Cover
Title Page
Contributors
Dedication: Jules Janick
1 The Flowers of Fragaria × ananassa
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. STRAWBERRY GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND COMMERCIAL MANAGEMENT
3. III. INFLORESCENCE ARCHITECTURE
4. IV. GENETICS OF FLOWER INDUCTION
5. V. CONCLUSIONS
6. LITERATURE CITED
2 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. AIRCRAFT
3. III. SENSORS AND DATA PROCESSING
4. IV. HORTICULTURAL APPLICATIONS
5. V. CHALLENGES
6. VI. CONCLUSIONS
7. LITERATURE CITED
3 Leaf Blackening
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. VARIATION IN EXPRESSION OF LEAF BLACKENING
3. III. PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF LEAF BLACKENING
4. IV. THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF LEAF BLACKENING
5. V. CONTROL OF LEAF BLACKENING
6. VI. CONCLUSIONS
7. LITERATURE CITED
4 Sapota (Manilkara achras Forb.)
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. NUTRITIVE VALUE
3. III. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING FRUIT MATURATION AND RIPENING
4. IV. PREHARVEST EFFECTS ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY
5. V. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
6. VI. POSTHARVEST DISEASES
7. VII. POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY
8. VIII. POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS
9. IX. NON‐DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING FRUIT MATURITY AND QUALITY
10. X. PROCESSING
11. XI. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
12. LITERATURE CITED
5 The Citron (Citrus medica L.) in China
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. HISTORY AND CULTURE
3. III. NOMENCLATURE
4. IV. CURRENT CITRON CULTIVATION IN CHINA
5. V. MAJOR CULTIVARS OF CHINESE CITRON AND SELECT CITRON HYBRIDS
6. VI. GERMPLASM STATUS; REGIONAL AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
7. LITERATURE CITED
6 Apple Rootstocks
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. HISTORY
3. III. ROOTSTOCK–SCION INTERACTIONS
4. IV. STRESSES INFLUENCING ROOTSTOCK PERFORMANCE
5. V. INTERSTEMS
6. VI. INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK ON FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS
7. VII. GENETICS AND BREEDING
8. VIII. ROOTSTOCK EVALUATION
9. LITERATURE CITED
7 Canopy Growth and Development Processes in Apples and Grapevines
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. PHENOLOGY
3. III. DORMANT BUDS IN APPLE TREES AND GRAPEVINES
4. IV. WINTER CHILLING IN APPLE TREES AND GRAPEVINES
5. V. BUDBREAK AND SHOOT DEVELOPMENT IN APPLE TREES AND GRAPEVINES
6. VI. FRUIT GROWTH
7. VII. BIOMASS PARTITIONING
8. VIII. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THE CARBON ECONOMY
9. IX. ABIOTIC STRESS EFFECTS ON CANOPY PHYSIOLOGY
10. X. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PHENOLOGY
11. XI. CONCLUSIONS
12. LITERATURE CITED
8 Organic Acids in Fruits
1. I. INTRODUCTION
2. II. THE FUNCTION OF THE FLESH OF FRUITS AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THEIR ORGANIC ACID CONTENTS
3. III. ACIDS THAT CONTAIN A BENZENE RING: THE AROMATIC ACIDS
4. IV. THE INTER‐RELATED ACIDS: ASCORBIC, OXALIC, TARTARIC, AND GALACTURONIC
5. V. FATTY ACIDS
6. VI. MALIC, CITRIC, AND METABOLICALLY RELATED ACIDS
7. VII. CONCLUSIONS
8. LITERATURE CITED
Subject Index
Cumulative Subject Index
Cumulative Contributor Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1. Map positions and genetic effect of QTL detected for the PF (perpetual flowering) and RU (runnering) traits for the female (f) parent ‘Capitola’ and male (m) parent ‘CF1116.’ QTL identification was based on composite‐interval mapping analysis with LOD > LOD threshold (3.1) (α = 0.05). From Gaston et al. 2013; reproduced with permission from Oxford University Press.
Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1. A summary of the types of aircraft used for agriculture, forestry, and horticulture research based on a survey of literature from 2004 to 2016.
2. Table 2.2. A summary of the types of sensors used for agriculture, forestry, and horticulture research using UAS based on a survey of literature from 2004 to 2016.
Chapter 04
1. Table 4.1. Nutritional components of sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit per 100 g edible portion.
2. Table 4.2. Chemical composition of sapota fruit juice with pH 5.36 and titratable acidity 0.16% (% citric acid).
Chapter 07
1. Table 7.1. Differences in phenology of six Malus domestica cultivars growing in three Chilean locations (after Yuri et al. 2011). Budbreak represents the date of budbreak in days after 1 September, and flowering and harvest are given in days after budbreak. These data are all estimated from the original publication.
Chapter 08
1. Table 8.1. Concentrations of quinic acid (QA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits.
2. Table 8.2. Concentrations of shikimic acid (SA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits.
3. Table 8.3. Concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits and in some leaves.
4. Table 8.4. Concentrations of dehydroascorbic acid (DHA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits and some leaves.
5. Table 8.5. Concentrations of tartaric acid (TA: mg∙g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits.
6. Table 8.6. Concentrations of total oxalic acid (mg∙g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe fruits (based on Nguyn and Savage 2013a).
7. Table 8.7. Concentrations of malic acid (MA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe temperate fruits and some leaves and roots. For leaves and roots, nitrate and ammonium refer to the form of nitrogen on which the plants were grown.
8. Table 8.8. Concentrations of citric acid (CA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of some ripe temperate fruits and some leaves. For leaves, nitrate and ammonium refer to the form of nitrogen on which the plants were grown.
9. Table 8.9. Concentrations of malic acid (MA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of unripe and ripe fruits. For unripe fruit (except tomato) the maximum content during the period of development studied is given. For tomato, unripe fruit are 28 days after anthesis, and nitrate and ammonium denote the form of nitrogen with which the plant was fertilized.
10. Table 8.10. Concentrations of citric acid (CA; mg g^–1 FW) in the flesh of unripe and ripe fruits. For unripe fruit the maximum content during the period of development studied is given. For tomato, unripe fruit are 28 days after anthesis, and nitrate and ammonium denote the form of nitrogen with which the plant was fertilized.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 01
1. Fig. 1.1. Leaves and axillary meristems of cultivar ‘Portola.’
2. Fig. 1.2. (a) Diagram of fully developed flower cluster with (a) primary flower, (b) secondary flower, (c) tertiary flower, and (d) quaternary flower http://www.hort.cornell.edu/grower/nybga/pdfs/2012berryproceedings.pdf (from Poling 2012). (b) Picture of a flower cluster of the cultivar ‘Portola’, with (a) primary flower, (b) secondary flower bud, and (c) tertiary flower bud.
3. Fig. 1.3. (a) Principal flower parts of cultivar ‘Evie‐II,’ including (a) stamen, (b) pistil, (c) receptacle, (d) petal, and (e) sepal. Photograph taken July 10, 2014 in Minnesota. (b) Cross‐section of F. × ananassa showing (a) pistil and (b) receptacle.
4. Fig. 1.4. (a) Profile of mature fruit of the cultivar ‘Amandine,’ with embedded achenes. (b) Cross‐section of an ‘Amandine’ fruit, with (a) interior receptacle, (b) fibrovascular tube and (c) calyx.
5. Fig. 1.5. Average daylengths of Minneapolis, MN and Santa Maria, CA, taken on the 20th of each month. Raw data acquired from Time & Date AS: http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/astronomy.html?n=3857&month=12&year=2014&obj=sun&afl=‐1&day=1.
6. Fig. 1.6. Average high temperatures in Minneapolis, MN and Santa Maria, CA, taken on the 20th of each month. Raw data acquired from Intellicast: http://www.intellicast.com/.
7. Fig. 1.7. Diagram of the matted‐row system common to June‐bearing cultivars.
8. Fig. 1.8. Day‐neutral ‘Monterey’ runner, with developed inflorescence.
9. Fig. 1.9. (a) Diagram of a single, typical strawberry inflorescence, and (b) model of ‘Seascape,’ where 1°, 2°, and 3° represent primary, secondary, and tertiary inflorescences, which developed from buds after initial planting.
10. Fig. 1.10. Photograph of ‘Portola’ inflorescence. 1°, 2°, and 3° represent primary, secondary, and tertiary flowers. Labeled brackets indicate primary (I) and secondary (II) internodes.
11. Fig. 1.11. Selected flower clusters of (a) ‘Annapolis,’ (b) ‘Albion,’ (c) ‘Evie‐2,’ (d) ‘Monterey,’ (e) ‘Portola,’ (f) ‘San Andreas,’ and (g, h) ‘Seascape.’
12. Fig. 1.12. Fragaria vesca shoot and flower development. (a) F. vesca YW5AF7 grown in a 10.2‐cm pot; (b) YW5AF7 dichasial cyme bearing yellow berries; (c) Inflorescence with primary flower (1) and two developing secondary flowers (2). Young tertiary buds (arrows) are present beneath the secondary flower buds; (d) Diagram of shoot architecture. Numbers indicate primary, secondary, and tertiary flower buds; (e) Diagram illustrating floral organ arrangement. The two outer whorls are concentric rings of five bracts (b) alternating with five sepals (s). The third whorl consists of five white petals (p). Interior to the petals are two whorls of stamens. Stamens are arranged in a repeating pattern of five tall (T) and five short (S) in the inner whorl and 10 medium length (M) in the outer whorl. The center circle indicates a receptacle topped with numerous, spirally arranged carpels; (f) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a developing floral bud, illustrating spirally arranged carpel primordial; (g) Abaxial view of a typical F. vesca flower with five narrow bracts (b) alternating with five wider sepals (s); (h) Adaxial view of typical F. vesca flower illustrating a whorl of five white petals, two whorls of ten stamens each, and an apocarpous gynoecium with ~160 pistils. (i) Dissected flower illustrating the “S, M, T, M, S” stamen pattern. Scale bars: (a) 2 cm; (g–i) 1 mm.
13. Fig. 1.13. Silencing of FvTFL1 leads to daylength‐independent flowering. (a) Phenotypes of FvTFL1 RNAi silencing and overexpression lines in the short‐day (SD) F. vesca background. Clonally propagated plants (runner cuttings) of SD F. vesca and P35S:FvTFL1‐RNAi‐1 and P35S:FvTFL1‐1 lines were subjected to SD induction treatment for four weeks followed by long‐days (LDs; left), or grown continuously under LDs (right); (b), Flowering time of SD F. vesca and P35S:FvTFL1‐RNAi and P35S:FvTFL1 plants (RNAi and OX, respectively) in SDs and LDs. Flowering time is indicated as days to anthesis from the beginning of the treatments. Treatments and plant materials were as described in (a). Values indicate mean ± SD. n = 4 (OX‐1), n = 5 (RNAi‐2), n = 6 (RNAi‐1 and OX‐2), and n = 7 (SD F. vesca); (c,d) Expression of FvTFL1 (c) and FvAP1 (d) in the apices of two independent P35S:FvTFL1‐RNAi (RNAi) lines. Values indicate mean ± SD. n = 3 (RNAi‐1 and SD F. vesca) or n = 2 (RNAi‐2).
14. Fig. 1.14. Frequency distribution of number of weeks flowering at Maryland (MD) (a) and California (CA) (b). The phenotypic values of the parents, ‘Tribute’ and ‘Honeoye’ are indicated by arrows (Castro et al. 2015).
15. Fig. 1.15. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for number of weeks of flowering detected in the octoploid strawberry (F. × ananassa Duchesne ex. Rozier) population ‘Tribute’ × ‘Honeoye’ evaluated in Maryland (dotted line) and California (solid line) using interval mapping (IM) (Castro et al. 2015).
Chapter 02
1. Fig. 2.1. Google Scholar search for “UAV aircraft” and the resulting number of articles (does not include patents or citations) annually from 1990 to 2015.
Chapter 03
1. Plate 3.1. The various positions where leaf blackening development can first manifest in Protea ‘Sylvia’ (P. eximia × P. susannae). (a) Leaf‐tip; (b) Leaf‐base; (c) Mid‐rib; (d) Lateral leaf margins (Windell 2012)
2. Plate 3.2. Grading scales to visually assess the impact of leaf blackening as a quality attribute in Protea (Ekman et al. 2008). Less than 10% leaf blackening is not considered greatly noticeable, whereas greater than 50% appears fully blackened
3. Plate 3.3. The maturity stages of a Protea ‘Sylvia’ inflorescence showing (a) a more immature, but harvest‐ready soft‐tip stage where involucral bracts are just starting to retract from the center and the florets, and (b) a more mature and fully opened inflorescence, but not yet senesced (Windell 2012)
4. Plate 3.4. Protea ‘Sylvia’ displaying leaf blackening and phytotoxic symptoms in the leaves (a) and after storage at the tips in the involucral bracts of the inflorescence (b) (Windell 2012)
Chapter 04
1. Plate 4.1. Sapota tree
2. Plate 4.2. External and internal images of round and elongated sapota fruit
Chapter 05
1. Plate 5.1. Sculpture of fingered citron carved in carnelian in 18th century China.
2. Fig. 5.1. (a) Map of Citron cultivation in China.
3. Plate 5.2. Dried ‘Chuan’ fingered citrons, for use in Chinese traditional medicine, in Xiaogu, Sichuan.
4. Plate 5.3. Drying fingered citron slices for Chinese traditional medicine near Huaning, Yunnan.
5. Plate 5.4. Bonsai fingered citron plants in pots for sale at a street market along a road in Jinhua, Zhejiang.
6. Plate 5.5. In Jinhua, fingered citron growers use trellises, stakes, and ties to ensure that the limbs and fruit maintain an attractive upright growing habit.
7. Plate 5.6. Mr. Pei‐Yong Zhang eats a slice of common citron at his home in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan.
8. Plate 5.7. ‘Dog Head’ citron in Mojiang, Yunnan.
9. Plate 5.8. ‘Jianshui Round’ citron, Bai Shi Yan village, Xizhuang township, Jianshui County, Yunnan.
10. Plate 5.9. ‘Jinggu’ citron, Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan.
11. Plate 5.10. ‘Jinghong Water’ citron, Jinghong, Yunnan, with large central cavity and small locules with numerous seeds and scanty juice vesicles.
12. Plate 5.11. ‘Ning’er Giant’ citron weighing ca. 8 kg, held by the farmer, Li Hua Zhong, near Ning’er, Yunnan.
13. Plate 5.12. ‘Persistent Stigma’ citron, Huaning, Yunnan.
14. Plate 5.13. ‘Pumpkin’ citron in Xiaowan, Fengqing County, Yunnan.
15. Plate 5.14. ‘Weishan Bullet’ citron near Weishan, Yunnan.
16. Plate 5.15. ‘Weishan Sour’ citron near Weishan, Yunnan, China.
17. Plate 5.16. ‘Weishan Sweet’ citron, Tuanshan village, Nanzhao township, near Weishan, Yunnan.
18. Plate 5.17. ‘Yun’ fingered citron, showing how one fruit actually has some juice vesicles.
19. Plate 5.18. ‘Aihua’ fingered citrons.
20. Plate 5.19. ‘Chuan’ fingered citrons with typical closed fingers, Shuangshi village, Xinfan township, Muchuan County, Sichuan.
21. Plate 5.20. ‘Guang’ fingered citron in Guangdong.
22. Plate 5.21. Typical specimens of ‘Octopus’ fingered citron grown near Weishan, Yunnan.
23. Plate 5.22. ‘Qingpi’ fingered citron plants in bonsai cultivation in Jinhua, Zhejiang.
24. Plate 5.23. ‘Yun’ fingered citrons sold at a produce stand at the airport in Kunming, Yunnan.
25. Plate 5.24. ‘Zhaocai’ fingered citron, Jinhua, Zhejiang.
26. Plate 5.25. ‘Half and Half’ fingered citron at a market in Jinghong, Yunnan.
27. Plate 5.26. ‘Muli’ citron in Baidiao, east of Muli, Sichuan.
28. Plate 5.27. Characteristic form of ‘Muli’ citron, Muli, Sichuan.
29. Plate 5.28. Wild citron, type 1 (with thin rind, segments and juice vesicles), from a wild forest in a valley in the mountains 2 km west of Hexinchang village, Mangshi township, Luxi City, Yunnan. Elevation: 1190 m.
30. Plate 5.29. Wild citron, type 1, growing wild in Mangshi township, Yunnan. Top: view of the valley where wild citron grows as an understory plant. Bottom: trees of wild citron, type 1.
31. Plate 5.30. Wild citron, type 2 (with thick albedo, no segments or juice vesicles).
32. Plate 5.31. ‘Goucheng’ citron hybrid, Binchuan, Yunnan.
33. Plate 5.32. ‘Yunmao Oval’ citron hybrid near Mengwan village, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan.
Chapter 07
1. Fig. 7.1. The process of budbreak in ‘Royal Gala’ and MM.111 apple trees.In the case of ‘Royal Gala’, days of treatment were days after 1 September and for MM.111, the days of treatment were days of forcing at 20 °C.
2. Fig. 7.2. Rates of budbreak of ‘Delicious’ apple trees as a function of temperature.
3. Fig. 7.3. The impact of postharvest day/night temperatures on the budbreak of potted ‘Braeburn’ apple trees in the subsequent spring.
4. Fig. 7.4. Leaf appearance in days after budbreak of ‘Semillon’ grapevines, with and without a fruit crop load, as a function of node position along the shoot and separated into three zones. Zone 1 represents the initial cluster of leaves that appear very rapidly from preformed primordia. Zone 2 are the leaves also from preformed primordia but which appear in a linear sequence. Zone 3 leaves all originate from neoformed primordia formed by activity of the shoot apical meristem.
5. Fig. 7.5. Rates of shoot extension for a number of grapevine cultivars shown as a function of temperature. The potted vines were grown in controlled conditions for 13 weeks from budbreak.
6. Fig. 7.6. Expansion of selected leaves of ‘Semillon’ grapevine across the growing season with a fit of the Boltzmann sigmoid function to each.
7. Fig. 7.7. Rates of dry weight accumulation of berries of three grapevine cultivars as shown as a function of temperature for vines grown in controlled environments.
8. Fig. 7.8. Net photosynthesis of leaves along the shoot on a vineyard‐grown ‘Semillon’ vine at different times of the growing season (DAB = days after bloom) as indicated (D.H. Greer unpublished data).
9. Fig. 7.9. Seasonal changes in (a) rates of the net carbon acquisition (NCA), (b) the rate of carbon accumulated into biomass (CAB), and (c) net daily carbon balance (NCB) for ‘Semillon’ vines growing in outdoor conditions.
10. Fig. 7.10. The photosynthetic light response for ‘Red Gala’ trees at a range of leaf temperatures as shown and grown in Australian conditions. The response at 20 °C was similar to that at 30 °C, and so has been excluded for clarity. The lines are a fit to the hyperbolic tangent function (see Greer and Halligan 2001).
11. Fig. 7.11. Seasonal changes in leaf photosynthesis of ‘Braeburn’ apple trees grown in New Zealand orchard conditions. Note the marked decrease in photosynthesis after harvest had occurred. Leaf temperatures were between 26 and 28.5 °C throughout these measurements.
12. Fig. 7.12. The effect of an 8‐day heat stress event on photosynthesis of ‘Red Gala’ trees before, during, and after the high‐temperature period, as indicated.
Chapter 08
1. Fig. 8.1. Simplified scheme showing the pathways utilized in the synthesis of the main groups of organic acids found in fruits. OAA = Oxaloacetate; PEP = Phosphoenolpyruvate.
2. Fig. 8.2. Simplified scheme showing the shikimate pathway and the synthesis of quinic and shikimic acids. PEP = Phosphoenolpyruvate; DAHP = 3‐Deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonic acid 7‐phosphate; DHS = Dehydroshikimic acid; DHQ = Dehydroquinic acid.
3. Fig. 8.3. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis of phenolic acids. PEP = Phosphoenolpyruvate; DAHP = 3‐Deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonic acid 7‐phosphate; DHS = Dehydroshikimic acid; DHQ = Dehydroquinic acid.
4. Fig. 8.4. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis of 5‐caffeoyl quinic acid. CoA = Coenzyme A.
5. Fig. 8.5. Simplified scheme showing the interrelations between ascorbic, oxalic, tartaric, and galacturonic acids. GDP = Guanosine diphosphate.
6. Fig. 8.6. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis and catabolism of ascorbic acid. GDP = Guanosine diphosphate; DHAR = Dehydroascorbate reductase; MDHAR = Mondehydroascorbate reductase.
7. Fig. 8.7. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis of tartaric acid.
8. Fig. 8.8. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis and breakdown of oxalic acid. CoA = Coenzyme A: ICL = Isocitrate lyase.
9. Fig. 8.9. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis of galacturonic acid. UDP = Uridine diphosphate.
10. Fig. 8.10. Simplified scheme showing the synthesis of Krebs cycle acids. MDH = Malate dehydrogenase; OAA = Oxaloacetate, PEP = Phosphoenolpyruvate; CoA = Coenzyme A; PEPC = phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase.

Dedication: Jules Janick

Dr Jules Janick, James Troop Distinguished Professor of Horticulture in the Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture at Purdue University, is undoubtedly one the most well known and well regarded horticultural scientists in the world today. As the founder of Horticultural Reviews, and the related Plant Breeding Reviews, he is highly deserving of having this volume dedicated to him. His contributions to horticultural science have been extensive, embracing many aspects of the discipline. He has been truly international in his endeavors.

Jules was born in New York City in 1931, and graduated with a B.S. in Agriculture from Cornell University in 1951. This was followed by an M.S. (1952) and a Ph.D. (1954) – both at Purdue University in genetics and breeding. He was 23 years old at the completion of the Ph.D. – an early indication of his commitment and productivity!

Within his career in horticultural research, Jules and his students (13 masters and 17 doctoral) have made important advances in the genetics of sex determination, including the synthesis of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in spinach, fire blight resistance, cleistogamy, cucurbitacins, artemisisin production, anthocyanin pigmentation, plant density, in vitro metabolite production from somatic embryos, and the production of synthetic seed. In crop improvements he has been associated with the release of 21 scab‐resistant apple cultivars, three pear cultivars with tolerance to fire blight, delayed‐bolting arugula, crack‐resistant tomato (for Brazil), and the first release of a cultivar (pelargonium) from somaclonal variation.

In a particular niche area of study, Professor Janick has made contributions to the historical aspects of horticulture, with emphasis on ancient Egypt and the New World, and has explored the relation of art and horticultural technology with special studies on the iconography of Rubus, Daucus, the Cucurbitaceae, the Solanaceae, and opening up a new approach to the study of plant diversity, origins, cultivar evolution, and diversity. He has contributed iconographic studies on Dioscorides, the Drake Manuscript, the Unicorn Tapestries, Caravaggio, Cotan, and the Raphael frescoes in the Villa Farnesina in Rome. He has written on the inter‐relationship of horticulture and scholarship, art, ethics, and the contributions of horticulture to human welfare. At present, he is immersed with Dr Arthur Tucker in the unraveling of the bizarre Voynich Codex, demonstrated to be a 16th century Mesoamerican herbal.

Professor Janick has taught many courses, including genetics, horticultural plant breeding, seed production, plant propagation, tropical horticulture, and the history of horticulture. The last two courses are now offered continuously online with over 500 students per year.

Jules has been a prolific author and editor in horticultural science. He was the editor of HortScience from 1970 to 1983 (14 volumes) and transformed it into one of the major journals in horticulture. He was editor of the Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) from 1976 to 1983 (8 volumes). He is the founder and editor of both Horticultural Reviews (44 volumes since 1979) and Plant Breeding Reviews (40 volumes since 1983), one of his major achievements. From 2002 to 2010 he was the science editor of Chronica Horticulturae (International Society for Horticultural Science, ISHS), and transformed this publication into a significant magazine of world horticulture. He has edited and produced seven proceedings of New Crops symposia since 1990 that have had a deep impact on new crop information. The development of a new crop website (www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop) has become a major world resource for information on crops.

Professor Janick is the author of the book Horticultural Science (4 editions), an influential text that has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, and Hindi. Another text – Crop Science; An Introduction to World Crops – has gone through three editions. He has organized a number of monographs on fruit breeding, including Advances in Fruit Breeding (translated into Chinese, Russian, and Spanish), Methods in Fruit Breeding, and a three‐volume update of Advances entitled Fruit Breeding. Jules has edited eight volumes of Acta Horticulturae. Altogether, he has authored, co‐authored or edited over 140 volumes of books, journal volumes, proceedings, and monographs. Dr Janick also co‐edited the CABI Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts (2008). He has authored 61 book chapters and 427 papers, of which half are in refereed journals.

Jules had the vision to initiate Horticultural Reviews in 1979. At that time, reviews on horticultural topics were limited in both length and scope, and did not do justice to the volume of horticultural research that had been conducted particularly in the latter half of the 20th century. This new publication fulfilled that niche and has grown to be a valued source of information for scholars, scientists, and horticulturists worldwide. A total of 349 review articles, comprising 18 936 pages in aggregate, have been included in the 44 volumes published to date (noting that in some years more than one volume was published). Each volume is dedicated to a horticulturist. Throughout that period Jules remained the sole editor, soliciting manuscripts, cajoling authors to deliver by the due date, and editing the copy received. He was tireless in each of these pursuits. In 1983 he founded Plant Breeding Reviews (40 volumes), with about half the articles devoted to horticultural crops.

The impact that Jules Janick has had on horticulture has not been confined to the USA. He served two years at the Rural University of Minas Gerais in Brazil in 1963–1965 as part of a USAID Purdue contract, where he lectured in Portuguese. The list of countries that he has visited while participating in meetings, consulting, conducting research, advising, and teaching is extensive, and includes Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Belgium, Canada, Canary Islands, Columbia, Costa Rica, Crete, Ecuador, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, People’s Republic of China, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, Tanzania, and Turkey.

Among his numerous recognitions are several awards of ASHS, the Wilder award of the American Pomological Society, corresponding member of the Italian Academy of Agriculture, and four honorary degrees [University of Bologna (1990), the Technical University of Lisbon (1994), the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2007), and University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicien, Cluj‐Napoka, Romania]. He served as President of the American Society for Horticultural Science in 1986–87, and was inducted to the ASHS Hall of Fame in 2009. In 2011 he received the Lifetime award of the National Association of Plant Breeders. He also served on the Board of the ISHS for two terms (2002–2010). He is a Fellow of the ASHS (1976), of the Portuguese Horticultural Association (1981), the ISHS (2006), and is an ISHS Honorary Member (2010).

In the nomination of Professor Janick for the ASHS Hall of Fame Award in 2008, Dr Fred Bliss (Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Davis) stated the following:

“Seldom, if ever, has anyone made the breadth and depth of contributions to the field of horticulture as Jules has done. Whether a person is a professional horticulturist or hobbyist, in academia or business, breeder or physiologist, author or reader, you likely would have heard about and benefited from Jules’ multiple interests. In addition to his numerous contributions to teaching and extended education in the academic setting, he is a teacher in the broadest sense by virtue of his tireless efforts to expound and promote horticulture by research, scientific publications, and wonderful oral/visual presentations.”

In the same nomination, Dr Martin J. Bukovac (Professor Emeritus at Michigan State University) stated:

“He is an individual with a missionary commitment to advance horticulture locally, nationally and internationally through his extensive lecturing, writing, advising and organiser of conferences. He has rekindled an interest in the art and history of horticulture – and is probably the world’s authority in both. …….Jules is a human catalyst in bringing people together from various disciplines, nationally and internationally, in organising projects, publications, and conferences and seeing them to fruition. One look at his CV confirms that Jules is an outstanding educator, scientist and horticulturist….”.

Jules, the Renaissance man, is the poet laureate of the Horticulture Department and a talented artist. Throughout his career, Jules has been ably supported by Shirley, his wife of 64 years. They have a son, Peter, a daughter Robin, and four grandsons, Noah, Lee, Nathan, and Aaron. He regards his family as his greatest achievement. His credo has been that advances in horticulture throughout the centuries represent some of the greatest human accomplishments for the betterment of humanity and he is strongly committed to the view that horticulture provides food for body and soul.

IAN WARRINGTON
Emeritus Professor
Massey University
Palmerston North
New Zealand

In 2016, Jules passed the editorship of Horticultural Reviews to Dr Ian Warrington, and of Plant Breeding Reviews to Dr Irwin Goldman, who have undertaken to keep retain the high standards that have been set for these two important publications.

Editorial Board, Volume 45

HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS
Volume 45

Contributors

Dedication: Jules Janick