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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Peate, Ian, editor. | Wild, Karen, 1959- editor.

Title: Nursing practice : knowledge and care / [edited] by Ian Peate, Karen Wild.

Other titles: Nursing practice (Peate)

Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2017027179 (print) | LCCN 2017029403 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119237488 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119237495 (epub) | ISBN 9781119237471 (pbk.)

Subjects: | MESH: Nursing Care–methods | Nursing Process

Classification: LCC RT41 (ebook) | LCC RT41 (print) | NLM WY 100.1 | DDC 610.73–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017027179

Cover image: © sturti/Gettyimages

Cover design by Wiley

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Editors

Contributors

How to Use Your Textbook

About the Companion Website

Unit 1: Contextualising the Art and Science of Nursing

1: Nursing: Past, Present and Future
1. Introduction
2. A Glance at the History of Nursing
3. The Beginnings of the NHS and Nursing
4. Early Nursing Research
5. Modernising Nursing Careers
6. Current Nurse Education
7. The Francis Report
8. The Quality Assurance Framework for Nursing and Midwifery
9. The NHS and Healthcare Reform
10. Conclusion
11. Glossary
12. References
2: The Professional Nurse and Contemporary Healthcare
1. Introduction
2. Teaching and Learning in Practice
3. Theoretical Frameworks for Teaching and Learning
4. The Adult Learner
5. Revalidation and Continuing Professional Development
6. Leadership Styles and Theories
7. Evidence-based Practice
8. Change Management
9. Clinical Governance
10. Interprofessional Working
11. Working in Collaboration with Patients
12. Conclusion
13. Glossary
14. References
3: Health Promotion
1. Introduction
2. Health Promotion
3. Interpersonal Skills for Nursing and Health Promotion
4. Motivational Interviewing and Brief Interventions
5. Models of Health Promotion
6. Frameworks for Supporting Health
7. The Contemporary Focus of Health Promotion
8. Travel Health
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
4: Public Health
1. Introduction
2. Setting the Scene for Public Health in the UK
3. Public Health England
4. Health Inequalities
5. Epidemiology and Public Health
6. Health Protection
7. Primary Care Nursing
8. District Nursing
9. Community Matrons
10. Health Visitor and School Health Advisor
11. Conclusion
12. Glossary
13. References

Unit 2: The Elements of Care

5: Ethics, the Law and the Nurse
1. Introduction
2. Approaches to Ethics
3. Ethical Principles
4. Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing
5. Legal Perspectives
6. Accountability
7. Conclusion
8. Glossary
9. References
6: The Nursing Process
1. Introduction
2. Defining Nursing
3. Organisational Models of Care
4. The Nursing Process
5. A Systematic Approach
6. Patient Goals
7. Nursing Goals: A Lost Art?
8. Writing the Care Plan
9. How Does ‘Intentional Rounding’ Fit In?
10. Compassion
11. Conclusion
12. Glossary
13. References
7: Models of Nursing
1. Introduction
2. Nursing Theory
3. History and Principles
4. A Framework for Children's Nursing
5. The Tidal Model in Mental Health Nursing
6. The Art and Science of Nursing
7. Patient-centred Care and Safety
8. Conclusion
9. Glossary
10. References

Unit 3: The Principles of Care

8: The Principles of Safeguarding and Dignity
1. Introduction
2. What Is Safeguarding?
3. Principles of Safeguarding
4. What Is Abuse or Harm?
5. Safeguarding Is Everybody's Business
6. Policy Framework for Safeguarding Adults
7. Responding to Disclosures
8. Key Stages of the Adult Safeguarding Process
9. Preventing the Abuse of Adults at Risk
10. What Is Dignity?
11. What Is Respect?
12. Thinking About and Understanding Dignity
13. Types of Dignity
14. Essence of Care 2010
15. Influencing Dignity in Care Practice
16. Conclusion
17. Glossary
18. References
9: The Principles of Older People's Care
1. Introduction
2. Attitudes and Stereotyping
3. Effective Communication
4. Patient-centred Care
5. The Older Person's Nutritional Needs
6. Pressure Ulcer Prevention
7. Falls Prevention
8. After a Fall
9. Discharge Planning
10. Glossary
11. References
10: The Principles of Caring for People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism
1. Introduction
2. Definitions of Learning Disabilities
3. Autistic Spectrum Conditions Defined
4. Prevalence and Causes of Learning Disabilities
5. Classification of Learning Disability
6. Inequalities in Health Care
7. Attitudes Towards People with Learning Disabilities
8. Supporting Access to Services
9. Communication
10. Legal Aspects
11. Safeguarding
12. Conclusion
13. Glossary
14. References
11: Principles of Caring for Children and Families
1. Introduction
2. The Key Stages in Relation to the Development of Infants, Children and Young People
3. A Range of Communication Strategies
4. Some Common Physical and Mental Health Problems
5. Basic/Fundamental Care Needs
6. The Importance of Acting to Protect Infants, Children and Young People
7. Identifying Signs of Deterioration in General Health
8. Best Practice Relating to End of Life Care
9. Glossary
10. References
12: The Principles of Caring for People with Mental Health Problems
1. Introduction
2. Policy Context
3. What Is Mental Disorder?
4. Settings for Mental Health Care
5. Recovery
6. Holism
7. Caring for Carers
8. Comprehensive Assessment in Mental Health
9. The Physical Health of People with Mental Health Problems
10. Risk Assessment and Management
11. Legal Context
12. Therapeutic Nursing Care
13. Conclusion
14. Glossary
15. References
13: The Principles of Maternity Care
1. Introduction
2. The Role of the Midwife in Maternity Care
3. Overview of the Physiology of Pregnancy
4. Overview of Antenatal Care
5. Overview of Intranatal Care
6. Midwifery Care in Normal Labour
7. Unexpected and Rapid Deliveries
8. Initial Care of the Mother and Baby after Birth
9. Overview of Postnatal Care: Mother
10. Health and Advice in the Postnatal Period
11. Care of the Neonate after Birth
12. Infant Feeding
13. Conclusion
14. Glossary
15. References
14: The Principles of Surgical Care
1. Introduction
2. The Classification of Surgery and Risk
3. The Phases of Surgery
4. Complications of Surgery
5. Further Care of the Surgical Patient
6. Discharge
7. Day-case Surgery
8. Conclusion
9. Glossary
10. References
15: The Principles of Cancer Care
1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology
3. Signs and Symptoms
4. Investigations and Diagnosis
5. Treatment of Cancer
6. Other Problems Resulting from All Cancer Therapies
7. Survivorship
8. End of Life Care
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
16: The Principles of Infection Control
1. Introduction
2. Development of Infection Control Practices
3. Preventing the Spread of Infection
4. Common Healthcare-associated Infections
5. Antimicrobial Resistance
6. Care and Treatment for People with Infectious Diseases
7. Diagnostic Tests and Treatment
8. Technology and Infection Control
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
17: The Principles of Nutrition
1. Introduction
2. The Nutrients
3. A Healthy Diet
4. Physiology of the Alimentary System
5. Undernourishment and Malnutrition
6. Nutritional Support
7. Obesity
8. Diabetes and Nutrition
9. Nutrition and Mental Illness
10. Hydration
11. Nutrition and Wound Healing
12. Nutrition for the Person Who Is Dying
13. Hospital Nutrition Services
14. Conclusion
15. Glossary
16. References
18: The Principles of Skin Integrity
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
3. Function of the Skin
4. Wound Healing (Figure 18.6)
5. Psycho-Socioeconomic Aspects of Wound Care
6. The Quality Agenda and Wound Management
7. Wound Care and Management
8. Nursing Management
9. Multiple Pathology and Wound Care
10. Conclusion
11. Glossary
12. References
19: The Principles of Medicine Administration and Pharmacology
1. Introduction
2. Pharmacology
3. Person Group Directions
4. Changing Demography of the UK
5. Generic and Brand Names
6. Legislation and Policies Governing Drug Administration
7. Cold Chain
8. Preparation of Drugs
9. Medical Abbreviations
10. Compliance, Concordance and Adherence
11. Some Common Drugs Used in Practice and Their Action
12. Drug Calculations
13. Conclusion
14. Glossary
15. References
20: Care at the End of Life
1. Introduction
2. Where Do Our Ideas about Death and Dying Come From?
3. The Death of Personhood
4. Care at the End of Life
5. Advance Care Planning
6. Care in the Last few Days of Life
7. Communication
8. Breaking Bad News
9. Culture and Ethnicity
10. Grief, Loss and Bereavement
11. Who Cares for the Carers?
12. Conclusion
13. Glossary
14. References
21: The Principles of Supporting Families and Carers in Practice
1. Introduction
2. Carers
3. Families
4. Opportunities for Family and Carer Involvement
5. Adaptability and Coping
6. The Impact of Caregiving
7. Interventions to Support Families and Carers
8. Conclusion
9. Glossary
10. References

Unit 4: The Scientific Nature of Disease

22: The Cell
1. Introduction
2. The Chemical Level
3. The Genetic Level
4. The Cellular Level
5. The Tissue Level
6. Conclusion
7. Glossary
8. References
23: Immunity, Inflammation and Infection
1. Introduction
2. Inflammation
3. An Introduction to the Classification of Microbes/Microorganisms
4. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
5. The Cells of Immunity
6. Chemical Proteins Involved in Immunity
7. Immunity in Action
8. Disorders of the Immune System
9. Immunodeficiency
10. Conclusion
11. Glossary
12. References
24: Pain Management
1. Introduction
2. The Physiology of Pain
3. The Classification of Pain
4. Pain Theory
5. Pain Assessment
6. Pain Management
7. Nursing Management of Acute Pain
8. Nursing Management of Chronic Pain
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
25: Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, and Shock
1. Introduction
2. Fluid Balance
3. Electrolyte Imbalance
4. Shock
5. Conclusion
6. Glossary
7. References

Unit 5: The Art and Science of Nursing Care

26: The Person with a Cardiovascular Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Blood Vessels
4. Assessing the Cardiovascular System
5. Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
6. Conclusion
7. Glossary
8. References
27: The Person with a Haematological Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Composition of Blood
3. Red Blood Cells
4. Conditions Associated with the Red Cells
5. White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissue Disorders
6. The Lymphatic System
7. Conditions Associated with the White Blood Cells
8. Platelet and Haemostasis Disorders
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
28: The Person with a Respiratory Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Respiratory Disease
4. Respiratory Failure
5. Respiratory Tract Infection
6. Obstructive Lung Disorders
7. Restrictive Lung Disorders
8. Lung Cancer
9. Pleural Disorders
10. Interstitial Lung Disease (Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease)
11. Conclusion
12. Glossary
13. References
29: The Person with a Gastrointestinal Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Peptic Ulcer
4. Carcinoma of the Stomach
5. Hepatitis
6. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
7. Stomas
8. Gallbladder Disorders
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
30: The Person with a Urinary Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Urinary Tract Infection
4. Renal Calculi
5. Bladder Cancer
6. Renal Tumour
7. Renal Failure
8. Acute Kidney Injury
9. Chronic Kidney Disease
10. Conclusion
11. Glossary
12. References
31: The Woman with a Reproductive Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Assessing the System
4. Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding
5. The Menopause
6. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
7. Gynaecological Oncology
8. Female Genital Mutilation
9. Breast Disease
10. Breast Surgery
11. Conclusion
12. Glossary
13. References
32: The Man with a Reproductive Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Assessing the System
4. Testicular Disorders
5. Prostate Disease
6. Erectile Dysfunction
7. Circumcision
8. Conclusion
9. Glossary
10. References
33: The Person with a Sexually Transmitted Infection
1. Introduction
2. Assessing the System
3. Features of STIs
4. Preventing STIs
5. Partner notification
6. Genital Warts
7. Gonorrhoea
8. Syphilis
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
34: The Person with an Endocrine Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System
3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Individual Endocrine Glands
4. Assessing the Endocrine System
5. Hypopituitarism (Pituitary Insufficiency)
6. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
7. Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands
8. Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
9. Diabetes Mellitus
10. Conclusion
11. Glossary
12. References
35: The Person with a Neurological Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Nursing Assessment of the Neurological System
4. The Unconscious Patient
5. The Patient with Raised Intracranial Pressure
6. Traumatic Brain Injury (Head Injury)
7. Stroke
8. Neurological Oncology
9. Infections of the CNS
10. Epilepsy
11. Headaches
12. Multiple Sclerosis
13. Parkinson's Disease
14. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders
15. Peripheral Neuropathy
16. Conclusion
17. Glossary
18. References
36: The Person with an Ear or Eye Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear
3. Assessing the Person with an Ear Problem
4. Common Conditions of the Ear
5. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye
6. Assessing Vision
7. Common Conditions of the Eye
8. Cataract Surgery
9. Conclusion
10. Glossary
11. References
37: The Person with a Musculoskeletal Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Musculoskeletal Conditions
4. Assessing the Musculoskeletal System
5. Arthritis
6. Fractured Neck of Femur
7. Caring for People with Plaster Casts
8. Conclusion
9. Glossary
10. References
38: The Person with a Skin Disorder
1. Introduction
2. Anatomy and Physiology
3. Assessment
4. Skin Infections: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal
5. Infestations
6. Acne
7. Rosacea
8. Psoriasis
9. Eczema
10. Skin Tumours
11. Vascular Disorders (Including Naevi)
12. Disorders of the Hair and Nails
13. Connective Tissue Disorders
14. Conclusion
15. Glossary
16. References

Appendix A Reference Values in Venous Serum (Adults)

Appendix B List of Units

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4

Chapter 2

Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5

Chapter 3

Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 3.4

Chapter 4

Table 4.1
Table 4.2

Chapter 8

Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3

Chapter 11

Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3

Chapter 13

Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Table 13.4

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Chapter 18

Table 18.1
Table 18.2
Table 18.3
Table 18.4
Table 18.5
Table 18.6
Table 18.7

Chapter 19

Table 19.1
Table 19.2
Table 19.3
Table 19.4
Table 19.5
Table 19.6

Chapter 21

Table 21.1
Table 21.2
Table 21.3

Chapter 22

Table 22.1

Chapter 24

Table 24.1
Table 24.2
Table 24.3
Table 24.4
Table 24.5
Table 24.6

Chapter 25

Table 25.1
Table 25.2
Table 25.3
Table 25.4

Chapter 26

Table 26.1
Table 26.2

Chapter 27

Table 27.1
Table 27.2
Table 27.3
Table 27.4
Table 27.5
Table 27.6
Table 27.7
Table 27.8
Table 27.9
Table 27.10
Table 27.11

Chapter 28

Table 28.1
Table 28.2
Table 28.3
Table 28.4
Table 28.5
Table 28.6
Table 28.7
Table 28.8
Table 28.9

Chapter 30

Table 30.1
Table 30.2
Table 30.3

Chapter 31

Table 31.1
Table 31.2
Table 31.3
Table 31.4
Table 31.5

Chapter 32

Table 32.1
Table 32.2
Table 32.3
Table 32.4
Table 32.5

Chapter 33

Table 33.1
Table 33.2
Table 33.3
Table 33.4
Table 33.5
Table 33.6

Chapter 34

Table 34.1
Table 34.2
Table 34.3
Table 34.4

Chapter 35

Table 35.1
Table 35.2
Table 35.3
Table 35.4
Table 35.5
Table 35.6
Table 35.7
Table 35.8
Table 35.9
Table 35.10
Table 35.11
Table 35.12
Table 35.13
Table 35.14
Table 35.15
Table 35.16
Table 35.17
Table 35.18
Table 35.19
Table 35.20
Table 35.21

Chapter 36

Table 36.1
Table 36.2
Table 36.3
Table 36.4

Chapter 37

Table 37.1
Table 37.2
Table 37.3
Table 37.4
Table 37.5
Table 37.6
Table 37.7

Chapter 38

Table 38.1
Table 38.2
Table 38.3
Table 38.4
Table 38.5
Table 38.6
Table 38.7
Table 38.8
Table 38.9
Table 38.10
Table 38.11
Table 38.12
Table 38.13

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Early engraving depicting the support of a woman in labour.
Figure 1.2 Florence Nightingale.
Figure 1.3 Lighting the lamps in 1913.
Figure 1.4 Mary Seacole.
Figure 1.5 Some significant dates in the history of the NHS.
Figure 1.6 An overview of the health and care system from April 2013.
Figure 1.7 Leading Change, Adding Value.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Methods of assessment in clinical practice.
Figure 2.2 Kolb's experiential learning cycle.
Figure 2.3 Experiential readiness to learn.
Figure 2.4 Gibbs reflective cycle.
Figure 2.5 The five domains of the Clinical Leadership Competency Framework (CLCF).
Figure 2.6 Sources of evidence.
Figure 2.7 The six-stage framework for service improvement.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Historical journey of health promotion.
Figure 3.2 Determinants that influence health.
Figure 3.3 Health may be viewed in relation to balance of the ‘humours’ as in Yin and Yang.
Figure 3.4 Tannahill's model of health promotion. Source: cited in Downie et al. 1996.
Figure 3.5 Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical (stages of change) approach.
Figure 3.6 The Health Belief Model.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Some important public health interventions of the 19th century.
Figure 4.2 Examples of agencies and services to support contemporary public health activities.
Figure 4.3 Three levels of nursing and midwifery practice: improving and protecting the public's health.
Figure 4.4 Public Health England: improving the public's health and well-being.
Figure 4.5 Determinants of health.
Figure 4.6 Questions that guide epidemiology.
Figure 4.7 Basic principles of community nursing.
Figure 4.8 The many roles of the District Nurse.
Figure 4.9 Examples of clinical skills undertaken by district nurses.
Figure 4.10 The various roles of the Health Visitor.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Ethical principles.
Figure 5.2 UK legislation related to confidentiality.
Figure 5.3 Hierarchy of the court system in the UK.
Figure 5.4 The legal system is divided into civil and criminal law.
Figure 5.5 Stages in raising and escalating concerns.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Patient allocation.
Figure 6.2 Task allocation.
Figure 6.3 Team nursing.
Figure 6.4 Primary nursing.
Figure 6.5 Primary nursing and the Nursing Process.
Figure 6.6 The four phases of the Nursing Process.
Figure 6.7 The four phases plus the nursing diagnosis.
Figure 6.8 The pivotal role of the nurse when communicating with the interprofessional team.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The 12 activities of living.
Figure 7.2 A report comparing the quality and cost-effectiveness of healthcare systems in seven major countries. Note that 1 is top rank, 7 is lowest.