Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
About the Cover
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Electrophysiological Recording Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Terminology
2.3 Intracellular and Patch Clamp Recording
2.4 Extracellular Recording and Stimulation
2.5 A Brief History of Electrophysiological Recording
2.6 Concepts Important to Understanding Neuron Recording Techniques
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3: Multi-Unit Recording
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chapter Organization and Expository Choices
3.3 Hardware
3.4 Spike Sorting Methods
References
Chapter 4: The “New Math” of Neuroscience: Genetic Tools for Accessing and Electively Manipulating Neurons
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Restricting Gene Expression to Specific Neurons
4.3 Tracing, Manipulating, and Monitoring Neurons
4.4 Case Studies
4.5 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 5: Computer Simulation—Power and Peril
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Why Model?
5.3 Modeling Approaches
5.4 Model Optimization and Validation
5.5 Beyond Purely Computational Models
5.6 Fundamental Concepts and Frequently Used Models in Motor Control
5.7 The Future
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6: Evolution of Motor Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phylogenetics
6.3 Homology and Homoplasy
6.4 Levels of Biological Organization
6.5 Homologous Neurons
6.6 Deep Homology
6.7 Homoplasy
6.8 Convergence in Central Pattern Generators
6.9 Evolutionary Loss
6.10 Evolution of Novel Motor Behaviors
6.11 Three Scenarios for the Evolution of Novel Behavior
6.12 Motor System Evolvability
6.13 Neuron Duplication and Parcellation
6.14 Divergence of Neural Circuitry
6.15 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: Motor Pattern Selection
7.1 Introduction to Motor Pattern Selection in Vertebrates and Invertebrates
References
7.2 Selection of Action-A Vertebrate Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
7.3 Motor Pattern Selection and Initiation in Invertebrates with an Emphasis on Insects
References
Chapter 8: Neural Networks for the Generation of Rhythmic Motor Behaviors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Concept of the Central Pattern Generator
8.3 Overall Organization of Rhythmic Motor Networks
8.4 Identification of CPG Neurons and Synapses: The “Wiring Diagram”
8.5 Cellular Properties That Shape Network Output: Building Blocks for Network Operation
8.6 Combined Neural Mechanisms for Rhythmogenesis
8.7 Ionic Currents Shaping CPG Network Neuron Intrinsic Firing Properties
8.8 Role of Network Synaptic Properties in Organizing Rhythmic Behaviors
8.9 Variable Output from Motor Networks
8.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Sensory Feedback in the Control of Posture and Locomotion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 History and Background of Feedback Control
9.3 Classical Control Theory
9.4 Nervous System Implementation in the Control of Posture and Limb Movements
9.5 Organization and Function in Arthropods
9.6 Organization and Function in Vertebrates
9.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10: Coordination of Rhythmic Movements
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview of Invertebrate CPGs
10.3 Overview of Vertebrate CPGs
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Prehensile Movements
11.1 Introduction: Prehension as Goal-Directed Behavior
11.2 The Redundancy Problem in Motor Control
11.3 Redundancy Occurs on Multiple Levels of the Motor System
11.4 Overcoming the Redundancy Problem
References
Chapter 12: Muscle, Biomechanics, and Implications for Neural Control
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Behavioral Context Determines How Motorneuron Activity Is Transformed into Muscle Force and Power
12.3 Organismal Structures Transform Muscle Force into Behavior
12.4 Biomechanics Defines Meaningful Patterns of Neural Activity
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13: Plasticity and Learning in Motor Control Networks
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Homeostatic Motor Network Assembly
13.3 Short-Term Motor Learning Conferred by Sodium Pumps
13.4 CPG Network Plasticity and Motor Learning Conferred by Operant Conditioning
13.5 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Bio-inspired Robot Locomotion
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanical Engineering Background and a Biological Example
14.3 Legged Robots with Skeletal Structures
14.4 Soft Robots
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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