This edition first published 2017
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bogucka, Hanna, author. | Kliks, Adrian, author. | Kryszkiewicz,
Paweł, author.
Title: Advanced multicarrier technologies for future radio communication : 5G
and beyond / by Hanna Bogucka, Adrian Kliks, Paweł Kryszkiewicz.
Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017016847 (print) | LCCN 2017030272 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119168911 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119168928 (epub) | ISBN 9781119168898
(hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems–Technological innovations. |
Multiplexing. | Carrier waves. | BISAC: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING /
Electrical.
Classification: LCC TK5103.2 (ebook) | LCC TK5103.2 .B64 2017 (print) | DDC
621.3845/6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017016847
Cover image: (Main image) © saicle/Gettyimages; (Inset) © nopporn/Shutterstock
Cover design by Wiley
To our families.
Increasing demand by mobile radio customers (persons and devices) for higher data rates, multimedia services, and more bandwidth, as well as anticipated traffic related to the Internet of Things, creates unprecedented challenges for future mobile communication systems. There seems to be the general consensus on the future Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication directions and expected key performance indicators to meet these challenges, that is, to aim at achieving significantly higher system capacity, connectivity, energy and spectral efficiencies, while lowering the end-to-end latency for some mission-critical applications. Concerning the network capacity and spectrum usage enhancement, they result from network densification and spectrum aggregation [1]. Spectrum aggregation refers to making use of possibly discontinuous frequency bands and, thus, larger amounts of electromagnetic spectrum. It is known to be possible through a technique called Carrier Aggregation (CA), which has been proposed for the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard in order to achieve the throughput of 1 Gbps in the downlink for the Fourth Generation (4G) systems in a 20 MHz channel [2]. Although CA applied in LTE-A is a step toward spectrum aggregation, its flexibility in aggregating any kind of spectrum fragments is limited, and the proposed protocols do not allow for dynamic spectrum access and aggregation.
New multicarrier transmission techniques using noncontiguous subcarriers are known to be capable of flexible spectrum aggregation [3, 4] and allow for flexibility of various kinds, specially at adaptive physical and medium access control layers. By applying cognitive spectrum sharing using these techniques in both licensed and unlicensed frequency bands of the future heterogeneous networks, more spectrum can be effectively used, and interference among cells and nodes can be avoided. Dynamic aggregation of potentially noncontiguous fragments of bands in a wide frequency range poses a number of challenges for the baseband processing, antenna and Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver design, particularly in the dynamically changing radio environment. In our book, we present these promising technologies and answer how to meet the mentioned 5G challenges with noncontiguous multicarrier technologies and novel algorithms enhancing spectral efficiency, interference robustness, and reception performance. It is apparent that the deployment of future flexible radios and spectrally agile waveforms has received and is still receiving the necessary scientific recognition.
Multicarrier modulation and multiplexing are a form of Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), where data are transmitted across several narrowband streams using different carrier frequencies. The most known example is the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). In the recent years, however, increasing research effort has been focused on some other forms of multicarrier modulation and multiplexing, which enhance the properties of OFDM or employ nonorthogonal subcarriers, use discontinuous frequency bands, and apply subcarrier shaping. In our book, we focus on new multicarrier transmission techniques using noncontiguous subcarriers such as PNon-contiguous Orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing (NC-OFDM), its enhanced version, Generalized Multicarrier (GMC) multiplexing, or its special case, namely the Non-contiguous Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier (NC-FBMC) technique. These are techniques capable of flexible spectrum aggregation, flexible transmission and reception methods achieving high spectral efficiency or energy efficiency toward meeting the 5G radio system challenges. We believe that in the coming years, the work on novel multicarrier technologies will be at a height of culmination for application in future radio communication systems (5G and beyond).
In Chapter 1, we discuss the challenges and bottlenecks of the future and 5G radio communication technology based on the spectral agility of waveforms and on the flexibility and efficiency of spectrum usage. The need for practical solutions and implementation based on novel multicarrier technologies are emphasized.
Chapter 2 entitled Multicarrier technologies in radio communication systems presents the state of the art in multicarrier technologies for radio communication. We present the principles of multicarrier schemes, OFDM, as well as other known multicarrier techniques. In that chapter, we also address the key advantages and issues in designing multicarrier systems, such as nonlinear distortions, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques, transmission parameter adaptation, reception techniques, and synchronization.
In Chapter 3 on Noncontiguous OFDM for future radio communications, we introduce the principles of NC-OFDM as a well-suited technique for future 5G radio communications, able to aggregate discontinuous spectrum bands. Efficient NC-OFDM transmitter and receiver designs are discussed. Moreover, key techniques for enhanced NC-OFDM communications are addressed: reduction of the Out-of-Band (OOB) power to aggregate the fragmented spectrum and to limit and control interference generated to the adjacent frequency bands, spectrum aggregation dynamics, PAPR reduction, signal reception, and the particularly difficult problem of synchronization in the face of the reduced number of used subcarriers and possible interference from frequency-adjacent systems.
In Chapter 4 on Generalized multicarrier techniques for 5G radio, we introduce the idea of Generalized Multicarrier (GMC) modulation. It is shown that it encompasses all existing multicarrier techniques, as well as all theoretically imaginable multi- and single-carrier waveforms. Some interesting features of this flexible and generalized waveform description are discussed, showing its potential for the application in future 5G (and beyond) radio communications and flexible programmable transceivers. Moreover, key issues for GMC communications are addressed, such as higher PAPR and increased complexity of the GMC transceivers, including adaptive transmission and reception algorithms.
Chapter 5 entitled Filter-bank-based multicarrier technologies presents the principles of Filter-BankMulti-Carrier (FBMC) modulation, which has been recently heavily researched worldwide and is being proposed for some of the 5G radio interfaces. In this technique, the OOB power is filtered on the per-subcarrier basis. Efficient Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM)-based FBMC transmitter and receiver design with reduced computational complexity is discussed. The prototype-filter design and related receiver techniques are addressed. Other challenges of this technique are also covered, as well as other filter-bank-based techniques recently proposed: filtered OFDM, Cosine-Modulated Multitone signaling, Filtered Multi-Tone (FMT), Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), or Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM).
Chapter 6 on Multicarrier technologies for flexible spectrum usage discusses Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and sharing options for the future multicarrier technologies meeting the desired features of 5G communications. Some interesting DSA methods based on game theory, spectrum pricing, and the so-called coopetition are discussed. The issue of the required information signaling is confronted against the required spectral efficiency. Coexistence of the new cognitive radio technologies with the incumbent (licensed) systems is considered. In particular, spectrum aggregation using NC-OFDM and NC-FBMC in the real-world scenarios in the presence of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) system base stations and terminals is discussed and evaluated.
Finally, the book is summarized in Chapter 7, presenting Conclusions and Future Outlook. This chapter summarizes the key observations obtained from the totality of the presented work. The chapter also includes the discussion of the future outlook for presented technologies in terms of their greater industrial realization, hardware practicality, and other challenges.
Poznań
April 10, 2017
2D | Two-Dimensional |
1G | First Generation |
2G | Second Generation |
3G | Third Generation |
4G | Fourth Generation |
5G | Fifth Generation |
3GPP | 3rd Generation Partnership Project |
A/D | Analog-to-Digital |
ACE | Active Constellation Extension |
ACIR | Adjacent-Channel Interference Ratio |
ACLR | Adjacent-Channel Leakage Ratio |
ACS | Adjacent-Channel Selectivity |
ADSL | Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line |
AIC | Active Interference Cancellation |
AM/AM | Amplitude/Amplitude |
AM/PM | Amplitude/phase |
AMC | Adaptive Modulation and Coding |
AS | Active Set |
ASA | Authorized Shared Access |
AST | Adaptive Symbol Transition |
AWGN | Additive White Gaussian Noise |
BB | Baseband |
BEP | Bit Error Probability |
BER | Bit Error Rate |
BFDM | Biorthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
BLAST | Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time |
BRB | Basic Resource Block |
C–F | Clipping and Filtering |
CA | Carrier Aggregation |
CBRS | Citizen Broadband Radio Service |
CC | Cancellation Carrier |
CCA | Clear Channel Assessment |
CCDF | Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function |
CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
CE | Constellation Expansion |
CF | Crest Factor |
CFO | Carrier Frequency Offset |
CLT | Central Limit Theorem |
CM | Cubic Metric |
CMT | Cosine-Modulated Multitone |
COFDM | Coded OFDM |
CP | Cyclic Prefix |
CQI | Channel Quality Indicator |
CSA | Co-Primary Shared Access |
CSI | Channel State Information |
CSMA | Carrier-Sense Multiple Access |
CR | Cognitive Radio |
D/A | Digital-to-Analog |
DAC | Digital-to-Analog Converter |
DC | Data Carrier |
DD | Decision-Directed |
DF | Digital Filtering |
DFT | Discrete Fourier Transform |
DGT | Discrete Gabor Transform |
DMT | Discrete Mutlitone |
DSA | Dynamic Spectrum Access |
DWMT | Discrete Wavelet Multitone |
DVB-T | Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial |
EAIC | Extended Active Interference Cancellation |
EC | Extra Carrier |
EGF | Extended Gaussian Function |
EVM | Error Vector Magnitude |
FBMC | Filter-Bank Multicarrier |
FCC | Federal Communications Commission |
FD | Frequency Domain |
FDM | Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
FDMA | Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
FEC | Forward Error Correction |
FIR | Finite Impulse Response |
FFT | Fast Fourier Transform |
FM | Frequency Modulation |
FMT | Filtered Multitone |
FPGA | Field-Programmable Gate Array |
GFDM | Generalized Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
GIB | Generalized In-Band |
GMC | Generalized Multicarrier |
GPS | Global Positioning System |
GS | Guard Subcarriers |
GSM | Global System for Mobile Communications |
HARQ | Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request |
HIC | Hybrid Interference Cancellation |
HPA | High-Power Amplifier |
HSDPA | High-Speed Downlink Packet Access |
HSPA | High-Speed Packet Access |
IBO | Input Back-Off |
IC | Integrated Circuit |
ICI | Intercarrier Interference |
IDFT | Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform |
IF | Intermediate Frequency |
IFFT | Inverse Fast Fourier Transform |
IMD | Intermodulation Distortion |
INP | Instantaneous Normalized signal Power |
IOTA | Isotropic Orthogonal Transform Algorithm |
IQ | In-Phase and Quadrature |
ISI | Intersymbol Interference |
ISM | Industry–Science–Medicine |
LAA | Licensed Assisted Access |
LO | Local Oscillator |
LTE | Long-Term Evolution |
LTE-A | Long-Term Evolution – Advanced |
LTE-U | Long-Term Evolution – Unlicensed |
LSA | Licensed Shared Access |
LU | Licensed User |
LUISA | Licensed-User Insensitive Synchronization Algorithm |
LUT | Lookup Table |
MAC | Medium Access Control |
MC | Multicarrier |
MCS | Multiple-Choice Sequences |
MIMO | Multiple Input, Multiple Output |
MLSE | Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimator |
MMSE | Minimum Mean Square Error |
MSE | Mean Squared Error |
N-OFDM | N-continuous OFDM |
NBI | Narrowband Interference |
NC-FBMC | Noncontiguous Filter-Bank Multicarrier |
NC-OFDM | Noncontiguous Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
NL | Noise-Like |
NOFDM | Nonorthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing |
OCCS | Optimized Cancellation Carrier Selection |
OFDM | Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing |
OFDMA | Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access |
OOB | Out-of-Band |
OQAM | Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation |
P/S | Parallel-to-Serial |
PA | Power Amplifier |
PAM | Pulse Amplitude Modulation |
PAPR | Peak-to-Average Power Ratio |
PCC | Polynomial Cancellation Coding |
PHY | Physical Layer |
PIC | Parallel Interference Cancellation |
PL | Power Loading |
PSD | Power Spectral Density |
PU | Primary User |
PW | Peak Windowing |
QAM | Quadrature Amplitude Modulation |
QoE | Quality of Experience |
QoS | Quality of Service |
QPSK | Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying |
QSP | Quasi-Systematic Precoding |
RAT | Radio Access Technology |
REM | Radio Environment Map |
RF | Radio Frequency |
RP | Reference Preamble |
RRM | Radio Resource Management |
RSS | Reference Signal Subtraction |
RX | Receiver |
S&C | Schmidl&Cox |
S/P | Serial-to-Parallel |
SAS | Spectrum Access System |
SC | subcarrier |
SDR | Software-Defined Radio |
SEM | Spectrum Emission Mask |
SIC | Successive Interference Cancellation |
SINR | Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio |
SIR | Signal-to-Interference Ratio |
SLM | Selective Mapping |
SNR | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
SOR | Spectrum Overshooting Ratio |
SP | Spectrum Precoding |
SSA | Static Spectrum Allocation |
SSIR | Signal-to-Self Interference Ratio |
SSPA | Solid-State Power Amplifier |
SSS | Subcarrier Spectrum Sidelobe |
STFT | Short-Time Fourier Transform |
SU | Secondary User |
SVD | Singular-Value Decomposition |
SW | Subcarrier Weighting |
TD | Time Domain |
TDD | Time-Division Duplex |
TDMA | Time-Division Multiple Access |
TF | Time – Frequency |
TR | Tone Reservation |
TWTA | Traveling-Wave-Tube Amplifier |
TX | Transmitter |
UE | User Equipment |
U-LTE | Unlicensed Long-Term Evolution |
UFMC | Universal Filtered Multicarrier |
UMTS | Universal Mobile Telecommunications System |
USRP | Universal Software Radio Peripheral |
VLSI | Very Large Scale Integration |
VSB | Vestigial Sideband |
WBI | Wideband Interference |
WCDMA | Wideband CDMA |
WIN | Windowing |
WiFi | Wireless Fidelity |
WLAN | Wireless Local Area Network |
ZF | Zero Forcing |