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First published in 2017 by Polity Press
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ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1571-4
ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-1572-1(pb)
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hale, Thomas (Thomas Nathan), editor. | Held, David, editor.
Title: Beyond gridlock / [edited by] Thomas Hale, David Held.
Description: Cambridge, UK ; Malden, MA : Polity Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017004155 (print) | LCCN 2017022001 (ebook) | ISBN 9781509515745 (Mobi) | ISBN 9781509515752 (Epub) | ISBN 9781509515714 (hardback) | ISBN 9781509515721 (pbk.)
Subjects: LCSH: International cooperation. | Economic policy--International cooperation. | Environmental policy--International cooperation. | Globalization--Political aspects. | World politics.
Classification: LCC JZ1318 (ebook) | LCC JZ1318 .B483 2017 (print) | DDC 337--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017004155
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1.1 International organizations and their offshoots, absolute number and annual rate of growth
2.1 The proliferation of global financial regulatory standards, 1983–2015
2.2 Bank lending in international and domestic components, 2000–2014
3.1 Foreign exchange reserve accumulation in G20 emerging countries in Asia and Latin America, 1990–2015
13.1 Self-reinforcing gridlock
1.1 Gridlock trends and their mechanisms
1.2 Pathways through and beyond gridlock and their mechanisms
1.3 Pathways through and beyond gridlock across areas of world politics examined in this book
3.1 Institutional fragmentation in the international monetary system: regional arrangements in US dollars created or reinforced by the G20 emerging countries after the 2008 crisis
3.2 Institutional fragmentation in the international monetary system: arrangements in national currencies created by the G20 emerging countries after the 2008 crisis
7.1 Pathways out of gridlock in forced migration
8.1 Pathways through or beyond gridlock in human rights governance
AMR | antimicrobial resistance |
APT | advanced persistent threat |
ARPANET | Advanced Research Projects Agency Network |
ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
BCBS | Basel Committee on Banking Supervision |
BIS | Bank for International Settlements |
BIT | bilateral investment treaty |
BRICS | Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa |
BWC | Biological Weapons Convention |
C6 | US Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Bank of Japan, Bank of England, Swiss National Bank, Bank of Canada |
CAT | Convention against Torture |
CEM | Clean Energy Ministerial |
CFE | Contingency Fund for Emergencies (WHO) |
CGFS | Committee on the Global Financial System |
CMIM | Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralization |
COP | Conference of the Parties |
COP21 | 21st Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, Paris, 2015 |
CPSS | Committee on Payments and Settlement Systems |
CRA | Contingent Reserve Arrangement |
CRD | Capital Requirements Directive |
CTBT | Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty |
CWC | Chemical Weapons Convention |
DAH | development assistance for health |
DSM | dispute settlement mechanism |
EU | European Union |
FATF | Financial Action Task Force |
FDI | foreign direct investment |
Fed | United States Federal Reserve |
FSB | Financial Stability Board |
FTA | free trade agreement |
G7 | Group of Seven (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US) |
G8 | Group of Eight (G7 plus Russia) |
G20 | Group of Twenty (major economies) |
G30 | Group of Thirty (consultative group of academics and financiers) |
G77 | Group of Seventy-Seven (developing countries) |
GATS | General Agreement on Trade in Services (WTO) |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GDP | gross domestic product |
GEG | global energy governance |
GFATM | Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria |
GFF | Global Financial Facility |
GHSA | Global Health Security Agenda |
GICNT | Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism |
GSM | Global Stabilization Mechanism |
HRC | Human Rights Council |
HSS | health system strengthening |
IAASB | International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board |
IADI | International Association of Deposit Insurers |
IAEA | International Atomic Energy Agency |
IAIS | International Association of Insurance Supervisors |
IASB | International Accounting Standards Board |
ICANN | Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
ICC | International Criminal Court |
ICRC | International Committee of the Red Cross |
ICSID | International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes |
IDA | International Development Association |
IDP | internally displaced person |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
IEF | International Energy Forum |
IGO | intergovernmental organization |
IHR | International Health Regulations |
IIF | Institute for International Finance |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IOPS | International Organisation of Pension Supervisors |
IOSCO | International Organization of Securities Commissions |
IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
IRENA | International Renewable Energy Agency |
ISDS | investor–state dispute settlement |
IWG | International Working Group on Export Credits |
LDCs | least developed countries |
LNG | liquefied natural gas |
MAI | Multilateral Agreement on Investment (OECD) |
MDB | Multilateral Development Bank |
MDG | Millennium Development Goal |
Mtoe | million tons of oil equivalent |
NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NGO | non-governmental organization |
NHRI | national human rights institution |
NPT | Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons |
OCHA | UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
ODRF | Over-the-Counter Derivatives Regulators' Forum |
OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OHCHR | UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |
OPCAT | Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture |
OPCW | Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons |
OPEC | Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries |
OSCE | Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe |
OTC | over-the-counter derivatives |
P5 | Permanent Five (members of the United Nations Security Council) |
PEF | Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (World Bank) |
PEPFAR | President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief |
PSI | Proliferation Security Initiative |
R&D | research and development |
R2P | Responsibility to Protect |
SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty |
SARS | severe acute respiratory syndrome |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
SDR | Special Drawing Right |
SE4ALL | Sustainable Energy for All |
SML | Local Currency Payment System |
START | Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty |
TCP/IP | Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol |
TPP | Trans-Pacific Partnership |
TRIMs | Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures |
TTIP | Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership |
TW | terawatt |
UHC | universal health coverage |
UK | United Kingdom |
UN | United Nations |
UNAIDS | Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS |
UNCITRAL | United Nations Commission on International Trade Law |
UNCTAD | United Nations Conference on Trade and Development |
UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
UNFCCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
UNGGE | United Nations Group of Governmental Experts |
UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UN Refugee Agency) |
US | United States |
USAID | US Agency for International Development |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WMD | weapons of mass destruction |
WTO | World Trade Organization |
XDR-TB | extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis |
Garrett Wallace Brown is Professor of Political Theory and Global Health Policy in the School of Politics and International Studies, University of Leeds. His research includes work on cosmopolitanism, globalization theory, global justice, international law and global health governance. He has published widely on issues in global health and has recently published Global Health Policy (2014) and The Global Politics of Health Reform in Africa (2015). His current Medical Research Council research is investigating whether performance-based financing is an effective policy mechanism for African health system strengthening.
Michael Clarke was Professor of Defence Studies at King's College London from 1995 and was the Director General of the Royal United Services Institute from 2007 to 2015. He remains Visiting Professor at King's and also at the University of Exeter and is a Specialist Advisor both to the House of Commons Defence Committee and to the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy. In 2016 he began chairing an Inquiry into drone warfare on behalf of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Drones.
Camila Villard Duran is an Assistant Professor of Law at the University of São Paulo. She was an Associate Fellow of the Oxford-Princeton Global Leaders Fellowship Program run by the Global Economic Governance Programme at the University of Oxford and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University (2014–2016). Camila Villard Duran was awarded her joint-PhD degree in Law by the University of São Paulo and the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (2009–2012). She works on issues related to regulation of money and finance, international economic law, the sociology of economic law, and central bank swaps.
Ann Florini is Professor of Public Policy, School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, and Academic Director of SMU's Master of Tri-Sector Collaboration. She is also Non-resident Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. She is an authority on new approaches to global governance. Her work currently focuses on the roles of tri-sector collaborations involving government, civil society and the private sector in addressing global issues. Her books include China Experiments: From Local Innovation to National Reform (with Hairong Lai and Yeling Tan, 2012); The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World (2007); The Coming Democracy: New Rules for Running a New World (2003); and The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (2000).
Thomas Hale is Associate Professor of Public Policy (Global Public Policy) at the Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford. His research explores how we can manage transnational problems effectively and fairly. He seeks to explain how political institutions evolve – or not – to face the challenges raised by globalization and interdependence, with a particular emphasis on environmental and economic issues. His books include Between Interests and Law: The Politics of Transnational Commercial Disputes (2015), Transnational Climate Change Governance (with Harriet Bulkeley et al., 2014) and Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need It Most (with David Held and Kevin Young, 2013).
David Held is Master of University College, Durham and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Durham University. Among his publications are Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need It Most (with Thomas Hale and Kevin Young, 2013), Cosmopolitanism: Ideals and Realities (2010), Globalization/Anti-Globalization (with Anthony McGrew, 2007), Models of Democracy (2006), Global Covenant (2004), Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (with Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, 1999), and Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (1995). His main research interests include the study of globalization, changing forms of democracy and the prospects of regional and global governance. He is a Director of Polity Press, which he co-founded in 1984, and General Editor of Global Policy.
Lucas Kello is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at Oxford University. He serves as Director of the Cyber Studies Programme, a major research and teaching initiative on all aspects of the modern information society. He is also Co-Director of the university's interdisciplinary Centre for Doctoral Training in Cyber Security.
Andreas Klasen is Professor of International Business at Offenburg University, Senior Honorary Fellow at Durham University and Visiting Fellow at Newcastle Business School. Previously, he was a Partner with PricewaterhouseCoopers and Managing Director of the official German Export Credit and Investment Insurance Agency. Until 2014, he also served as Berne Union Vice President. His research focuses on trade, innovation and economic development.
Kyle McNally is a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in the Global Policy Institute at Durham University. His current research is focused on humanitarianism, global health governance and forced migration policy. His publications include an upcoming book entitled Internal Displacement (2017) and Lessons from Intervention in the 21st Century (co-editor and contributing author, 2014). Kyle McNally was awarded his PhD from Durham University and his MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science.
James Orbinski has over 30 years of international experience in humanitarian medicine, having worked in situations of war, genocide, famine and epidemic disease. He was international president of Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders from 1998 to 2001. He is Professor and CIGI Research Chair in Global Health at the Balsillie School of International Affairs, Laurier University. He is also a full Professor at the University of Toronto Dalla Lana School of Public Health. His research touches on humanitarian medicine, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, global health governance, and the global health impacts of climate change.
Tom Pegram is Senior Lecturer in Global Governance at University College London and the Deputy Director of the UCL Global Governance Institute. He completed his DPhil in Politics from Nuffield College, University of Oxford. His research interests lie at the boundaries of global governance, international organizations, and the transnational politics of human rights implementation. He is co-editor of Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (with Ryan Goodman, 2012) and his scholarly articles have appeared in International Organization, European Journal of International Relations, Human Rights Quarterly and Governance, among others.
Taylor St John is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at PluriCourts, University of Oslo, and a Senior Research Associate at the Global Economic Governance Programme, University of Oxford. Her research concerns the international architecture for investment dispute resolution and the politics of foreign investment more generally. Her book The Rise of Investor–State Arbitration: Law, Politics, and Unintended Consequences will be published in 2017.
Kevin Young is an Associate Professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and works on the political economy of financial market regulation, elite networks and transnational governance. He is co-author of Gridlock: Why Global Cooperation Is Failing When We Need it Most (2013) and has published widely, in journals such as Regulation and Governance, Journal of Banking Regulation, Review of International Political Economy, Business and Politics, Socio-Economic Review and Public Administration.
There are increasing signs that the liberal international order created after 1945 now verges on collapse. While populism and nationalism are on the rise across the world, asserting the claims of particular peoples and places, we are more linked than ever before. These links require global cooperation and careful management. And yet we are not rising to this challenge. A series of global collective action problems, from the spread of weapons of mass destruction to climate change, threaten to render our societies weaker, poorer, and more violent. There is a substantial risk that humankind may not end the twenty-first century as well as we began it.
How these existential challenges are governed, and why their governance has been so inadequate, has preoccupied us for many years. In Gridlock: Why Multilateralism Is Failing When We Need It Most, published with Kevin Young in 2013, we sought to understand and explain the achievements and the limits of the postwar order. We concluded that deep structural trends, rooted in the extraordinary success of international cooperation and the transformations it allowed, now undermined its continued effectiveness and responsiveness. We set out a bleak picture of how gridlock paralyses multilateral governance, with dangerous implications.
This grim picture has stayed with us, and in some cases darkened further. However, it does not capture significant anomalies to the argument. Across world politics, some resilient pathways endure, and new pathways of change unfold. Over the last three years we have explored and examined these exceptions, and tried to understand the balance between the pressures of gridlock, on the one side, and pressures for change, on the other. Without understanding these trends, we cannot begin to break the cycle of gridlock.
Beyond Gridlock is distinctive in two ways. First, it offers a unique and comprehensive insight into political stasis and change at the global level – what works, and why, and where. Second, it has been written in an innovative way, drawing on the expertise of outstanding academics and policy experts working in a diverse range of problem areas. We brought this group together twice, once in Durham in 2015 and once in Oxford in 2016. These were far-ranging and intense discussions in which expertise on specific topics came into dialogue with arguments concerning cross-cutting global trends. This process laid the foundations for the work on this book, which began as an edited volume of essays but ended as a highly integrated, multi-authored text that deploys jointly developed theoretical and analytic tools. The result is an original and comparative analysis of the fundamental challenges of global governance in the twenty-first century.
We would like to thank all those who contributed in these discussions. These include all the contributors to this book, as well as Oliver Stuenkel, Vanda Felbab-Brown, Seyom Brown, Eva Maria Nag, Robert Wade, and Saba Mahmood. We also thank the Global Challenges Foundation for their support of the two workshops. Finally, Polity Press has been hugely supportive; we thank everyone there for their professionalism.
Thomas Hale and David Held
Oxford and Durham, 2017