Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Some Facets of Molecular Disorder in Crystalline and Amorphous Pharmaceuticals
1.1 The Crystal/Amorph Alternative
1.2 Characteristics of the Disorder in Glass Formers
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Influence of Disorder on Dissolution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Approaches to Enhance Solubility
2.3 Measuring the Solubility Advantage of Amorphous Compounds
2.4 Solid Dispersions
2.5 Polymer Properties
2.6 Drug–Polymer Interactions
2.7 Polymer Concentration
2.8 Other Formulation Components
2.9 Formulation Variables
2.10 Reliable Measurement of Supersaturation
2.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Crystal Imperfections in Molecular Crystals: Physical and Chemical Consequences
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Aspects of Defects in Crystals
3.3 Role of Imperfections in Reactivity and Stability – Chemistry in the Perfect and Imperfect Lattice
3.4 Role in Physical Processes
3.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Observation and Characterization of Crystal Defects in Pharmaceutical Solids
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Techniques for Characterizing Defects within Crystals
4.3 Techniques for Characterizing Defects Emergent at Crystal Surfaces
4.4 Techniques for Quantifying Defect Densities within Crystals
4.5 The Complementarity of Techniques for Characterizing Defects
4.6 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5: “Enantiomeric Disorder” Pharmaceutically Oriented
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Introduction and Lexicon of Specific Terms Used among Chiral Molecules and Chiral Molecular Associations
5.3 Restrictions in Symmetry Operations Inside Crystal Lattices with an Enantiomeric Excess Different from Zero
5.4 Impact of Chirality on Phase Diagrams and the Gibbs–Scott Phase Rule
5.5 Competitions between Solid Solutions (Impact of Polymorphism on Solid Solutions) Application: Preferential Enrichment
5.6 Disorder at Level 3 Multiepitaxy between Enantiomers
5.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Conformational Disorder and Atropisomerism in Pharmaceutical Compounds
6.1 Premise: Conformational Energy Barriers in Flexible Molecules
6.2 Conformational Topology and Crystallization of Chain Molecules
6.3 Conformational Polymorphism and Crystallization of Flexible Molecules
6.4 Conformational Flexibility of Ring Molecules: Carbohydrates
6.5 Hindered Conformational Isomerism: Atropisomerism
6.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Tautomerism in Drug Delivery
7.1 Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy as a Powerful Tool for Investigating the Tautomerization Process in Condensed Materials
7.2 Tautomerization Kinetics of Supercooled Pharmaceuticals
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8: Disorders in Pharmaceutical Polymers
8.1 Polymers Architectures – Structural Disorders
8.2 Structural States and Phases Transitions
8.3 Dynamic Disorders
8.4 Blends of Polymer and Small Molecules
8.5 Effect of the Structural Properties of Pharmaceutical Polymers on Their Physical Behavior
8.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Polymer Gels, Hydrogels, and Scaffolds – An Overview
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Gels and Hydrogels
9.3 Scaffolds
9.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Use of the Pair Distribution Function Analysis in the Context of Pharmaceutical Materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What Is the PDF?
10.3 How to Measure the PDF
10.4 Modeling of the PDF
10.5 Applications of PDF Analysis to Molecular and Pharmaceutical Compounds
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Application of Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy to Study Molecular Mobility in Pharmaceutical Systems
11.1 Introduction to Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy
11.2 Molecular Dynamics in Amorphous Pharmaceutical Systems
11.3 Molecular Mobility and Dielectric Response in Partially Ordered Pharmaceutical Systems
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12: Raman Spectroscopy in Disordered Molecular Compounds: Application to Pharmaceuticals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Raman Spectroscopy
12.3 Analysis of Molecular Compounds by Raman Spectroscopy
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Study of Disordered Materials by Terahertz Spectroscopy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Exploration of Terahertz Dynamics Prior to THz-TDS
13.3 Response of Supercooled Liquids and Glasses at Terahertz Frequencies
13.4 Terahertz Studies of Disordered Molecular Solids
13.5 Organic Glass-Forming Liquids
13.6 Characterization of Disordered Biological and Pharmaceutical Systems
13.7 Outlook
References
Chapter 14: Study of Disorder by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basics of Solid-State NMR
14.3 Static Disorder
14.4 Dynamic Disorder
14.5 A Case Study
14.6 Final Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Processing-Induced Disorder in Pharmaceutical Materials
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Pharmaceutical Processing
15.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Patenting of Inventions Relating to Solid Forms, with Special Considerations on Disordered Forms
16.1 Patentability of Disordered Crystals
16.2 Patentability of Co-crystals
16.3 Patentability of Amorphous Forms
16.4 Patenting (Disordered) Nanocrystals
16.5 Conclusions
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
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