Based Sorptive Microextraction
6. 18.6 Nanocellulose as Sensor of Contaminants
7. 18.7 Promoting Crystallization in Gel Media
8. 18.8 Conclusions
9. References
Chapter 19: Functionalized Nanomaterials for Pollution Abatement
1. 19.1 Introduction
2. 19.2 Preparation of Functionalized Nanomaterials
3. 19.3 Application of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Pollution Abatement
4. 19.4 Conclusions
5. References
Chapter 20: Biopolymers: A Natural Support for Photocatalysts Applied to Pollution Remediation
1. 20.1 Introduction
2. 20.2 Biopolymers: Introduction and Definition of Terms
3. 20.3 Immobilization of Photocatalysts on Supports
4. 20.4 Survey of Biopolymer-Supported Photocatalysts for Pollution Remediation
5. 20.5 Conclusions
6. Ackowledgments
7. References
Chapter 21: Bioinspired Nanocomposites for Adsorptive and Photo-Assisted Decontamination of Wastewater
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 Composite and Nanocomposite Materials
3. 21.3 Bioinspired Nanocomposite Materials
4. 21.4 Environmental Application of Bioinspired Nanocomposites
5. 21.5 Summary and Prospects
6. Acknowledgment
7. References

Part Seven: Toxicity, Economy, Legalization of Nanotechnology

Chapter 22: Economic Aspects of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environment
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques
3. 22.3 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Environmental Techniques
4. 22.4 Nanoseparation Device for Environment
5. 22.5 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Environment
6. 22.6 Bionanomaterial-Based Devices for Environment
7. 22.7 Nano-Lab on a Chip for Environment
8. 22.8 Toxicity, Economy, and Legalization of Nanotechnology
9. 22.9 Nanotechnology: A Green and Sustainable Vision
10. 22.10 Conclusions
11. References
Chapter 23: Engineered Nanoparticles' Toxicity: Environmental Aspects
1. 23.1 Introduction
2. 23.2 Distribution of Nanoparticles Based on Composition
3. 23.3 Common Methods of Engineering of Nanoparticles
4. 23.4 Toxicity Based on Physicochemical Properties of NPs
5. 23.5 Toxicity of Some Widely Used ENPs to Environmental Organisms
6. 23.6 Effect of ENP Toxicity on Plants
7. 23.7 Effect of ENP Toxicity on Humans
8. 23.8 Metal Toxicity Mechanism
9. 23.9 Conclusions and Future Perspective
10. Acknowledgment
11. References

Part Eight: Nanotechnology: A Green and Sustainable Vision

Chapter 24: Nanotechnology: Key for Sustainable Future
1. 24.1 Introduction
2. 24.2 History
3. 24.3 Methods of Preparation
4. 24.4 Application of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Future
5. References
Chapter 25: Nanotechnology: Greener Approach for Sustainable Environment
1. 25.1 Introduction
2. 25.2 Classification of Nanomaterials
3. 25.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4. 25.4 Applications of Green Nanotechnology
5. 25.5 Prospects
6. 25.6 Conclusions
7. References

Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

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Scheme 25.1

Scheme 25.2

Scheme 25.3

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Figure 25.2

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Preface

The use of nanotechnology in the environmental science discipline has become increasingly important in addressing vital global needs in the twenty-first century for reliable, sustainable, and efficient access to clean energy, water, and natural resources. It offers opportunities for the development of new technologies to produce new products, to substitute existing production equipment, and to reformulate new materials and chemicals with improved performance resulting in less consumption of energy and materials, reduced harm to the environment, and environmental remediation. Nanotechnology presents an opportunity to develop a new technology, and a new industry in a sustainable way from the outset. However, taking advantage of this new technology for health, environmental, and sustainability benefits, science needs to examine the environmental and health implications.

Technology at nanoscale has inspired the progress and use of novel and cost-effective techniques for catalytic degradation, adsorptive removal, and detection of pollutants in environment. Nanomaterials are the new avenues of modern scientific innovation and deep scientific reflection. Nanomaterials are employed in diverse fields such as electronics and photonics, catalysis, information storage, chemical sensing and imaging, drug delivery, and biological labeling. Also, these nanomaterials have been applied successfully for modern environmental devices and techniques both at research and industrial scale and show great promise toward next generation of advanced materials and have received increasing attention among researchers, scientists, and the industry. As a result, environmental science arena is invariably in today's world linked with research and development initiatives in nanotechnology.

Nanomaterials are nanosized structures and have extraordinary physical and chemical properties, such as the unique optical, electrical, thermal, and adsorption characteristics, due to their ultrasmall size. Large specific surface areas of nanomaterials can improve the detection sensitivity and miniaturize the devices in analytical procedures. Also, these nanomaterials of various compositions and morphologies can provide powerful tools for the environmental devices and techniques. Therefore, these nanomaterial-based devices and techniques can play vital roles in environmental science and technology. Moreover, freedom to functionalize these nanomaterials with various chemical groups can also increase their affinity toward target compounds, which is very much desirable for selective detection of target analytes in environmental complex matrices. However, till today the advanced comprehensive understanding and real-world applications of these nanomaterials in environmental field is still far off. This book summarizes the recent progresses of environmental techniques and devices using different types of nanomaterials at both experimental and theoretical model scales. Special attention is paid to those approaches that tend to be green and eco-friendly. In the end, the research trends and future prerspectives are also briefly discussed.

This book provides a wide-ranging exploration on the ongoing research and development events in environmental science by nanotechnology. A collective knowledge into viewpoint with traces of reality to envisage new ideas, the book is divided into several parts. Part One discusses the change in perspective due to nanotechnology for environmental techniques and devices. Part Two comprises solely of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for environmental devices and techniques. Part Three is all about recent developments in various functionalized nanomaterials for environmental techniques. Part Four describes new trends like nanoseparation devices for environmental techniques. Moving on with modern trend the subsequent part elaborates on to a greater extent the nanoscale lab on chip and nano surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for environmental applications. Discussions on biobased nanomaterials, another promising direction of nanotechnology in environmental devices, are compiled in the next part. Then, future perspectives of nanotechnology as anticipated for the modern society, where toxicity and economy are important aspects for green and sustainable environment, are described. In the end, some concluding observations about the whole book are made. The selections of these topics are based on most recent research, teaching, and practical experience of editors and the philosophy that environmental techniques and devices are moving toward their future generation. The top class contributors are selected from across the world. The diversity of authors for each chapter and their disciplinary backgrounds reveal the interdisciplinary emphasis of this book. Due to multidisciplinary nature of topics, the reader can have entire knowledge in a single book.

We anticipate that this book will make noteworthy appeal to scientists and researchers working on the issues surrounding real-time applications of nanotechnology for environmental sciences. The expected audiences are environmentalists, scientists, researchers, consultants, regulators, and engineers. Moreover, advanced undergraduate and graduate students can find this book a source of up-to-date knowledge and guidelines for their studies. Overall, this book is planned to be a reference book for researchers and scientists who are searching for new and advanced materials, techniques, and devices in environmental sciences. The editors and contributors are among the world's high ranked scientists and researchers in academia and industry in their subject areas. On behalf of Wiley-VCH, we are very grateful to all contributors for their distinctive hard work in the making of this book. Special thanks to Dr. Martin Preuss, Executive Commissioning Editor, at Wiley-VCH, for support during this project.

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain and Ajay Kumar Mishra
(Editors)

Nanotechnology in Environmental Science

Preface

Part One
Introduction: Change in Perspective due to Nanotechnology for Environmental Techniques and Devices