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Advanced Multicarrier Technologies for Future Radio Communication

5G and Beyond

 

Hanna Bogucka

Adrian Kliks

Paweł Kryszkiewicz

 

 

 

 

 

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This edition first published 2017

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Bogucka, Hanna, author. | Kliks, Adrian, author. | Kryszkiewicz,

Paweł, author.

Title: Advanced multicarrier technologies for future radio communication : 5G

and beyond / by Hanna Bogucka, Adrian Kliks, Paweł Kryszkiewicz.

Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2017. | Includes bibliographical

references and index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2017016847 (print) | LCCN 2017030272 (ebook) | ISBN

9781119168911 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119168928 (epub) | ISBN 9781119168898

(hardback)

Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems–Technological innovations. |

Multiplexing. | Carrier waves. | BISAC: TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING /

Electrical.

Classification: LCC TK5103.2 (ebook) | LCC TK5103.2 .B64 2017 (print) | DDC

621.3845/6–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017016847

Cover image: (Main image) © saicle/Gettyimages; (Inset) © nopporn/Shutterstock

Cover design by Wiley

To our families.

Preface

Increasing demand by mobile radio customers (persons and devices) for higher data rates, multimedia services, and more bandwidth, as well as anticipated traffic related to the Internet of Things, creates unprecedented challenges for future mobile communication systems. There seems to be the general consensus on the future Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication directions and expected key performance indicators to meet these challenges, that is, to aim at achieving significantly higher system capacity, connectivity, energy and spectral efficiencies, while lowering the end-to-end latency for some mission-critical applications. Concerning the network capacity and spectrum usage enhancement, they result from network densification and spectrum aggregation [1]. Spectrum aggregation refers to making use of possibly discontinuous frequency bands and, thus, larger amounts of electromagnetic spectrum. It is known to be possible through a technique called Carrier Aggregation (CA), which has been proposed for the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) standard in order to achieve the throughput of 1 Gbps in the downlink for the Fourth Generation (4G) systems in a 20 MHz channel [2]. Although CA applied in LTE-A is a step toward spectrum aggregation, its flexibility in aggregating any kind of spectrum fragments is limited, and the proposed protocols do not allow for dynamic spectrum access and aggregation.

New multicarrier transmission techniques using noncontiguous subcarriers are known to be capable of flexible spectrum aggregation [3, 4] and allow for flexibility of various kinds, specially at adaptive physical and medium access control layers. By applying cognitive spectrum sharing using these techniques in both licensed and unlicensed frequency bands of the future heterogeneous networks, more spectrum can be effectively used, and interference among cells and nodes can be avoided. Dynamic aggregation of potentially noncontiguous fragments of bands in a wide frequency range poses a number of challenges for the baseband processing, antenna and Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver design, particularly in the dynamically changing radio environment. In our book, we present these promising technologies and answer how to meet the mentioned 5G challenges with noncontiguous multicarrier technologies and novel algorithms enhancing spectral efficiency, interference robustness, and reception performance. It is apparent that the deployment of future flexible radios and spectrally agile waveforms has received and is still receiving the necessary scientific recognition.

Multicarrier modulation and multiplexing are a form of Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM), where data are transmitted across several narrowband streams using different carrier frequencies. The most known example is the Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). In the recent years, however, increasing research effort has been focused on some other forms of multicarrier modulation and multiplexing, which enhance the properties of OFDM or employ nonorthogonal subcarriers, use discontinuous frequency bands, and apply subcarrier shaping. In our book, we focus on new multicarrier transmission techniques using noncontiguous subcarriers such as PNon-contiguous Orthogonal Frequency-DivisionMultiplexing (NC-OFDM), its enhanced version, Generalized Multicarrier (GMC) multiplexing, or its special case, namely the Non-contiguous Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier (NC-FBMC) technique. These are techniques capable of flexible spectrum aggregation, flexible transmission and reception methods achieving high spectral efficiency or energy efficiency toward meeting the 5G radio system challenges. We believe that in the coming years, the work on novel multicarrier technologies will be at a height of culmination for application in future radio communication systems (5G and beyond).

In Chapter 1, we discuss the challenges and bottlenecks of the future and 5G radio communication technology based on the spectral agility of waveforms and on the flexibility and efficiency of spectrum usage. The need for practical solutions and implementation based on novel multicarrier technologies are emphasized.

Chapter 2 entitled Multicarrier technologies in radio communication systems presents the state of the art in multicarrier technologies for radio communication. We present the principles of multicarrier schemes, OFDM, as well as other known multicarrier techniques. In that chapter, we also address the key advantages and issues in designing multicarrier systems, such as nonlinear distortions, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques, transmission parameter adaptation, reception techniques, and synchronization.

In Chapter 3 on Noncontiguous OFDM for future radio communications, we introduce the principles of NC-OFDM as a well-suited technique for future 5G radio communications, able to aggregate discontinuous spectrum bands. Efficient NC-OFDM transmitter and receiver designs are discussed. Moreover, key techniques for enhanced NC-OFDM communications are addressed: reduction of the Out-of-Band (OOB) power to aggregate the fragmented spectrum and to limit and control interference generated to the adjacent frequency bands, spectrum aggregation dynamics, PAPR reduction, signal reception, and the particularly difficult problem of synchronization in the face of the reduced number of used subcarriers and possible interference from frequency-adjacent systems.

In Chapter 4 on Generalized multicarrier techniques for 5G radio, we introduce the idea of Generalized Multicarrier (GMC) modulation. It is shown that it encompasses all existing multicarrier techniques, as well as all theoretically imaginable multi- and single-carrier waveforms. Some interesting features of this flexible and generalized waveform description are discussed, showing its potential for the application in future 5G (and beyond) radio communications and flexible programmable transceivers. Moreover, key issues for GMC communications are addressed, such as higher PAPR and increased complexity of the GMC transceivers, including adaptive transmission and reception algorithms.

Chapter 5 entitled Filter-bank-based multicarrier technologies presents the principles of Filter-BankMulti-Carrier (FBMC) modulation, which has been recently heavily researched worldwide and is being proposed for some of the 5G radio interfaces. In this technique, the OOB power is filtered on the per-subcarrier basis. Efficient Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM)-based FBMC transmitter and receiver design with reduced computational complexity is discussed. The prototype-filter design and related receiver techniques are addressed. Other challenges of this technique are also covered, as well as other filter-bank-based techniques recently proposed: filtered OFDM, Cosine-Modulated Multitone signaling, Filtered Multi-Tone (FMT), Universal Filtered Multicarrier (UFMC), or Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM).

Chapter 6 on Multicarrier technologies for flexible spectrum usage discusses Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and sharing options for the future multicarrier technologies meeting the desired features of 5G communications. Some interesting DSA methods based on game theory, spectrum pricing, and the so-called coopetition are discussed. The issue of the required information signaling is confronted against the required spectral efficiency. Coexistence of the new cognitive radio technologies with the incumbent (licensed) systems is considered. In particular, spectrum aggregation using NC-OFDM and NC-FBMC in the real-world scenarios in the presence of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) system base stations and terminals is discussed and evaluated.

Finally, the book is summarized in Chapter 7, presenting Conclusions and Future Outlook. This chapter summarizes the key observations obtained from the totality of the presented work. The chapter also includes the discussion of the future outlook for presented technologies in terms of their greater industrial realization, hardware practicality, and other challenges.

Poznań

April 10, 2017

List of Abbreviations

2DTwo-Dimensional
1GFirst Generation
2GSecond Generation
3GThird Generation
4GFourth Generation
5GFifth Generation
3GPP3rd Generation Partnership Project
A/DAnalog-to-Digital
ACEActive Constellation Extension
ACIRAdjacent-Channel Interference Ratio
ACLRAdjacent-Channel Leakage Ratio
ACSAdjacent-Channel Selectivity
ADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AICActive Interference Cancellation
AM/AMAmplitude/Amplitude
AM/PMAmplitude/phase
AMCAdaptive Modulation and Coding
ASActive Set
ASAAuthorized Shared Access
ASTAdaptive Symbol Transition
AWGNAdditive White Gaussian Noise
BBBaseband
BEPBit Error Probability
BERBit Error Rate
BFDMBiorthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
BLASTBell Laboratories Layered Space-Time
BRBBasic Resource Block
C–FClipping and Filtering
CACarrier Aggregation
CBRSCitizen Broadband Radio Service
CCCancellation Carrier
CCAClear Channel Assessment
CCDFComplementary Cumulative Distribution Function
CDMACode Division Multiple Access
CEConstellation Expansion
CFCrest Factor
CFOCarrier Frequency Offset
CLTCentral Limit Theorem
CMCubic Metric
CMTCosine-Modulated Multitone
COFDMCoded OFDM
CPCyclic Prefix
CQIChannel Quality Indicator
CSACo-Primary Shared Access
CSIChannel State Information
CSMACarrier-Sense Multiple Access
CRCognitive Radio
D/ADigital-to-Analog
DACDigital-to-Analog Converter
DCData Carrier
DDDecision-Directed
DFDigital Filtering
DFTDiscrete Fourier Transform
DGTDiscrete Gabor Transform
DMTDiscrete Mutlitone
DSADynamic Spectrum Access
DWMTDiscrete Wavelet Multitone
DVB-TDigital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial
EAICExtended Active Interference Cancellation
ECExtra Carrier
EGFExtended Gaussian Function
EVMError Vector Magnitude
FBMCFilter-Bank Multicarrier
FCCFederal Communications Commission
FDFrequency Domain
FDMFrequency-Division Multiplexing
FDMAFrequency-Division Multiple Access
FECForward Error Correction
FIRFinite Impulse Response
FFTFast Fourier Transform
FMFrequency Modulation
FMTFiltered Multitone
FPGAField-Programmable Gate Array
GFDMGeneralized Frequency-Division Multiplexing
GIBGeneralized In-Band
GMCGeneralized Multicarrier
GPSGlobal Positioning System
GSGuard Subcarriers
GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communications
HARQHybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HICHybrid Interference Cancellation
HPAHigh-Power Amplifier
HSDPAHigh-Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPAHigh-Speed Packet Access
IBOInput Back-Off
ICIntegrated Circuit
ICIIntercarrier Interference
IDFTInverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IFIntermediate Frequency
IFFTInverse Fast Fourier Transform
IMDIntermodulation Distortion
INPInstantaneous Normalized signal Power
IOTAIsotropic Orthogonal Transform Algorithm
IQIn-Phase and Quadrature
ISIIntersymbol Interference
ISMIndustry–Science–Medicine
LAALicensed Assisted Access
LOLocal Oscillator
LTELong-Term Evolution
LTE-ALong-Term Evolution – Advanced
LTE-ULong-Term Evolution – Unlicensed
LSALicensed Shared Access
LULicensed User
LUISALicensed-User Insensitive Synchronization Algorithm
LUTLookup Table
MACMedium Access Control
MCMulticarrier
MCSMultiple-Choice Sequences
MIMOMultiple Input, Multiple Output
MLSEMaximum-Likelihood Sequence Estimator
MMSEMinimum Mean Square Error
MSEMean Squared Error
N-OFDMN-continuous OFDM
NBINarrowband Interference
NC-FBMCNoncontiguous Filter-Bank Multicarrier
NC-OFDMNoncontiguous Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
NLNoise-Like
NOFDMNonorthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OCCSOptimized Cancellation Carrier Selection
OFDMOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
OFDMAOrthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access
OOBOut-of-Band
OQAMOffset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
P/SParallel-to-Serial
PAPower Amplifier
PAMPulse Amplitude Modulation
PAPRPeak-to-Average Power Ratio
PCCPolynomial Cancellation Coding
PHYPhysical Layer
PICParallel Interference Cancellation
PLPower Loading
PSDPower Spectral Density
PUPrimary User
PWPeak Windowing
QAMQuadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoEQuality of Experience
QoSQuality of Service
QPSKQuadrature Phase-Shift Keying
QSPQuasi-Systematic Precoding
RATRadio Access Technology
REMRadio Environment Map
RFRadio Frequency
RPReference Preamble
RRMRadio Resource Management
RSSReference Signal Subtraction
RXReceiver
S&CSchmidl&Cox
S/PSerial-to-Parallel
SASSpectrum Access System
SCsubcarrier
SDRSoftware-Defined Radio
SEMSpectrum Emission Mask
SICSuccessive Interference Cancellation
SINRSignal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio
SIRSignal-to-Interference Ratio
SLMSelective Mapping
SNRSignal-to-Noise Ratio
SORSpectrum Overshooting Ratio
SPSpectrum Precoding
SSAStatic Spectrum Allocation
SSIRSignal-to-Self Interference Ratio
SSPASolid-State Power Amplifier
SSSSubcarrier Spectrum Sidelobe
STFTShort-Time Fourier Transform
SUSecondary User
SVDSingular-Value Decomposition
SWSubcarrier Weighting
TDTime Domain
TDDTime-Division Duplex
TDMATime-Division Multiple Access
TFTime – Frequency
TRTone Reservation
TWTATraveling-Wave-Tube Amplifier
TXTransmitter
UEUser Equipment
U-LTEUnlicensed Long-Term Evolution
UFMCUniversal Filtered Multicarrier
UMTSUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System
USRPUniversal Software Radio Peripheral
VLSIVery Large Scale Integration
VSBVestigial Sideband
WBIWideband Interference
WCDMAWideband CDMA
WINWindowing
WiFiWireless Fidelity
WLANWireless Local Area Network
ZFZero Forcing