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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
Title: Nanocarbons for electroanalysis / edited by Sabine Szunerits, Rabah Boukherroub, Alison Downard, Jun-Jie Zhu.
Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Series: Nanocarbon chemistry and interfaces | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017016745 (print) | LCCN 2017037312 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119243946 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119243953 (epub) | ISBN 9781119243908 (cloth)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Tsukuba
Ibaraki
Japan
and
Chiba Institute of Technology
Japan
Dai Kato
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Tsukuba
Ibaraki
Japan
Libo Li
School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Jiangsu University
China
Lingling Li
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Nanjing University
China
Musen Li
Key Laboratory for Liquid–solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
Shandong University
Jinan
China
Dong Liu
School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Jiangsu University
China
Christoph Nebel
Fraunhofer Institute
Freiburg
Germany
Osamu Niwa
Advanced Science and Research Laboratory
Saitama Institute of Technology
Japan
and
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Tsukuba
Ibaraki
Japan
Sanaz Pilehvar
AXES Research Group
Department of Chemistry
University of Antwerp
Belgium
Edward Randviir
Manchester Metropolitan University
Manchester
UK
Shunsuke Shiba
Advanced Science and Research Laboratory
Saitama Institute of Technology
Japan
and
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Tsukuba
Ibaraki
Japan
and
Chiba Institute of Technology
Japan
Sabine Szunerits
Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN)
University of Lille
Villeneuve d'Ascq
France
Alina Vasilescu
International Center of Biodynamics
Bucharest
Romania
B. Jill Venton
Department of Chemistry
University of Virginia
Charlottesville
Virginia
USA
Qian Wang
Key Laboratory for Liquid–solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials
Shandong University
Jinan
China
Cheng Yang
Department of Chemistry
University of Virginia
USA
Tianyan You
School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
Jiangsu University
China
Jun-Jie Zhu
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Nanjing University
China
Series Preface
Carbon, the 6th element in the periodic table, is extraordinary. It forms a variety of materials because of its ability to covalently bond with different orbital hybridizations. For millennia, there were only two known substances of pure carbon atoms: graphite and diamond. In the mid-1980s, a soccer-ball shaped buckminsterfullerene, namely a new carbon allotrope C60, was discovered. Together with later found fullerene-structures (C70, C84), the nanocarbon researcher was spawned. In the early 1990s, carbon nanotubes were discovered. They are direct descendants of fullerenes and capped structures composed of 5- and 6-membered rings. This was the next major advance in nanocarbon research. Due to their groundbreaking work on these fullerene materials, Curl, Kroto and Smalley were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In the beginning of the 2000s, graphene was prepared using Scotch tape. It is a single sheet of carbon atoms packed into a hexagonal lattice with a bond distance of 0.142 nm. For their seminal work with this new nanocarbon material, Geim and Novoselov were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. As new members, carbon nanoparticles, such as diamond nanoparticles, carbon dots, and graphene (quantum) dots, have emerged in the family of nanocarbon materials. Although all these materials only consist of the same carbon atoms, their physical, chemical, and engineering features are different, which are fully dependent on their structures.
The purpose of this series is to bring together up-to-date accounts of recent developments and new findings in the field of nanocarbon chemistry and interfaces, one of the most important aspects of nanocarbon research. The carbon materials covered in this series include diamond, diamond nanoparticles, graphene, graphene-oxide, graphene (quantum) dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, fullerenes, carbon dots, carbon composites, and their hybrids. The formation, structure, properties, and applications of these carbon materials are summarized. Their relevant applications in the fields of electroanalysis, biosensing, catalysis, electrosynthesis, energy storage and conversion, environment sensing and protection, biology and medicine are highlighted in different books.
I certainly want to express my sincere thanks to Miss Sarah Higginbotham from Wiley's Oxford office. Without her efficient help or her valuable suggestions during this book project, the publication of this book series would not be possible.
Last, but not least, I want to thank my family, especially my wife, Dr. Xiaoxia Wang and my children Zimo and Chuqian, for their constant and strong support as well as for their patience in letting me finalize such a book series.
February 2017
Nianjun Yang
Siegen, Germany
Preface
Recent developments in materials science and nanotechnology have propelled the development of a plethora of materials with unique chemical and physical properties. Carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, carbon nanofibers, fullerenes and, more recently graphene, reduced graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots have gained a great deal of interest for different applications including electroanalytical applications. Diamond nanostructures as well as silicon carbide and carbon nitride nanostructures have to be added to the spectrum of carbon-based nanomaterials widely used nowadays for electrochemical sensing.
It is the objective of this book to present the most widely employed carbon-based electrode materials and the numerous electroanalytical applications associated with them. It seems that several elements underlie research in electroanalysis today. Advances made in nanotechnology and nanosciences have made the fabrication of novel carbon-based materials and their deposition onto electrical interfaces in the form of thin and 3D films possible. The different nanostructures of electrodes have led to a wealth of electrical interfaces with improvements in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, long-term stability and reproducibility together with the possibility for mass construction in good quantities at low cost. Besides the exceptional physico-chemical features of these materials, the presence of abundant functional groups on their surface and good biocompatibility make them highly suitable for electroanalysis. This has motivated a number of researchers over the last decade to explore different chemical and physical routes to obtain nanomaterials with superior electrochemical properties.
The first part of the book deals with the value of carbon nanomaterials in the form of fibres, particles and thin films for electroanalysis. Chapter 1 (by Osama Niwa) explores the properties of nanocarbon films for electroanalysis. Chapter 2 (by Tianyan You, Dong Liu and Libo Li) reviews electroanalytical application of carbon nanofibers and related composites. The state of the art of the fabrication of carbon nanofibers will be provided followed by an overview their applications for the construction of non-enzymatic and enzyme-based biosensors as well as immunosensors. The value of carbon nanomaterials for neuroanalytical chemistry is presented in Chapter 3 (by Chen Yang and Jill Venton). The high electrocatalytic activity of neurotransmitters such as dopamine on carbon surfaces allows for the development of highly sensitive direct neurotransmitter detection. The challenges towards implementing the electrodes routinely in vivo will be discussed furthermore. This first part will be concluded by Chapter 4 (by Junijie Zhu, Lingling Li and Ying Chen) on the use of carbon and graphene dots for electrochemical analysis.
The second part of the book considers the value of graphene for electroanalytical applications. Chapter 5 (by Edward Randviir and Craig Banks) gives an excellent insight into the use of graphene for electoanalysis. This chapter discusses the origins of graphene, the types of graphene available and their potential electroanalytical properties of the many types of graphene available to the researcher today. Chapter 6 (by Sabine Szunerits and Rabah Boukherroub) demonstrates that loading of graphene nanosheets with gold nanoparticles generates a new class of functional materials with improved properties and thus provides new opportunities of such hybrid materials for catalytic biosensing.
The use of the most recent applications of fullerene-C60 based electrochemical biosensors is presented in Chapter 7 (by Sanaz Pilehavar and Karolien De Wael) Taking into account the biocompatibility of fullerene-C60, different kind of biomolecules such as microoganisms, organelle, and cells can be easily integrated in biosensor fabrication making the interfaces of wide interest.
The third part of the book describes the value of diamond and other carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nitride (C3N4) and silicon carbide (SiC). Chapter 8 (by Christophe Nebel) is focused on the different aspects of diamond nanostructures for electrochemical sensing. Chapter 9 (by Mandana Amiri) is focused on the interest of carbon nitrides and silicon carbide nanoparticles for the fabrication of new electroanalytical sensing platforms.
It is hoped that this collection of papers provides an overview of a rapidly advancing field and are resources for those whose research and interests enter into this field either from sensing or material scientific perspectives. While many topics are presented here, there are many that were not able to be included but are also of current interest or are emerging. All of the contributors are thanked for their brilliant and valuable contributions.
