Cover Page

For Lisa, Ellie, Megan and Joseph.

Counselling Psychology

A Textbook for Study and Practice

 

 

Edited by

DAVID MURPHY

The University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK

 

 

 

 

 

Title Page

BPS Textbooks in Psychology

BPS Wiley presents a comprehensive and authoritative series covering everything a student needs in order to complete an undergraduate degree in psychology. Refreshingly written to consider more than North American research, this series is the first to give a truly international perspective. Written by the very best names in the field, the series offers an extensive range of titles from introductory level through to final year optional modules, and every text fully complies with the BPS syllabus in the topic. No other series bears the BPS seal of approval!

Many of the books are supported by a companion website, featuring additional resource materials for both instructors and students, designed to encourage critical thinking, and providing for all your course lecturing and testing needs.

For other titles in this series, please go to http://psychsource.bps.org.uk.

About the Contributors

Eric E. Arnold MEd Teachers College, Columbia University. He is currently in private practice as a licensed mental health counsellor in New York, New York. Mr Arnold's research focuses on HIV/AIDS prevention.

Meg-John Barker PhD, is a writer, therapist, and activist-academic specializing in sex, gender, and relationships. Their popular books include the (anti-)self-help relationship book Rewriting the Rules, The Secrets of Enduring Love (with Jacqui Gabb), Queer: A Graphic History (with Julia Scheele, Icon Books, 2016), and Enjoy Sex, How, When and If You Want To (with Justin Hancock, Icon Books, 2016). Meg-John is a senior lecturer in psychology at the Open University and has published many academic books and papers on topics including nonmonogamous relationships, sadomasochism, counselling, and mindfulness, as well as co-founding the journal Psychology and Sexuality and the activist-research organization BiUK. They were the lead author of The Bisexuality Report—which has informed UK policy and practice around bisexuality—and are currently co-editing a book on nonbinary gender with similar aims in that area. They are involved in running many public events on sexuality and relationships, including Sense about Sex and Critical Sexology. Meg-John is a United Kingdom Counselling and Psychotherapy (UKCP) accredited psychotherapist working with gender, sexually, and relationship diverse (GSRD) clients, and they blog about all these matters on www.rewriting-the-rules.com.

Melanie E. Brewster PhD, is a Psychology and Education Professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her research focuses on marginalized groups and examines how experiences of discrimination and stigma may shape the mental health of minority group members (e.g., LGBTQ individuals, atheists, people of colour). Dr Brewster also examines potential resilience factors, such as bicultural self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility, that may promote the mental health of minority individuals.

Alex J. Colbow PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Iowa's counselling psychology programme. He is completing his internship at Purdue University. His research interests include social class, gender, tele-mental health, and academic success.

Mick Cooper DPhil, is a Professor of Counselling Psychology at the University of Roehampton and a chartered counselling psychologist. Mick is author and editor of a range of texts on person-centred, existential, and relational approaches to therapy, including Existential Therapies (2nd ed., Sage, 2017), Working at Relational Depth in Counselling and Psychotherapy (with Dave Mearns, Sage, 2005), and Pluralistic Counselling and Psychotherapy (with John McLeod, Sage, 2011). Mick has also led a range of research studies exploring the process and outcomes of humanistic counselling with young people. Mick's latest book is Existential Psychotherapy and Counselling: Contributions to a Pluralistic Practice (Sage, 2015).

Duncan Cramer BSc, PhD, ABPsS, chartered psychologist, is Emeritus Professor of Psychological Health. After graduating from University College London in 1969 in psychology, he completed his PhD in 1973 with Hans Eysenck on his theory of personality at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. He then lectured for 3 years in the Psychology Department at Queen's University Belfast before coming to the Social Sciences Department at Loughborough University in 1977 and retiring in 2013. His research interests and publications include such topics as mental health, personality, personal relationships, organizational commitment, psychotherapy, and counselling. He has been a past Joint Editor (1995–2000) and Associate Editor (1993–1995, 2000–2001) of the British Journal of Medical Psychology and its successor Psychology and Psychotherapy (2002–2010) as well as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships (2004–2009). His authored books include Personality and Psychotherapy (Open University Press, 1992), Close Relationships (Arnold, 1998), Advanced Quantitative Data Analysis (Open University Press, 2003), Sage Dictionary of Statistics (with Dennis Howitt, Sage, 2004), Research Methods in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 5th ed., Prentice Hall, 2017), Understanding Statistics in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, 2018), Introduction to SPSS in Psychology (with Dennis Howitt, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, 2018), and Quantitative Data Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics 17, 18 and 19 (with Alan Bryman, Routledge, 2011). He has also co-edited Inappropriate Relationships (with Robin Goodwin, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002) and Positive Psychology of Love (with Mahzad Hojjat, Oxford University Press, 2013).

Mary Creaner DPsych, is an Assistant Professor and Research Co-ordinator with the doctorate programme in counselling psychology and Course Director of the MSc in clinical supervision, Trinity College Dublin. She is an accredited therapist and clinical supervisor with the Irish Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (IACP), and a member of the American Psychological Association (APA). Mary is a supervision consultant and trainer to statutory and voluntary agencies and has been involved in developing and delivering a variety of postgraduate, professional development training, and adult education programmes for over 25 years. Mary has a particular interest in supervision practice, training, and research. Among her publications is the text book, Getting the Best Out of Supervision in Counselling and Therapy (Sage, 2014). She has been a guest editor for a special section on ‘Current trends in clinical supervision’ (2014) with Counselling Psychology Quarterly (CPQ).

Dee Danchev PhD, is a Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC) registered counselling psychologist and a British Psychological Society (BPS) chartered psychologist. She worked as a university counsellor for over 20 years, first at Keele University, then as Head of Counselling, Health Advice and Disability at the University of the Arts, London, and finally as Pastoral Advisor at Nuffield College, Oxford University. She has also had a parallel career in counsellor and counselling psychologist training at Keele University, City University, London, and Oxford University, and has served as Chair of the BPS Counselling Psychology Qualifications Board.

Windy Dryden PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Psychotherapeutic Studies at Goldsmiths University of London, and is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society. He has authored or edited more than 215 books, including the second editions of Counselling in a Nutshell (Sage, 2011) and Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy: Distinctive Features (Routledge, 2015). In addition, he edits 20 book series in the area of counselling and psychotherapy, including the Distinctive Features in CBT series (Routledge) and the Counselling in a Nutshell series (Sage). His major interests are in rational emotive behaviour therapy and CBT; single session interventions; the interface between counselling and coaching; pluralism in counselling and psychotherapy; writing short, accessible self-help books for the general public; and demonstrating therapy live in front of an audience.

Robert Elliott PhD, is Professor of Counselling at the University of Strathclyde, and Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Toledo. He has served as co-editor of the journals Psychotherapy Research and Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies. He is co-author of three books, including Facilitating Emotional Change (with Les Greenberg and Laura Rice, Guilford Press, 1997), Learning Emotion-Focused Therapy (with Jeanne Watson, Rhonda Goldman, and Les Greenberg, APA, 2003), and Research Methods in Clinical Psychology (with Chris Barker and Nancy Pistrang, 3rd ed., APA, 2015) as well as more than 150 journal articles and book chapters. In 2008 he received the Distinguished Research Career Award from the Society for Psychotherapy Research and the Carl Rogers Award from the Division of Humanistic Psychology of the APA.

Anne Emerson PhD, worked as a speech and language therapist with children and adults with communication impairment and intellectual disability, as a teacher in further education, and advocate for families, before becoming a researcher. She is currently Associate Professor of Special and Inclusive Education at the University of Nottingham. Her research interests include augmentative and alternative communication approaches, the development of engagement, and the impact of special needs on self-esteem and behaviour. Most recent work has been with families of children with significant disabilities or health conditions, investigating resilience and coping in parents.

Colin Feltham is Emeritus Professor of Critical Counselling Studies, Sheffield Hallam University, and teaches part-time at the University of Southern Denmark. His many publications include Counselling and Counselling Psychology: A Critical Examination (PCCS Books, 2013), Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Routledge, 2017), and The Sage Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy (edited with Terry Hanley and Laura Winter, 4th ed., Sage, forthcoming). His research interests include anthropathology, depressive realism, death, and aspects of evolutionary psychology.

Alan Frankland is a Consultant Counselling Psychologist (chartered by BPS and registered by HCPC) who has been in practice and working as a trainer and writer in the field of psychotherapy since the last years of the 1970s. Formerly Head of the Division of Counselling and Psychotherapy at Nottingham Trent University, he currently works independently in Nottingham (APSI) and London (Apsilon) as a therapist and supervisor, and examines for the BPS Qualification in Counselling Psychology as well as being involved in the MSc in the Person Centred Approach with Sherwood Psychotherapy Training Institute (SPTI) in Nottingham. In the past he was active on several committees of both BACP (elected as a Fellow mainly related to his work on accreditation) and the BPS, including time on the Society's Board of Directors (2000–2) and in chairing roles in the Division of Counselling Psychology (1997–2001). His professional experience as a therapist has mostly been in the voluntary sector and in independent practice, but he also worked in a jobshare mainly working on issues to do with counselling psychologists in a large London Trust in the NHS (2005–8). He was Stipendiary Registrar for Counselling Psychology within the BPS from 2002 to 2008.

Jasmina Frzina DCounPsych, CPsychol, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist and Visiting Lecturer at the University of Manchester. Currently she is the Lead of Psychological Services in a private hospital. Her clinical practice has predominantly been with adults, young people, and their families in an inpatient setting. Previously she has worked in NHS Primary Care settings with couples, and individuals diagnosed with moderate and severe mental health problems. She is also the Chair of the North West BPS Branch of Division of Counselling Psychology. Her special interest is relational approaches to therapy and client's experience.

Ewan Gillon PhD, is Professor of Counselling Psychology at Glasgow Caledonian University, where he established and directed the first doctorate in counselling psychology in Scotland. He has a long-standing interest in postgraduate education and training, particularly at doctorate level, and is presently leading the development of a doctoral framework in applied psychology. Ewan has a strong commitment to counselling psychology practice and is Clinical Director of First Psychology Scotland, an independent psychology and counselling business with eight centres nationally. He has written widely on a range of issues in the counselling psychology field and comments regularly on psychological issues in the media. In addition to his work in the counselling psychology field, Ewan is a General Member of the Mental Health Tribunal (Scotland).

Andrea Halewood CPsychol, is a Senior Lecturer in Counselling Psychology at the University of the West of England (UWE) and a Visiting Lecturer at Warwick University. Prior to working at UWE, she was the Programme Co-ordinator of the Counselling Psychology Programmes at Roehampton University. She has worked in Primary Care as a practice counsellor, in Secondary Care as part of a Crisis Response Nursing Team, and at King's College Hospital as a research psychologist. She is a chartered psychologist/psychodynamic psychotherapist in private practice, and her main research and clinical interests are relational approaches to psychotherapy and critical perspectives on the medical model of mental health.

Terry Hanley PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is the Programme Director for the doctorate in counselling psychology at the University of Manchester. He has a keen interest in training therapists in research skills and is a co-author of Introducing Counselling and Psychotherapy Research (with Clare Lennie and William West, Sage, 2013). Additionally, his own therapeutic practice and research has primarily focused around work with young people and young adults, a topic on which he is also lead editor of the text Adolescent Counselling Psychology (Routledge, 2013). He is a HCPC registered counselling psychologist and presently works as a therapist with the organization Freedom from Torture, providing psychological support to a football therapy project.

Richard House PhD, is a chartered psychologist, an educational consultant, and a long-time writer/campaigner on childhood issues and Steiner education. Formerly Senior Lecturer in Psychotherapy (Roehampton University) and Education Studies (Winchester) and ex-editor of Self and Society journal, Richard's 12 books include Therapy Beyond Modernity (Karnac, 2003), Against and For CBT (with Del Loewenthal, PCCS, 2008), Too Much, Too Soon?—Early Learning and the Erosion of Childhood (Hawthorn, 2011), and Humanistic Psychology: Current Trends, Future Prospects (with David Kalisch and Jennifer Maidman, Routledge, 2017). Research interests include critical perspectives on technology, holistic education, and postmodernity and new paradigm science.

Pam James PhD, is a chartered and HCPC registered counselling psychologist and a registered psychologist specializing in psychotherapy (senior practitioner). She was Chair of the BPS Qualification in Counselling Psychology for 6 years and after an appropriate gap is again in that role. She has also been twice Chair of the BPS Division of Counselling Psychology. She held lecturing and management posts at Liverpool John Moores University for 25 years, where she was awarded Professor of Counselling Psychology in 2000; she also worked in NHS Adult Mental Health for 10 years. Currently, she has a private practice in Southport and is Chair of the BPS Special Group for Independent Practitioners. Her doctoral thesis was in learning and she remains interested in the learning process per se, including the process of change whilst in the therapeutic relationship. She has recently co-authored Common Presenting Issues in Psychotherapeutic Practice (with Barbara Douglas, Sage, 2013).

Stephen Joseph PhD, is a professor in the School of Education at the University of Nottingham where he is the convenor of the counselling teaching group.  He is a senior practitioner of the British Psychological Society's register of psychologists specialising in psychotherapy and an HCPC registered health and counselling psychologist. Interested in the study of human flourishing, Stephen is the editor of Positive Psychology in Practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life (Wiley, 2015).  His latest book is Authentic: How to be yourself and why it matters (Piatkus/Little, Brown, 2016).

Elaine Kasket DCPsych, C.Psychol, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist, a private practitioner, and an academic who has written extensively about the field of counselling psychology and about her primary area of research, which is bereavement in the digital age. She is a Principal Lecturer and the Head of Programmes for Counselling Psychology at Regent's University London, where the existential-phenomenological approach is the core model taught. She is the author of How to Become a Counselling Psychologist (Routledge, 2017).

Michael J. Lambert, PhD, is a former Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology and Susa Young Gates University Professor, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.

John McLeod PhD, is Visiting Professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, and the Institute of Integrative Counselling and Psychotherapy, Dublin. He has published widely on a range of topics in counselling and psychotherapy, with a particular interest in the development of flexible, collaborative approaches to therapy that are informed by cultural awareness and relevant research evidence.

William Ming Liu PhD, is Professor of Counselling Psychology at the University of Iowa. His research interests are in social class and classism, men and masculinity, and multicultural competencies. He has been identified as one of the most frequent producers of research in the psychology of men and masculinity and most cited in multicultural competency research. He received the Emerging Leader award from the Committee on Socioeconomic Status (APA), Emerging Young Professional Award (Division 45, APA), and the Researcher of the Year Award (Division 51, APA). He is an editor of the Handbook of Multicultural Competencies in Counseling and Psychology (with Donald B. Pope-Davis, Hardin L. K. Coleman, and Rebecca L. Toporek, Sage, 2003), an editor of Culturally Responsive Counseling with Asian American Men (with Derek Kenji Iwamoto and Martin H. Chae, Routledge, 2010), the author of Social Class and Classism in the Helping Professions: Research, Theory, and Practice (Sage, 2011), and the editor of the Handbook of Social Class in Counseling (Oxford, 2013).

David Murphy PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is a Full Member of the British Psychological Society Division of Counselling Psychology, a person-centred experiential psychotherapist on the BPS Register of Psychologists Specialising in Psychotherapy and has a particular interest in the field of counselling and education and the effects of psychological trauma. He is the Course Director for the Master’s program in Person-Centred Experiential Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Nottingham, UK. He previously held the position of Honorary Psychologist in Psychotherapy at the Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust.

Nafeesa Nizami (Naz) BSc (Hons), MSc, Reg. MBACP (Accred) is a psychotherapist and trainer. She is currently working in the areas of couples, young peoples, parents/families, groups, bilingual and Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) therapy for a national charity. Her clinical background includes having worked in the NHS and within Child Protection for the past 10 years. Nafeesa is currently undertaking her PhD at the University of Manchester. Her research focuses on deconstructing pre-trial therapy; exploring the relationship between law, therapy, and sexual abuse through discourse analysis. She has a keen interest in the areas of mental health, social justice, politics, ethics, philosophy, poststructuralism, colonial studies, childhood studies, and feminist theories.

Ohemaa Nkansa-Dwamena DPsych, is an HCPC registered and BPS accredited counselling psychologist. She is an Associate Fellow of the BPS and co-founder of the Black and Asian Counselling Psychologists group (under the umbrella of the Division of Counselling Psychology). Dr Nkansa-Dwamena currently holds clinical positions at the London School of Economics in the student well-being and staff counselling services. She is also a Visiting Lecturer at City University and works in private practice. She has over 10 years' experience in the mental health field, with varied work in both the public and charity sectors. This has included work with adults and children from diverse backgrounds in forensic, NHS Primary and Secondary Care settings. Her research interests include multiple identity negotiation (in relation to individuals from Black Minority Ethnic (BME) backgrounds), culture and diversity in the therapeutic process, and sameness and difference and its implications for counselling psychology.

John C. Norcross PhD, ABPP, is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Scranton, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, and a board-certified clinical psychologist. Dr Norcross has co-written or edited 20 books, including the Handbook of Clinical Psychology (with Gary R. VandenBos, APA, 2016), Supervision Essentials for Integrative Psychotherapy (with Leah M. Popple, APA, 2016), Clinician's Guide to Evidence-Based Practice in Behavioral Health (2008), Psychotherapy Relationships that Work (OUP USA, 2012), Leaving It at the Office: Psychotherapist Self-Care (with James D. Guy Jr, Guilford Press, 2007), and the Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration (with Marvin R. Goldfried, OUP USA, 2005). He has served as President of the APA Division of Clinical Psychology, the APA Division of Psychotherapy, and the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration.

Simon du Plock PhD, is Professor and Faculty Head for Post-Qualification and Professional Doctorates at the Metanoia Institute, London, where he directs counselling psychology and psychotherapy research doctorates jointly with Middlesex University. He is a chartered counselling psychologist, an Associate Fellow of the BPS, and a founding member of the BPS Register of Psychologists Specialising in Psychotherapy. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Society for Medicine and a UKCP registered psychotherapist. He lectures internationally on aspects of existential therapy and became, in 2006, the first Western therapist to be made an Honorary Member of the East European Association for Existential Therapy, in recognition of his contribution to the development of collaboration between East and West European existential psychotherapy. He has authored over 80 book chapters and papers in peer-reviewed academic journals, and has edited the journal of the British Society for Existential Analysis since 1993.

Christina Richards BSc (Hons), MSc, DCPsych, CPsychol, MBACP (Accred.) AFBPsS is an HCPC registered doctor of counselling psychology and an Associate Fellow of the BPS. She is also an accredited psychotherapist with BACP. She represents the East Midlands to NHS England's Clinical Reference Group (CRG) on Gender Identity Services, and is one of the few psychologists recognized by HM Courts and Tribunals Service as a specialist in the field of gender dysphoria, thus allowing her to prepare medical reports for the Gender Recognition Panel.

John Rowan PhD, has been a member of the BPS Counselling Psychology Division since its inception. He was a contributor to the volume 'Counselling Psychology' (Petruska Clarkson, 1998) and has an abiding interest in the field. He is a Fellow of the BPS and a founding member of the Association of Humanistic Psychology Practitioners.

Anja Rutten MSc, has worked as an academic in counsellor training, a therapist, and manager in various settings including higher education, the private and voluntary sector, and an NHS commissioned service. She has worked extensively with autistic adults and young people and their families. As a therapist experienced in working with autistic clients, Anja has offered numerous workshops across the UK. Anja's research interests are in therapeutic experiences of clients with Asperger syndrome, and in person-centred/experiential counselling for this client group.

William B. Stiles PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA, and Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA. He has been President of Division 29 (Psychotherapy) of the APA and of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. He has served as editor of Psychotherapy Research and Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies. He has published more than 300 journal articles and book chapters, most dealing with psychotherapy, verbal interaction, and research methods.

Noreen Tehrani PhD, is a chartered occupational, health, counselling, coaching and trauma psychologist. She formed her company in 1997 to assist organizations and employees to maximize their effectiveness and efficiency. Noreen has combined her commercial, psychological, and counselling knowledge and experience to develop an approach to supporting employees, which meets the needs of both the organization and the employees. For the past 10 years she has concentrated on dealing with traumatic events in organizations, and has worked with emergency services and charities to address primary and secondary traumatic exposure.

Ladislav Timulak PhD, is Associate Professor at Trinity College Dublin. He is Course Director of the Doctorate in Counselling Psychology. Ladislav (Laco for short; read Latso) is involved in the training of counselling psychologists and various psychotherapy trainings as well. Laco is both an academic and practitioner. His main research interest is psychotherapy research, particularly the development of emotion-focused therapy. He is currently developing this form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. He has written five books, over 60 peer-reviewed papers, and various chapters in both his native language, Slovak, and in English. His most recent book is Transforming Emotional Pain in Psychotherapy (Routledge, 2015).

Mark Widdowson PhD, is a teaching and supervising transactional analyst and a UKCP registered psychotherapist. He is a Senior Lecturer in Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Salford. Mark has specialized in investigating the effectiveness of transactional analysis, primarily using Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design (HSCED). He is the author of Transactional Analysis for Depression: A Step-By-Step Treatment Manual (Routledge, 2015).

Laura Winter DCounPsych, chartered psychologist, is an HCPC registered counselling psychologist and lecturer based at the University of Manchester. Her research interests include social justice, and in particular the impact of economic and relational equality on well-being and education. Previous work has included exploring social justice within counselling and educational psychology, the impact of welfare reform on families, and the way in which schools are supporting emotional well-being in the context of austerity. Her clinical practice has predominantly been based within NHS Primary Care settings, working with individuals who have been diagnosed with “moderate” and “severe” “mental health problems.”

Foreword

ERNESTO SPINELLI

Towards the end of one of his BBC4 television programmes, the eminent British physicist, Professor Jim Al-Khalili concluded that: “[i]n sum: all the complexity of the universe emerges from mindless simple rules rules repeated over and over again. But as powerful as this process is, it is also inherently unpredictable” (Al-Khalili, 2009).

Professor Al-Khalili's remark serves to remind us of the ever-present and irresolvable “tension” that exists at the very heart of scientific enquiry. It is that foundational tension between explanation and understanding, which is exemplified by the (seemingly interminable) debate between natural science research and human science research.

It was Wilhelm Dilthey who first coined this distinction. Its aim was to clarify “the methodological difference between explanation and understanding” (Makkreel, 1995, p. 203, quoted in Cohn, 2002, p. 114). As Rudolf Makkreel clarified:

Dilthey argued that these different endeavours require different methodologies and lead researchers to very different terrains. For example, the natural science stance, which remains the dominant attitude towards psychology research, examines psychological variables by: (a) reducing them to observable, quantifiable elements; (b) utilizing controlled experimental design; and (c) seeking verification via replication. The human science view, on the other hand, argues that its way of engaging in investigation highlights issues centred upon meaning. As such, it

In short, natural science and human science approaches cannot truly be “mixed and matched,” nor can they be conjoined together. Instead, held side by side, they express a “tension of polarities” that demands acknowledgement and acceptance. This conclusion does not usually sit well with determined advocates of either side. Each, in turn, might seek to diminish and dismiss whatever might be gleaned from either explanation or understanding. As such, those psychologists who favour a human science approach tend to accuse natural science approaches of failing to address the central questions of psychology and instead of “transforming” these central questions so that they conform to the dictates of a natural science paradigm. So, for instance, “[s]adness cannot be measured—but the tears which are formed as a result of psychosomatic connections can be examined quantitatively in various ways” (Heidegger, 2001, p. 105, quoted in Cohn, 2002, p. 53). In similar fashion, psychological advocates of a natural science perspective tend to accuse human science approaches of promoting qualitative research that leads to the logical “dead end” of an ongoing relative reality where all meaning statements, views, and positions are to be treated and respected as being of equal value and merit—and, hence, lacking in any scientific worth.

Putting aside whatever is one's preferred view, we can see that the “deeper strategy” adopted by each competing stance is the same: to reduce, if not entirely remove, the existing tension via an act of exclusion. Attempts at such strategies have been, and continue to be, made throughout the whole history of psychology. One would think that, by now, we would have seen through such and agreed to a different strategy.

Happily, texts such as this one which you hold in your hands (in some form or other) do much to remind us of what counselling psychology seeks to express and provide, and why we might want to continue to cherish its aims and ambitions as well as make them our own. Its broad aim is to infuse—or perhaps rekindle—that sense of excitement, possibility, and commitment that counselling psychology can generate. Like all good texts, it invites us to return to it again and again so that, each time we might emerge with more adequate explanations and deeper understanding.