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About the Author

Robert Bartz is a technical trainer, computer networking consultant, technical author, and speaker. He is a graduate of California State University Long Beach, College of Engineering, with a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Technology. Prior to entering the field of computer networking, Robert was employed as an aerospace test engineer working with military fighter aircraft radar systems and communication satellite spacecraft. After leaving the aerospace industry, he attained numerous technical certifications over the years, starting with Novell NetWare and moving on to Microsoft networking, CompTIA, Cisco Systems, and the CWNP program. Robert currently holds the Certified Wireless Network Expert (CWNE) and Certified Wireless Network Trainer (CWNT) credentials. He has more than 27 years of experience with computer networking technology and has been involved with the CWNP program since its inception.

Robert attended the first-ever CWNA class in 2001 and has taught vendor-neutral IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN technology to thousands of people from various industries and markets across the United States and around the world. Robert is the founder of Eight-O-Two Technology Solutions, LLC, a computer networking technical training and consulting services company that provides technical education and consulting services to various businesses and organizations. He spends his spare time learning and working with new technology, having fun outside, and enjoying the beauty of his surroundings at his home in Colorado. He can be contacted by email at robert@eightotwo.com.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my wife and two adult children for their support and patience during the writing of this book.

I would also like to thank everyone at Sybex who helped with the creation of this book, including executive editor Jim Minatel, production editor Dassi Zeidel, and copy editor John Sleeva. I owe all these individuals a lot of thanks for their patience while working with me on this book and keeping things on track. Kelly Talbot is the development editor for this book. It was great to work with Kelly once again. Many thanks go to Kelly for his time and work to help make this book an educational and enjoyable read. His editorial skills and attention to detail, in addition to assisting with the flow, organization, and suggestions, were a huge help to me. Also, thanks to Ben Wilson, the proofread technical editor.

The technical editor for this book is Bryan Harkins. It is always a pleasure to work with Bryan. I want to thank Bryan once again for his timely reviews, comments, and great suggestions that helped make this book a valuable reference source. His many years of experience as a technical trainer, engineer, security specialist, and author were a great contribution in creating a book I am sure you will enjoy reading.

I would like to thank the thousands of students who have taken the time to attend the computer networking classes I was given the opportunity to teach over the last couple of decades. Educating, mentoring, and entertaining so many of these individuals gave me the inspiration and motivation to author this book and share my knowledge with people who want to learn more about this wonderful technology.

CWNP has realized the need for vendor-neutral wireless LAN training and certification and has done a great job of building a brand over the years that is known worldwide. The CWNP program continues to grow at a strong pace, adding many new certified individuals every day. I offer a special thank-you to the CWNP team for providing a much-needed product in the industry.

Finally, a thank-you to all the manufacturers, vendors, organizations, and individuals that I have worked with in the industry, providing me the technology and tools needed to help write this book.

Contents

About the Authors

Acknowledgments

Introduction

About CWNP^®
CWNP Learning Resources
How to Become a CWTS
How to Become a CWS
How to Become a CWT
Who Should Get This Book?
How to Use This Book and the Companion Website
CWTS, CWS, and CWT Exam Objectives
CWTS Exam Objectives
CWS Exam Objectives
CWT Exam Objectives

Assessment Test

Answers to Assessment Test

Chapter 1 Computer Networking Fundamentals

Network Types
Network Topologies
The OSI Model
Device Addressing
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 2 Wireless Local Area Networking, Standards, and Certifications

The Wireless Computer Network
Building-to-Building Connectivity Using Wireless LAN Technology
Radio Frequency Regulatory Domain Governing Bodies and Local Regulatory Authorities
The IEEE
Interoperability Certifications
Common Wireless Local Area Network Deployment Scenarios
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 3 Infrastructure and Client Devices Used with Wireless Networking

The Wireless Access Point
Wireless Mesh
Wireless Bridges
Wireless Repeaters/Range Extenders
Wireless LAN Controllers and Cloud-Managed Architectures
Power over Ethernet
Radio Hardware Used with Wireless LAN Technology
USB 1.0, USB 1.1, USB 2.0, and USB 3.0
Peripheral Component Interconnect
Mini-PCI, Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe
Wireless Workgroup Bridges
Client Device Drivers
Client Utility Software
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 4 Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless Networking

Understanding Radio Frequency
Wireless LAN Coverage and Capacity
Radio Frequency Range and Speed
Wi-Fi and Non–Wi-Fi Interference
Basic Units of Radio Frequency Measurement
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 5 Antenna Technology for Wireless Networking

Basic Radio Frequency Antenna Concepts
Wireless LAN Antenna Types
Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors
Factors in Antenna Installation
Minimizing the Effects of Multipath Using Antenna Diversity
Combating Effects of Wind and Lightning in Wireless LAN Installations
Installation Safety
Antenna Mounting
Maintaining Clear Communications
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 6 Communication for Wireless Networking

Wireless LAN Operation Methods
Connecting to an IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network
The Distribution System
Data Rates
Throughput
Dynamic Rate Switching
Wireless LAN Transitioning/Roaming
IEEE 802.11 Power Save Operations
IEEE 802.11 Protection Mechanisms
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 7 Modulation Technology for Wireless Networking

Network Access Methods
Spread-Spectrum Technology
IEEE 802.11g Extended Rate Physical
IEEE 802.11n High Throughput
IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac OFDM
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 8 Security Fundamentals for Wireless Networking

Introducing IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Security
Wireless LAN Threats and Intrusion
IEEE 802.11 Standard Security
Early Wireless LAN Security Methods
MAC Address Filtering
IEEE 802.11 Authentication and Data Encryption
IEEE 802.11 SOHO and Enterprise Security Technologies
Wi-Fi Protected Access and WPA2 Personal Security
WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Security
IEEE 802.1X/EAP
IEEE 802.11 Encryption Methods
Role-Based Access Control
Virtual Private Networking
The Wireless Intrusion Prevention System
The Captive Portal
Wireless Network Management and Monitoring Systems
Industry Regulatory Compliance
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 9 Design for Wireless Networking

Wireless Site Surveys
Gathering Business Requirements
Interviewing Stakeholders
Gathering Site-Specific Documentation
Identifying Infrastructure Connectivity and Power Requirements
Understanding Application Requirements
Understanding Radio Frequency Coverage and Capacity Requirements
Client Connectivity Requirements
Antenna Use Considerations
The Physical Radio Frequency Site Survey Process
Radio Frequency Spectrum Analysis
Received Signal Strength
Performing a Manual Radio Frequency Wireless Site Survey
Performing a Predictive Modeling Site Survey
Performing a Post-Deployment Site Survey
Protocol Analysis
RF Coverage Planning
Infrastructure Hardware Selection and Placement
Testing Different Antennas
Wireless Channel Architectures
Wireless Device Installation Limitations
Site Survey Report
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 10 Mobile Device Management and BYOD Fundamentals

Mobile Device Management Solutions
Common Mobile Device Operating System Platforms
The Mobile Application Store
Pushing Content to Mobile Devices
Mobile Device Management Administrative Permissions
Understanding Mobile Device Management High Availability and Redundancy
Mobile Device Management Device Groups
Location-Based Services
Mobile Device Telecommunications Expense Management
Captive and Self-Service Portals
General Technology Network and Security Policy
Information Technology and Security Policy Implementation and Adherence
Backup, Restore, and Recovery Policies
Operating System Modifications and Customization
Technology Profiles
Understanding Group Profiles
Policy and Profile Pilot Testing
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Chapter 11 Troubleshooting for Wireless Networking

Identifying Wireless LAN Problems
Wireless LAN Connectivity—Coverage and Capacity Problems
Application Performance Problems
Optimizing Wireless Networks
Summary
Exam Essentials
Review Questions

Appendix Answers to Review Questions

Chapter 1: Computer Networking Fundamentals
Chapter 2: Wireless Local Area Networking, Standards, and Certifications
Chapter 3: Infrastructure and Client Devices Used with Wireless Networking
Chapter 4: Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless Networking
Chapter 5: Antenna Technology for Wireless Networking
Chapter 6: Communication for Wireless Networking
Chapter 7: Modulation Technology for Wireless Networking
Chapter 8: Security Fundamentals for Wireless Networking
Chapter 9: Design for Wireless Networking
Chapter 10: Mobile Device Management and BYOD Fundamentals
Chapter 11: Troubleshooting for Wireless Networking

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List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

FIGURE 1.1 Example of a local area network (LAN)
FIGURE 1.2 Example of a wide area network (WAN) connecting two LANs
FIGURE 1.3 Example of a metropolitan area network (MAN) connecting a small town
FIGURE 1.4 Example of a campus area network (CAN) connecting a school campus
FIGURE 1.5 Example of a wireless Bluetooth network connecting several personal wireless devices
FIGURE 1.6 Example of the bus topology
FIGURE 1.7 Example of the ring topology
FIGURE 1.8 Example of a common star topology using either wired or wireless devices
FIGURE 1.9 Mesh networks can include either wired or wireless devices.
FIGURE 1.10 Wired peer-to-peer and wireless ad hoc networks
FIGURE 1.11 Point-to-point connections using either wired or wireless connections
FIGURE 1.12 Point-to-multipoint connections using either wired or wireless connections
FIGURE 1.13 Representation of the OSI Model
FIGURE 1.14 Physical layer sublayers, PLCP and PMD
FIGURE 1.15 Data Link layer sublayers, LLC and MAC
FIGURE 1.16 Data Link layer (Layer 2) to Network layer (Layer 3) address translation
FIGURE 1.17 Comparison between TCP and UDP protocols
FIGURE 1.18 Peer communication between three of the seven layers
FIGURE 1.19 Information is added at each layer of the OSI model as data moves between devices.
FIGURE 1.20 The MAC address is analogous to the address of buildings on a street.
FIGURE 1.21 Example of a Layer 2 MAC address showing the OUI and unique physical address
FIGURE 1.22 The ipconfig command-line utility displaying a physical/MAC address in Microsoft Windows
FIGURE 1.23 A network with Layer 3 network device logical addressing
FIGURE 1.24 Example of a Class C logical IP address
FIGURE 1.25 The Microsoft Windows ipconfig command-line utility showing logical address information
FIGURE 1.26 Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT). The IP addresses shown are examples.

Chapter 2

FIGURE 2.1 A wireless point-to-point connection using directional antennas
FIGURE 2.2 A typical point-to-multipoint connection using omnidirectional and directional antennas
FIGURE 2.3 ITU-R administrative region map
FIGURE 2.4 WLAN controller showing the IEEE 802.11a data rates
FIGURE 2.5 WLAN controller showing the IEEE 802.11g data rates
FIGURE 2.6 WLAN controller showing the IEEE 802.11n MCS and data rates for the 5 GHz band
FIGURE 2.7 Wi-Fi Certified logo for devices that are Wi-Fi certified
FIGURE 2.8 Example of a SOHO WLAN configuration
FIGURE 2.9 Floor plan of a typical office area that may use IEEE 802.11 WLAN technology
FIGURE 2.10 Wireless hotspot allows users to connect to the Internet from remote locations.
FIGURE 2.11 Office with conference area and cubicle offices
FIGURE 2.12 Classrooms for WLAN deployment
FIGURE 2.13 Warehouse facility with high ceilings and storage shelving inside
FIGURE 2.14 Medical offices often use WLAN technology
FIGURE 2.15 Wireless last-mile data delivery

Chapter 3

FIGURE 3.1 Access point connected to an Ethernet network
FIGURE 3.2 Half-duplex communication one direction at a time
FIGURE 3.3 NETGEAR Model R7000 AC1900-Nighthawk Smart Wi-Fi dual-band IEEE 802.11ac Gigabit router
FIGURE 3.4 D-Link DAP-2590 AirPremier N dual-band PoE SOHO-grade access point, front and end views
FIGURE 3.5 D-Link DAP-2590 AirPremier N dual-band PoE SOHO-grade access point configuration screen
FIGURE 3.6 The Aruba Networks 220 series IEEE 802.11ac dual-band access point
FIGURE 3.7 Extreme Networks AP-7131 enterprise-grade access point configuration page in a web browser
FIGURE 3.8 Cisco Aironet 3500e CleanAir IEEE 802.11n access point
FIGURE 3.9 ADTRAN/Bluesocket 2030 IEEE 802.11ac (3x3:3) indoor access point
FIGURE 3.10 Aerohive BR200 wireless branch router
FIGURE 3.11 Mesh access points/routers connected to a common infrastructure and to the Internet
FIGURE 3.12 Wireless bridges connecting two LANs
FIGURE 3.13 A wireless repeater extends the range of a wireless network.
FIGURE 3.14 Wireless client device roaming across Layer 2 and Layer 3 boundaries
FIGURE 3.15 Standard Ethernet pin assignment
FIGURE 3.16 PSE single-port injector and PD access port
FIGURE 3.17 USB 2.0 port on notebook computer panel
FIGURE 3.18 NETGEAR WG311T IEEE 802.11g wireless PCI adapter
FIGURE 3.19 IEEE 802.11 Mini-PCI adapter
FIGURE 3.20 Full Mini-PCIe adapter
FIGURE 3.21 Typical application for an enterprise WWB
FIGURE 3.22 EnGenius Technologies ECB3500 802.11g High Power 600mW wireless access point/bridge/repeater/router
FIGURE 3.23 Microsoft Windows 10 Professional Device Manager utility
FIGURE 3.24 Linksys Dual-Band Wireless-N USB client utility
FIGURE 3.25 Proxim Client Utility for 8494-US 802.11a/b/g/n USB adapter
FIGURE 3.26 Microsoft Windows 10 Professional client utility

Chapter 4

FIGURE 4.1 Radio frequency is used in many different devices to provide wireless communications.
FIGURE 4.2 A basic sine wave, one complete cycle varying voltage at a point in time
FIGURE 4.3 RF transmitter and receiver. In a WLAN, the transmitter and receiver could be an access point and client device, respectively.
FIGURE 4.4 The wavelength is the distance of one complete cycle, measured in centimeters or inches.
FIGURE 4.5 Frequency is the number of complete cycles in one second.
FIGURE 4.6 Two signals at the same frequency with different amplitudes
FIGURE 4.7 Phase is the difference in degrees between two signals.
FIGURE 4.8 Wide coverage with only a single access point is not recommended.
FIGURE 4.9 Users of these access points will experience overlapping channel interference in a multichannel architecture because they are all set to the same channel.
FIGURE 4.10 Co-location of access points with proper channel reuse. Overlapping areas use different channels in a multichannel architecture to prevent interference.
FIGURE 4.11 The oval area represents the Fresnel zone RF coverage area between a transmitter and receiver, two wireless bridges in a point-to-point connection.
FIGURE 4.12 Channel overlap in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
FIGURE 4.13 Five channels of separation and 25 MHz of separation between nonoverlapping channels
FIGURE 4.14 Radio frequency reflection
FIGURE 4.15 Radio frequency refraction
FIGURE 4.16 Radio frequency diffraction
FIGURE 4.17 Radio frequency scattering
FIGURE 4.18 Radio frequency absorption
FIGURE 4.19 Output doubled in power from 100 mW to 200 mW from amplifier with a gain or change in power of +3 dB
FIGURE 4.20 Data sheet from an Aruba Networks IEEE 802.11ac AP 330 wave 2 wireless access point showing the mapping of minimum receiver sensitivity in dBm to data rates in Mbps
FIGURE 4.21 Restaurant analogy example of radio frequency noise
FIGURE 4.22 The MetaGeek Chanalyzer spectrum analyzer utility shows a noise floor for the tested site of about −98 dBm.
FIGURE 4.23 Graph showing the received signal strength vs. noise floor and the SNR using the MetaGeek Chanalyzer spectrum analyzer utility

Chapter 5

FIGURE 5.1 RF lobes’ shape and coverage area are affected by the type and design of an antenna.
FIGURE 5.2 Horizontal (azimuth) and vertical (elevation) beamwidths measured at the half power, or −3 dB point
FIGURE 5.3 A perfect isotropic radiator emits energy equally in all directions.
FIGURE 5.4 An access point supplying 25 mW of RF power to an antenna with a gain of 10 dBi for an output at the antenna of effectively 250 mW of RF power
FIGURE 5.5 Horizontally and vertically polarized antennas
FIGURE 5.6 The omnidirectional radiation pattern has a toroidal shape.
FIGURE 5.7 2.4–2.5 GHz and 5.1–5.8 GHz dual-band rubber duck antenna
FIGURE 5.8 Omnidirectional 2.4–2.5 GHz and 5.1–5.8 GHz dual-band rubber duck antenna physical specifications
FIGURE 5.9 Vertical (elevation) and horizontal (azimuth) charts for omnidirectional antenna
FIGURE 5.10 2.4 GHz 11 dBi dual polarization diversity/MIMO/802.11n flat panel antenna
FIGURE 5.11 Vertical (elevation) and horizontal (azimuth) charts for 2.4 GHz 11 dBi dual polarization diversity/MIMO/802.11n flat patch antenna
FIGURE 5.12 2.4 GHz and 4.9 to 5.8 GHz dual-feed dual-band 90° sector panel antenna
FIGURE 5.13 Vertical (elevation) and horizontal (azimuth) charts for 2.4 GHz and 4.9 to 5.8 GHz dual-feed dual-band 90° sector panel antenna
FIGURE 5.14 2.4 GHz 15 dBi Yagi antenna
FIGURE 5.15 Vertical (elevation) and horizontal (azimuth) charts for 2.4 GHz 14 dBi Yagi antenna
FIGURE 5.16 Front and back views of a 5.8 GHz 29 dBi ISM / U-NII band parabolic dish antenna
FIGURE 5.17 Vertical (elevation) and horizontal (azimuth) charts for a 5.8 GHz 29 dBi ISM/U-NII band solid parabolic dish antenna
FIGURE 5.18 L-com spool of low-loss 400-series coaxial bulk cable
FIGURE 5.19 Short pigtail adapter cable
FIGURE 5.20 Several common RF connectors used with WLANs
FIGURE 5.21 Effects of multipath
FIGURE 5.22 Phoenix Contact 2.4–5.9 GHz surge protection device
FIGURE 5.23 Stationary antenna mast mounting kit with U-bolts
FIGURE 5.24 L-com 2.3 GHz to 6 GHz 3 dBi omnidirectional ceiling mount antenna
FIGURE 5.25 Visualization of the Fresnel zone

Chapter 6

FIGURE 6.1 Example of an independent basic service set (IBSS)
FIGURE 6.2 IBSS, ad hoc, or peer-to-peer network using common configuration parameters
FIGURE 6.3 Entering the SSID and other parameters in the Microsoft Windows 7 wireless configuration client utility
FIGURE 6.4 Setting the RF channel for an IBSS, ad hoc wireless network in a wireless network adapter driver advanced settings page
FIGURE 6.5 Basic service set consisting of a single access point connected to a distribution system and associated devices
FIGURE 6.6 Graphical user interface for an Aruba Networks access point configuring the SSID
FIGURE 6.7 Two basic service sets connected by a common distribution system, making an extended service set
FIGURE 6.8 An example of passive scanning with a WLAN client listening for access points in the BSA
FIGURE 6.9 Packet capture of beacon frames
FIGURE 6.10 Wireless client device sending a probe request frame to access points in radio range
FIGURE 6.11 Packet capture of probe request and probe response frames
FIGURE 6.12 A wireless client authenticating to an access point using open system authentication
FIGURE 6.13 Packet capture of open system authentication
FIGURE 6.14 Shared-key authentication uses a four-way frame exchange.
FIGURE 6.15 Packet capture of a four-frame exchange 802.11 shared-key authentication
FIGURE 6.16 IEEE 802.11 authentication and association
FIGURE 6.17 Packet capture of the IEEE 802.11 association request and association response process
FIGURE 6.18 Packet capture of disassociation and deauthentication frames
FIGURE 6.19 Two access points connected to a common distribution system—in this case, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet
FIGURE 6.20 Two dual-band access points used to create a wireless mesh distribution system
FIGURE 6.21 Windows 10 wireless configuration utility showing a data rate of 867 Mbps for an IEEE 802.11ac WLAN adapter
FIGURE 6.22 Actual throughput of an IEEE 802.11a/g/n 300 Mbps WLAN adapter
FIGURE 6.23 A graphical representation of dynamic rate switching
FIGURE 6.24 The roaming process for a WLAN
FIGURE 6.25 Packet capture of the reassociation process
FIGURE 6.26 The driver settings for a wireless adapter in a laptop computer and power save mode setting

Chapter 7

FIGURE 7.1 Computers connected to Ethernet cable using CSMA/CD
FIGURE 7.2 Wireless LAN devices using CSMA/CA and DCF
FIGURE 7.3 Half-duplex operation has some effect on overall data throughput.
FIGURE 7.4 Narrowband frequency—high power, narrow frequency
FIGURE 7.5 Spread-spectrum technology—low power, wide frequency
FIGURE 7.6 DSSS is limited to a 22 MHz–wide channel in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Each channel for DSSS is 5 MHz on center.
FIGURE 7.7 The 2.4 GHz ISM band allows 14 channels.
FIGURE 7.8 3 nonoverlapping channels possible in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
FIGURE 7.9 Selecting an operation mode on a dual-band IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n SOHO access point
FIGURE 7.10 OFDM transmit spectral mask for 20 MHz transmission
FIGURE 7.11 MIMO hardware uses separate radio chains for each band and one antenna for each radio.
FIGURE 7.12 More lanes, more cars—wider channels, more data
FIGURE 7.13 OFDM transmit spectral mask for 40 MHz transmission
FIGURE 7.14 Co-location of various IEEE 802.11 devices/technologies
FIGURE 7.15 Two access points on overlapping channels as seen in MetaGeek’s Chanalyzer. The “Data” access point is on channel 1, and the “Guest” access point is on channel 3 in the 2.4 GHz ISM band.

Chapter 8

FIGURE 8.1 WLANs are subject to many potential security threats.
FIGURE 8.2 A WLAN controller allowing you to disable SSID broadcast
FIGURE 8.3 The Windows command-line utility ipconfig.exe will display MAC addresses.
FIGURE 8.4 A MAC address filter table on a SOHO access point
FIGURE 8.5 SOHO wireless access point with PIN-based security
FIGURE 8.6 D-Link wireless router with push-button security
FIGURE 8.7 D-Link wireless access point preshared key passphrase settings
FIGURE 8.8 WLAN client authenticating to a RADIUS server using IEEE 802.1X/EAP
FIGURE 8.9 Aerohive HiveManager Online cloud-based IEEE 802.1X/EAP configuration screen
FIGURE 8.10 Remote user authenticating to a remote access server
FIGURE 8.11 Wireless access point configured as a RADIUS client device
FIGURE 8.12 WLAN controller security configuration screen
FIGURE 8.13 Wireless access point security configuration selection
FIGURE 8.14 OSI model representation of a Layer 3 VPN security solution
FIGURE 8.15 Representation of a VPN tunnel
FIGURE 8.16 Microsoft Windows 7 Professional built-in VPN client utility configuration
FIGURE 8.17 WLAN client using a wireless hotspot to connect to a corporate office using VPN technology
FIGURE 8.18 A WIPS dashboard
FIGURE 8.19 WIPS policy configuration
FIGURE 8.20 The WIPS overlay installation uses separate devices.
FIGURE 8.21 WIPS integrated solution sensor radio built into a wireless access point
FIGURE 8.22 Aruba Networks Airwave wireless network management software platform
FIGURE 8.23 Aerohive HiveManager NMS cloud-based WNMS
FIGURE 8.24 The MetaGeek Chanalyzer spectrum analyzer shows an RF DoS attack using a narrow-band jamming device.

Chapter 9

FIGURE 9.1 Various personal devices that may be connected to a wireless network
FIGURE 9.2 A small office wireless network installation using omnidirectional antennas
FIGURE 9.3 Sample checklist showing some information collected for a wireless site survey
FIGURE 9.4 A legacy IEEE 802.11a/b/g dual-band access point mounted on a ceiling 35 feet high with diversity antennas spaced incorrectly for diversity technology
FIGURE 9.5 Importing a floor plan map using the Ekahau Site Survey program
FIGURE 9.6 Floor plan with an existing wireless network deployment
FIGURE 9.7 Small office/warehouse floor plan showing RF coverage using different antenna types
FIGURE 9.8 MetaGeek Chanalyzer shows an RF capture of the 2.4 GHz ISM band.
FIGURE 9.9 MetaGeek DBx spectrum analyzer for IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac networks operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency ranges
FIGURE 9.10 AirMagnet Spectrum XT USB Spectrum Analyzer screen capture
FIGURE 9.11 MetaGeek Chanalyzer shows a microwave oven operating at maximum power. These typically create a mountain-like shape, as shown in the waterfall view.
FIGURE 9.12 A wireless client utility showing signal, noise, and data rate
FIGURE 9.13 Ekahau HeatMapper, a Wi-Fi coverage mapping site survey software utility, is a free download from Ekahau.
FIGURE 9.14 Approximate access point locations
FIGURE 9.15 The AirMagnet Wi-Fi Analyzer can be used to view existing IEEE 802.11 wireless networks.
FIGURE 9.16 Access point temporarily mounted using an expandable light pole
FIGURE 9.17 Ekahau Site Survey (ESS) showing a passive survey
FIGURE 9.18 AirMagnet Survey showing an active site survey
FIGURE 9.19 OmniPeek by Savvius identifies nearby wireless networks.
FIGURE 9.20 Expandable light pole used for temporary mounting and testing of Yagi and patch antennas
FIGURE 9.21 An example of an MCA deployment
FIGURE 9.22 An example of an SCA deployment
FIGURE 9.23 Ekahau site survey built-in reporting features

Chapter 10

FIGURE 10.1 Geo-fencing example
FIGURE 10.2 Geo-location can identify the physical location of a device.
FIGURE 10.3 Windows Intune mobile device management dashboard
FIGURE 10.4 Windows Intune password policy configuration screen
FIGURE 10.5 Windows Intune management console used to create a license agreement

Chapter 11

FIGURE 11.1 Many components, whether wired or wireless, can be the source of or contribute to WLAN problems.
FIGURE 11.2 A wireless access point (transmitter) and wireless client device (receiver) with computer data traversing the air using RF
FIGURE 11.3 The lower two layers of the OSI model are responsible for the operation of wireless networks. The Physical layer provides a connection between devices.
FIGURE 11.4 Disabled WLAN adapter and Microsoft Windows 10 WLAN AutoConfig service not running
FIGURE 11.5 Microsoft Windows 10 WLAN AutoConfig service not running and resolution using the built-in troubleshooting diagnosis feature
FIGURE 11.6 Devices and components that make up a WLAN showing potential wireless client-side issues
FIGURE 11.7 Layers 3 and 4 of the OSI model are responsible for the addressing and routing of information as well as the session connection between devices.
FIGURE 11.8 DHCP and IP address information from the ISP to the wireless client device
FIGURE 11.9 Microsoft Windows APIPA address displayed using the ipconfig command
FIGURE 11.10 Limited or no connectivity as the result of an IP address not being obtained from a DHCP server in the Microsoft Windows operating system
FIGURE 11.11 Windows 7 on a notebook computer with no IP address
FIGURE 11.12 The Microsoft Windows 7 and Windows 10 wireless adapters show errors when an incorrect WPA2 passphrase is entered.
FIGURE 11.13 Wireless client device receiving a fraction of the amount of power output by the access point
FIGURE 11.14 Representation of received signal strength (signal quality) and data rate using the Microsoft Windows wireless client utility
FIGURE 11.15 Microsoft Windows wireless client utility displays signal strength difference between nearby wireless access points.
FIGURE 11.16 Two FTP sessions showing the difference in throughput based on distance from an access point
FIGURE 11.17 Increasing the output power of an access point will provide higher received signal strength for the client, resulting in better overall throughput.
FIGURE 11.18 Device driver information in Microsoft Windows for a USB wireless network adapter
FIGURE 11.19 Aruba Networks wireless access point firmware update screen
FIGURE 11.20 NETSCOUT AirMagnet Spectrum XT showing devices that may cause RF interference
FIGURE 11.21 Load balancing ensures optimal performance for connected wireless client devices.
FIGURE 11.22 Hidden node caused by an obstruction
FIGURE 11.23 Hidden node as a result of distance and weak signal strength between wireless client devices
FIGURE 11.24 Hidden node based on technology types such as HR/DSSS and ERP-OFDM

CWTS^®, CWS,
and CWT
Complete Study Guide

Exams PW0-071, CWS-100, CWT-100

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Acknowledgments