CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

Preface

How to Use Your Textbook

About the Companion Website

Part 1: Fertilisation

Chapter 1: Principles of Development
1. Case
2. Chromosomes
3. Mitosis
4. Meiosis
5. Spermatogenesis
6. Oogenesis
7. Growth
8. Differentiation
9. Signalling
10. Organisation
11. Morphogenesis
Chapter 2: The Female Reproductive System
1. Case
2. Anatomy
3. Physiology
Chapter 3: The Male Reproductive System
1. Case
2. Anatomy
3. Embryology
4. Physiology
Chapter 4: Fertilisation
1. Case
2. Anatomy
3. Cell Biology
4. Physiology of Fertilisation and the Endometrium
Chapter 5: Embryology: Zygote to Blastocyst
1. Case
2. Zygote
3. Decidualisation
4. Implantation
5. Placenta
6. Sacs of the Embryo
Chapter 6: Embryonic Stem Cells
1. Case
2. Embryonic Stem Cells
3. Stem Cells in Medicine
4. Ethical Arguments
5. Law

Part 2: Pregnancy

Chapter 7: Embryology
1. Case
2. Embryological Development
3. Gastrulation
4. Embryology of the Gastrointestinal System
5. Neuroembryology
6. Cardiovascular Embryology
7. Respiratory Embryology
8. Musculoskeletal Embryology
9. Urogenital Embryology
Chapter 8: Physiology of Pregnancy
1. Case
2. Systemic Changes During Pregnancy
Chapter 9: Antenatal Care
1. Case
2. Assessment of Risk
3. History
4. Examination and Investigations
Chapter 10: Antenatal Screening and Prenatal Diagnosis
1. Case
2. Obstetric Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Anomaly
3. Screening for Chromosomal Anomalies
4. Invasive Tests
5. Infection in Pregnancy
Chapter 11: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Definitions
4. Risks of Hypertension in Pregnancy
5. Pathology of Pre-Eclampsia and Eclampsia
6. Clinical Picture
7. Management
8. Care During Delivery
9. Care After Delivery
Chapter 12: Diseases in Pregnancy I
1. Case
2. Diabetes in Pregnancy
Chapter 13: Diseases in Pregnancy II
1. Case
2. Connective Tissue Disorders
3. Backache
4. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
5. Hyperemesis Gravidarum
6. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)
7. Constipation
8. Haemorrhoids
9. Varicose Veins, Varicosities
10. Dermatological Conditions in Pregnancy
11. Psychiatric Disease in Pregnancy
Chapter 14: Multiple Pregnancy and Other Antenatal Complications
1. Case
2. Incidence of Twins and Chorionicity
3. Identification of Twin Conception
4. Risks to the Fetus
5. Risks to the Mother
Chapter 15: Problems in Late Pregnancy
1. Case
2. Antepartum Haemorrhage
3. Placenta Praevia
4. Adherent Placenta
5. Abruptio Placentae
6. Vasa Praevia
7. Other Causes of Antepartum Haemorrhage
8. Reduced Fetal Movements
9. Prolonged Pregnancy
Chapter 16: Fetal Growth and Tests of Fetal Wellbeing
1. Case
2. Definition and Types of Fetal Growth Restriction
3. Diagnosis of Fetal Growth Restriction
4. Screening for Fetal Growth Restriction
5. Fetal Surveillance
6. Management of Fetal Growth Restriction
Chapter 17: The Eye in Pregnancy and the Newborn
1. Case
2. Differential Diagnosis of Paediatric Leucocoria
3. Case
4. Introduction
5. Physiological Changes
6. Pregnancy-Specific Ocular Disease
7. Pre-Existing Ocular Disease During Pregnancy

Part 3: Birth

Chapter 18: Normal Labour
1. Case
2. Labour
3. Definitions
4. Mechanism of Normal Labour
5. Management of Labour
6. The Partogram and its Importance
7. Analgesia in Labour
8. Useful Drugs in Obstetrics and their Actions
Chapter 19: Abnormal Labour
1. Case
2. Definitions
3. Diagnosis
4. Causes of Abnormal Labour
5. Types of Abnormal Labour
6. Preterm Labour
7. Prevention and Prediction of Preterm Labour
8. Induction of Labour
Chapter 20: The Puerperium
1. Case Study
2. Physiological Changes
3. Postnatal Care
4. Psychological Wellbeing
5. Lactation and Breastfeeding
6. Secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH)
7. Sepsis
8. Thrombotic Conditions
9. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 21: Obstetric Emergencies
1. Case
2. Initial Management of Obstetric Emergencies
3. Causes of Maternal Collapse
4. Massive Obstetric Haemorrhage
5. Venous Thromboembolism
6. Shoulder Dystocia
7. Cord Prolapse
8. Amniotic Fluid Embolism
9. Uterine Inversion
10. Fetal Distress in the Second Twin

Part 4: Neonatology

Chapter 22: Newborn Resuscitation and Newborn Examination
1. Case
2. Newborn Resuscitation
3. Examination of the Newborn
Chapter 23: Newborn Feeding, Jaundice and Maternal Diabetes
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Breastfeeding
4. Formula Feeding
5. Vitamin K
6. Vitamin D
7. Weaning and Milk Feeding in Older Infants
8. Neonatal Jaundice
9. Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
10. Normal Growth and Maturity
11. Infants of Mothers with Diabetes
Chapter 24: The Preterm Infant
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Preterm Labour
4. Antenatal Steroid Therapy
5. Care at Birth
6. Respiratory Distress Syndrome
7. Apnoea of Prematurity
8. Fluid Management and Nutrition
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
10. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
11. Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC)
12. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
13. Outcomes Following Extreme Preterm Birth
14. Discharge of the Preterm Baby From Hospital
Chapter 25: Congenital and Perinatal Infection
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Congenital Infection
4. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
5. Rubella
6. Toxoplasmosis
7. Syphilis
8. Other Viral Infections
9. Early-Onset Sepsis
10. Late-Onset Sepsis

Part 5: Childhood and Adolescence

Chapter 26: History and Examination in Childhood
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. The Paediatric History
4. The Paediatric Examination
5. Cardiovascular Examination
6. Respiratory Examination
7. Gastrointestinal Examination
8. Neurological Examination
9. Ear and Throat Examination
10. Skin and Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 27: Normal Growth and Developmental Milestones
1. Case
2. Growth
3. Physiology of Growth
4. Periods of Growth
5. Measuring Growth
6. Development
Chapter 28: Developmental Delay
1. Case
2. Normal Development
3. Developmental Delay
4. Assessing Development
5. Investigations
6. Education
Chapter 29: Genetics
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Clinical Genetics and Genetic Tests
4. Ethics
5. Dysmorphology
6. Genetic Mutations
7. Genetic Disorders
8. Techniques Used for Genetic Testing
Chapter 30: Neurodevelopmental Disorders
1. Case
2. Learning Disability/Intellectual Disability (LD/ID)
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
5. Developmental Coordination Disorder
Chapter 31: Puberty
1. Case History
2. Introduction
3. Normal Puberty
4. Assessment of Puberty
5. Abnormal Puberty
6. The Psychology of Adolescence
7. Adolescent Healthcare
Chapter 32: Non-Accidental Injury and Neglect
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Incidence
4. Important Legislation
5. Vulnerable Groups
6. Types of Abuse
7. Actions Required if you are Concerned about a Child
Chapter 33: Neurological Problems
1. Case
2. Headache
3. Fits, Faints and Funny Turns
4. The Epilepsies
5. Cerebral Palsy
6. Neuromuscular Diseases in Children
7. Muscle Disorders
8. Neural Tube Defects and Hydrocephalus
Chapter 34: Infections and Immunodeficiency
1. Case
2. Measles
3. Mumps
4. Human Herpes Virus
5. Varicella Zoster (Chickenpox)
6. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
7. Parvovirus B19
8. Meningitis and Meningococcal Septicaemia
9. Immune Deficiencies in Children
Chapter 35: Haematology and Oncology
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Anaemia in Children
4. Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)
5. Megaloblastic Anaemia
6. Anaemia Caused by Increased red Cell Destruction (Haemolytic Anaemia)
7. Bleeding Disorders
8. Oncology
Chapter 36: Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease
1. Case
2. The Fetal Circulation
3. Changes at Birth
4. Heart Disease in Children
5. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD).
6. Other ‘Left-to-Right’ Heart Lesions
7. Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
8. Coarctation of the Aorta
9. Aortic Stenosis
10. Cyanotic Heart Lesions
11. Tetralogy of Fallot
12. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
13. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
14. Tricuspid Atresia
15. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
16. Truncus Arteriosus
17. Arrhythmias
18. The Innocent Heart Murmur
Chapter 37: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders
1. Case
2. Introduction to Endocrinology
3. Obesity
4. Diabetes Mellitus
5. Hypoglycaemia
6. The Thyroid Gland
7. Calcium Homeostasis
8. Hypocalcaemia
9. Hypercalcaemia
10. Parathyroid Disorders
11. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias
12. Von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome
13. The Adrenal Gland
14. Hypopituitarism
15. Diabetes Insipidus
16. Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH
17. Metabolic Disease
Chapter 38: Respiratory Problems
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Upper Airway Disorders
4. Bronchiolitis
5. Pneumonia
6. Cystic Fibrosis
Chapter 39: Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Faltering Growth
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Vomiting
4. Malabsorption
5. Cow's Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA)
6. Post-Gastroenteritis Syndrome
7. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
8. Gastroenteritis
9. Other Causes of Diarrhoea
10. Toddler Diarrhoea
11. Constipation
12. Abdominal Pain
13. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
14. Meckel's Diverticulum
15. Faltering Growth
16. Malnutrition
Chapter 40: Renal and Urinary Problems
1. Case
2. Urinary Tract Infections
3. Abnormalities of the Urinary Tract
4. Antenatal Detection of Renal Abnormalities
5. Haematuria
6. Glomerulonephritis
7. Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
8. Proteinuria
9. Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
10. Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
11. Hypertension
Chapter 41: Dermatology
1. Case
2. How to Describe Skin Lesions
3. Dermatological Conditions in Infants and Children
4. Inflammatory Skin Conditions
5. Bacterial Skin Infections
6. Viral Skin Infections
7. Skin Manifestations of Viral Illnesses
8. Fungal Skin Infections
9. Skin Infestations
10. Neonatal Skin Conditions
11. Hair Disorders
12. Skin Manifestations of Systemic Conditions
13. Bullous Skin Disorders
Chapter 42: Rheumatology and Orthopaedics
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Paediatric Orthopaedic and Rheumatology Conditions
4. The Limping Child
5. Hip Conditions
6. Leg Pain
7. Back Pain
8. Fractures in Non-Accidental Injury (NAI)
9. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
10. Bone Tumours
11. Infections
12. Neonatal Problems
13. Inherited Disorders
Chapter 43: Paediatric Surgery
1. Case
2. Gastrointestinal Conditions
3. Urological Conditions
Chapter 44: Paediatric Pharmacology
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Pharmacokinetics
4. Absorption and Administration
5. Distribution
6. Metabolism and Excretion
7. Pharmacodynamics
8. Intravenous Fluids
9. Calculating the Deficit in Dehydration
10. NPSA Alert (National Patient Safety Agency)

Part 6: Gynaecology

Chapter 45: Problems in Early Pregnancy
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Embryology
4. Development of Placenta and Membranes
5. Relevant Endocrinology
6. Miscarriage
7. Ectopic Pregnancy
8. Hyperemesis Gravidarum
9. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
10. Summary of Approach to Common Problems in Early Pregnancy
Chapter 46: Subfertility
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. History of Assisted Reproduction
4. Changing Reproductive Behaviour
5. Prevalence
6. The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
7. Factors Affecting Fertility
8. Types of Subfertility
Chapter 47: Vaginal Discharge, Pelvic Pain and Endometriosis
1. Case
2. Vaginal Discharge
3. Endometriosis
Chapter 48: Termination of Pregnancy
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. Legal Considerations
4. Ethical Considerations
5. Termination for Fetal Abnormalities
6. Termination of Pregnancy: The Global View
7. Indications for Termination of Pregnancy
8. The Process for Termination of Pregnancy
9. Complications of Medical and Surgical Termination of Pregnancy
10. Common Physical Symptoms After Termination of Pregnancy (TOP)
11. Complications of TOP
12. Focus on Infection
13. Psychological Sequelae of Termination of Pregnancy
Chapter 49: Contraception
1. Case
2. Natural Family Planning (or ‘Rhythm Methods’)
3. Barrier Methods
4. Combined Oral Methods
5. Progesterone-Only Pills
6. Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (Larc)
7. Emergency/Postcoital Contraception
8. Sterilisation
Chapter 50: Obstetric and Gynaecological Operations
1. Case
2. Episiotomy
3. Operative or Assisted Vaginal Delivery
4. Caesarean Section
5. Hysteroscopy
6. Laparoscopy
7. Abdominal and Vaginal Hysterectomy
8. Surgical Prolapse Procedure
9. Uterovaginal Prolapse Surgeries
10. Surgery for Stress Incontinence
Chapter 51: The Menopause
1. Case
2. Introduction
3. History Taking
4. Investigations
5. Diagnosis
6. Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
7. Resistant Ovarian Syndrome
8. Assessment of Women for Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
9. Alternative Therapies
10. Further Reading
11. References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 9.1

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Table 10.4

Table 10.5

Table 10.6

Table 10.7

Table 10.8

Table 10.9

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.3

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 12.3

Table 12.4

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Table 13.6

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

Table 15.5

Table 15.6

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 23.1

Table 24.1

Table 25.1

Table 25.2

Table 26.1

Table 26.2

Table 27.1

Table 27.2

Table 27.3

Table 27.4

Table 27.5

Table 27.6

Table 27.7

Table 27.8

Table 28.1

Table 28.2

Table 28.3

Table 28.4

Table 28.5

Table 33.1

Table 33.2

Table 33.3

Table 33.4

Table 33.5

Table 33.6

Table 33.7

Table 33.8

Table 33.9

Table 33.10

Table 34.1

Table 34.2

Table 34.3

Table 34.4

Table 35.1

Table 37.1

Table 37.2

Table 37.3

Table 37.4

Table 38.1

Table 38.2

Table 38.3

Table 38.4

Table 39.1

Table 39.2

Table 39.3

Table 39.4

Table 39.5

Table 39.6

Table 39.7

Table 39.8

Table 40.1

Table 40.2

Table 40.3

Table 40.4

Table 44.1

Table 44.2

Table 45.1

Table 45.2

Table 45.3

Table 45.4

Table 45.5

Table 45.6

Table 45.7

Table 45.8

Table 47.1

Table 47.2

Table 47.3

Table 48.1

Table 48.2

Table 49.1

Table 50.1

Table 51.1

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 10.1

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 17.9

Figure 17.10

Figure 17.11

Figure 17.12

Figure 17.13

Figure 17.14

Figure 17.15

Figure 17.16

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 22.7

Figure 23.1

Figure 24.1

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

Figure 31.4

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 32.3

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 33.5

Figure 34.1

Figure 34.2

Figure 34.3

Figure 34.4

Figure 34.5

Figure 34.6

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Figure 36.4

Figure 36.5

Figure 36.6

Figure 36.7

Figure 36.8

Figure 36.9

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 37.3

Figure 37.4

Figure 37.5

Figure 37.6

Figure 37.7

Figure 38.1

Figure 39.1

Figure 39.2

Figure 39.3

Figure 39.4

Figure 39.5

Figure 39.6

Figure 39.7

Figure 40.1

Figure 40.2

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Figure 41.1

Figure 41.2

Figure 41.3

Figure 41.4

Figure 41.5

Figure 41.6

Figure 41.7

Figure 41.8

Figure 41.9

Figure 42.1

Figure 42.2

Figure 43.1

Figure 43.2

Figure 43.3

Figure 43.4

Figure 43.5

Figure 43.6

Figure 45.1

Figure 45.2

Figure 46.1

Figure 46.2

Figure 46.3

Figure 46.4

Figure 46.5

Figure 49.1

Figure 49.2

Figure 50.1

Figure 50.2

Figure 50.3

Figure 50.4

Figure 50.5

Figure 50.6

This edition first published 2018

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Webster, Samuel, 1974- editor. | Morris, Geraint, editor. | Kevelighan, Euan, editor.

Title: Essential human development / edited by Samuel Webster, Geraint Morris, Euan Kevelighan.

Subjects: LCSH: Life cycle, Human. | Developmental biology. | Embryology, Human.

Classification: LCC QP83.8 (ebook) | LCC QP83.8 .E87 2018 (print) | DDC 571.8–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017022080 9781118528624

Cover image: © Nicholas Eveleigh/Gettyimages

Cover design by Wiley

List of Contributors

Rebecca Balfour, MB BCh MRCPCH

Specialty Doctor, Community Child Health

Singleton Hospital

Swansea, UK

Marion Beard, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board

Cardiff, UK

Dana Beasley, State Examination Medicine MRCPCH

Consultant Paediatrician

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Christopher Bidder, BMedSci BM BS MRCPCH

Consultant Paediatrician with Special Interest in
Diabetes and Endocrinology

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Aisling Carroll-Downey, MB BCh

Belfast City Hospital

Belfast Health and Social Care Trust

Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Benjamin Chisholme, MB BCh, BSc (Hons), DRCOG, MRCGP

General Practitioner

Llynfi Surgery

Maesteg

Wales, UK

Jennifer Davies-Oliveira, MB BCh

Speciality Registrar in Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board

Cardiff , UK

Maitreyee Deshpande, MB BS

Specialty Registrar in Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board

Cardiff, UK

Jamie Evans, MB BCh MRCPCH

Specialty Registrar, Neonatal Medicine

University Hospital of Wales

Cardiff, Wales, UK

Ruth Frazer, MB BCh

Consultant in Contraception and Sexual Health

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Nitin Goel, MBBS MD FRCPCH

Consultant Neonatologist

Singleton Hospital

Swansea, UK

Fran Hodge, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Sharif Ismail, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust

Sussex, UK

Nisha Kadwadkar, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Lancaster Hospital

Lancaster, UK

Euan Kevelighan, FRCOG FAcadMed DipMed Ed

All Wales Head of School & Associate Dean for Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Honorary Associate Professor, Swansea University
Medical School

Honorary Secretary of Welsh Obstetrics and
Gynaecology Society

Swansea, UK

Aleksandra Komarzyniec-Pyzik, MD Poland, FRSH Dip

Specialty Doctor Obstetrics & Gynaecology

Nevill Hall Hospital

Aneurin Bevan University Health Board

Abergavenny, UK

Franz Majoko, MB BS^†

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Formerly of Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Colm McAlinden, MD MB BCh BSc (Hons) MSc, PhD MRCOphth

Visiting Professor

School of Ophthalmology and Optometry

Wenzhou Medical University, China

Geraint Morris, MB BCh FRCPCH

Consultant Neonatologist and Clinical Director, Children's Services

Singleton Hospital

Swansea, UK

Ian Morris, MB BS (Hons) MRCPCH

Consultant Neonatologist

University Hospital of Wales

Cardiff, UK

Marsham Moselhi, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Deepa Balachandran Nair, MB BS

Registrar in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Manju Nair, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Cerys Scarr, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Royal Gwent Hospital

Newport, UK

Lakshmipriya Selvarajan, MBBS MRCPCH

Specialty Registrar, Paediatric Gastroenterology

Birmingham Children's Hospital

Birmingham, UK

Catrin Simpson, MB BCh BSc (hons) MRCPCH

Consultant Community Paediatrician

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board

Cardiff, UK

Gurpreet Singh Kalra, MB BS

Consultant Gynaecologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Alan Treharne, MB BS

Specialty Registrar, Obstetrics and Gynaecology

St Georges Hospital Medical School

Cardiff, UK

Surekha Tuohy, MB BS MRCPCH

Consultant Community Paediatrician

Singleton Hospital

Swansea, UK

Pramodh Vallabhaneni, MB BS MRCPCH
Dip Medical Education

Consultant Paediatrician

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Sophie Walker MB BS

Clinical Research Fellow

Queen Mary University of London

London, UK

Samuel Webster, PhD FHEA

Senior Lecturer in Anatomy & Embryology

Swansea University Medical School

Swansea, UK

Shabeena Webster, MBBCh MRCPCH
Dip Paed Neurodis

Specialty Registrar, Community Paediatrics

Llandough Hospital

Cardiff, UK

Cathy White, MB BS FRCP FRCPCH

Consultant Paediatric Neurologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

Bethan Williams, MB BCh MRCPCH

Consultant Community Paediatrician

Cardiff and Vale University Health Board

Cardiff, UK

Toni Williams, MB BCh MRCPCH

Consultant Paediatrician

Glangwili Hospital

Carmarthen, UK

Kinza Younas, MB BS

Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

Morriston Hospital

Swansea, UK

^†Recently deceased.

Essential Human Development

List of Contributors

Preface

How to Use Your Textbook

Features contained within your textbook

About the Companion Website

Part 1
Fertilisation