reading

This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History
Hughes, H. D., Maurice E. Heath and Darrel S. Metcalfe, 1^st edition, The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Copyright by The Iowa State College Press, 1951
Hughes, H. D., Maurice E. Heath and Darrel S. Metcalfe, 2^nd edition, The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Copyright by The Iowa State University Press, 1962
Heath, Maurice E., Darrel S. Metcalfe and Robert F Barnes 3^rd edition, The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Copyright The Iowa State University Press, 1973
Heath, Maurice E., Robert F Barnes and Darrel S. Metcalfe. 4^th edition, The Science of Grassland Agriculture. Copyright The Iowa State University Press, 1985
Barnes, Robert F, Darrell A Miller and C. Jerry Nelson, 5^th edition, An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture. Copyright Iowa State University Press, 1995
Barnes, Robert F, C. Jerry Nelson, Michael Collins and Kenneth J. Moore, 6^th edtion, Forages, An Introduction to Grassland Agriculture. Copyright Iowa State Press, 2003

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Michael Collins, Curtis Jerome Nelson, Kenneth J. Moore and Robert F Barnes to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

Editorial Office
111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Collins, Michael, 1951– editor. | Nelson, C. J. (Curtis J.), 1940– editor. | Moore, Kenneth J., editor. | Barnes, Robert F., 1933– editor.
Title: Forages / edited by Michael Collins, C. Jerry Nelson, Kenneth J. Moore, Robert F Barnes.
Description: Seventh edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2018– | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print
version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017015856 (print) | LCCN 2017017201 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119300656 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119300663 (epub) |
ISBN 9781119300649 (v.1 : cloth)
Subjects: LCSH: Forage plants. | Forage plants–United States.
Classification: LCC SB193 (ebook) | LCC SB193 .F64 2017 (print) | DDC 633.2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015856

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Courtesy of Michael Collins

Contents

Preface

List of Contributors

In Memoriam

The Metric System

The Last of the Virgin Sod

Flesh is Grass

PART I CHARACTERISTICS OF FORAGE SPECIES

Chapter 1 Forages and Grasslands in a Changing World
1. Grassland Terminology
2. Grassland Agriculture
3. Scientific Names of Forage Plants
4. The Early Role of Grasslands
5. The Evolution of Grassland Management
6. Native Grasslands of North America
7. Native Americans and Forages
8. Forages in American Colonial Times
9. Forage, Range, and Grasslands Today
10. Forages in the National Economy
11. Sustainable Pastures and Hayfields
12. Adjusting to Climate Change
13. Grasslands and Energy Issues
14. The Need for Knowledge-Based Management
15. Summary
16. Questions
17. References
Chapter 2 Structure and Morphology of Grasses
1. Seedling Development
2. Role of Meristems in Tiller Growth
3. Developmental Stages
4. Summary
5. Questions
6. References
Chapter 3 Structure and Morphology of Legumes and Other Forbs
1. The Legumes
2. Other Forbs
3. Forb Ecology and Livestock Value
4. Location and Role of Meristems
5. Summary
6. Questions
7. References
Chapter 4 Physiology of Forage Plants
1. Forages and the Productivity of Agricultural Land
2. The Photosynthetic Process
3. Leaf Anatomy and Forage Quality
4. Translocation of Carbohydrates
5. Aerobic Respiration
6. Nitrogen Assimilation
7. Organic Food Reserves
8. Managing the Canopy
9. Summary
10. Questions
11. References
Chapter 5 Environmental Aspects of Forage Management
1. Effects of Climate
2. Climate Continues to Change
3. Weather Within a Climate
4. Microclimate
5. Solar Radiation
6. Temperature
7. Management of Weakened Stands
8. Water Relations
9. Summary
10. Questions
11. References
Chapter 6 Grasses for Northern Areas
1. Cool-Season Grasses
2. Warm-Season Perennial Grasses
3. Annual Grasses for Forage
4. Crop Residues
5. Non-Forage Uses
6. Summary
7. Questions
8. References
Chapter 7 Grasses for Southern Areas
1. Warm-Season Perennial Grasses
2. Warm-Season Annual Grasses
3. Cool-Season Perennial Grasses
4. Cool-Season Annual Grasses
5. Management Principles for the South
6. Management Systems
7. Winter-Feeding Options
8. Summary
9. Questions
10. References
Chapter 8 Legumes for Northern Areas
1. Description, Adaptation, and Distribution
2. Soil Fertility Requirements
3. Legume–Grass Mixtures
4. Nitrogen Fixation
5. Insect and Disease Problems
6. Establishment
7. Harvest Management for Hay or Silage
8. Plant Population and Persistence
9. Forage Yield and Quality
10. Management of Legumes for Pasture
11. Summary
12. Questions
13. References
Chapter 9 Legumes for Southern Areas
1. Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Gulf Coast Region
2. Warm-Season Forage Legumes for the Intermediate South
3. Cool-Season Forage Legumes
4. Multipurpose Forage Legumes
5. Forbs for Winter Forage in the South
6. Summary
7. Questions
8. References
Chapter 10 Forage Crops for Bioenergy and Industrial Products
1. Conversion Technologies
2. Energy Crops
3. Energy cane (Saccharum species)
4. Giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus)
5. Management of Energy Crops
6. Environmental Benefits of Energy Crops
7. Other Industrial Uses of Forage Crops
8. Summary
9. Questions
10. References
Compendium of Common Forages
1. References
2. Websites

PART II FORAGE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 11 Forage Establishment
1. Species and Cultivar Selection
2. Lime and Fertility Requirements
3. Time of Planting
4. Seedbed Preparation
5. Seeding Implements
6. Drill Seeder
7. Seeding Rates
8. Seeding Depth
9. Species Mixtures
10. Seed Inoculation
11. Other Seed Treatments
12. Weed Control during Establishment
13. Pasture Renovation
14. Natural Reseeding
15. Sprigging
16. Autotoxicity
17. Seeding-Year Harvest Management
18. Summary
19. Questions
20. References
Chapter 12 Forage Fertilization and Nutrient Management
1. What Is Soil Fertility?
2. Soil Quality
3. Plant and Animal Nutrient Requirements
4. Soil Carbon
5. Soil pH and H⁺
6. Nutrient Implications for Forage Production Systems
7. Summary
8. Questions
9. References
10. Useful Websites
Chapter 13 Integrated Pest Management in Forages
1. Definitions
2. Principles and Practices
3. Steps in an IPM Program
4. Examples of Implementation of IPM Steps
5. Summary
6. Questions
7. References

PART III FORAGE UTILIZATION

Chapter 14 Forage Quality
1. Forage Quality and Animal Productivity
2. Forage Composition and Voluntary Intake
3. Forage Composition
4. Forage Analysis
5. Relative Forage Quality and Relative Feed Value
6. Interpreting Forage Analysis Reports
7. Accurate Sampling for Forage Analysis
8. Sampling Silage for Quality Analysis
9. Factors That Affect Forage Quality
10. Summary
11. Questions
12. References
Chapter 15 Forage Utilization
1. Digestive Anatomy of Herbivores
2. Factors That Affect Animal Performance
3. Nitrogen Nutrition
4. Grazing Utilization of Forages
5. Nutrition of Grazing Equids
6. Forage Utilization by Dairy Cattle
7. Summary
8. Questions
9. References
Chapter 16 Forage-Related Animal Disorders
1. Introduction
2. Poisonous Plant Disorders
3. Seasonal and Conditional Disorders
4. Species-Related Disorders
5. Tannins and Other Phenolic Compounds
6. Disorders Associated Primarily with Stored Forages
7. Using Science to Reduce Forage Anti-Quality Factors
8. Summary
9. Questions
10. References
Chapter 17 Preservation of Forage as Hay and Silage
1. Forage Harvest and Storage Systems
2. Hay
3. Silage
4. Silage Storage
5. Corn Silage
6. Summary
7. Questions
8. References
Chapter 18 Grazing Management Systems
1. Grazing Systems
2. Grazing Management
3. Stocking Methods
4. Considerations When Developing Grazing Systems
5. Fencing Considerations
6. Nutrient Management Considerations
7. Livestock Water Considerations
8. Designing Forage and Livestock Systems
9. Summary
10. Questions
11. References
Chapter 19 Managing Grassland Ecosystems
1. Climate and the Distribution of Grasslands
2. Energy Flow in Grassland Ecosystems
3. Nutrient Cycling in Grassland Ecosystems
4. Soil Carbon and Climate Change
5. Herbivory in Grassland Ecosystems
6. Fire in Grassland Ecosystems
7. Managing Grasslands for Sustainability
8. Judicious Use of Fertilizers
9. Grazing Management for Sustainability
10. New Plantings or Renovation for Diversity
11. Integration of Approaches to Manage Grassland Sustainability
12. The Demand for Organic Products
13. Summary
14. Questions
15. References

Appendix: Common and Botanical Names of Forages

References
Websites

Glossary

References

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3

Chapter 2

Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3

Chapter 3

Table 3.1
Table 3.2

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Chapter 6

Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
Table 6.5
Table 6.6
Table 6.7
Table 6.8

Chapter 7

Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Table 7.3
Table 7.4
Table 7.5

Chapter 8

Table 8.1
Table 8.2
Table 8.3
Table 8.4
Table 8.5

Chapter 9

Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Chapter 11

Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4

Chapter 12

Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 12.6
Table 12.7

Chapter 13

Table 13.1
Table 13.2

Chapter 14

Table 14.1
Table 14.2
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
Table 14.5

Chapter 15

Table 15.1
Table 15.2
Table 15.3

Chapter 16

Table 16.1
Table 16.2
Table 16.3
Table 16.4
Table 16.5
Table 16.6
Table 16.7

Chapter 17

Table 17.1
Table 17.2
Table 17.3
Table 17.4
Table 17.5
Table 17.6
Table 17.7

Chapter 18

Table 18.1
Table 18.2
Table 18.3
Table 18.4
Table 18.5

FORAGES

AN INTRODUCTION TO GRASSLAND AGRICULTURE