Contents

Cover

Title Page

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Reproductive System

1.1 Male Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals
1.2 Female Genital Organs in Domestic Mammals
1.3 The Genital System in Domestic Mammals Species by Species
1.4 Genital Organs in Laboratory Mammals
References

Chapter 2: Anatomy of Mammalian (Endocrine) Glands Controlling the Reproduction

2.1 The Hypothalamus Including the Hypophysis
2.2 The Cerebral Epiphysis
2.3 The Thyroid Gland
2.4 The Adrenal Glands
2.5 The Sexual Glands
2.6 The Liver
References

Chapter 3: Models for Investigating Placental Biology

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Placenta
3.3 Development of Human Placenta
3.4 Modeling Placental Development and Diseases of Placental Origin
3.5 Summary
References

Chapter 4: Early Developmental Programming of the Ovarian Reserve, Ovarian Function, and Fertility

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Oogonia (Germ Cells)
4.3 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fetal Follicle/Oocyte Numbers (Healthy versus Atretic) and Oocyte Quality
4.4 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on the Ovarian Reserve (Total Number of Morphologically Healthy Follicles/Oocytes in Ovaries) in Offspring
4.5 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Ovarian Function (e.g., Pituitary Gonadotropin Secretion, Ovarian Hormone/Growth Factor Production, Response to Gonadotropins, Follicle Development, Irregular Reproductive Cycles, and Ovulation Rate) in Offspring
4.6 Impact of Prenatal Environmental Challenges on Fertility (as Measured by Conception Rates, Fecundity, or Age at Puberty or Menopause) in Offspring
4.7 Summary and Conclusion
References

Chapter 5: Small Non-Coding RNAS in Gametogenesis

5.1 Small Non-Coding RNAs
5.2 Function of sncRNAs in Gametogenesis
Acknowledgment
References

Chapter 6: The Ovarian Follicle of Cows as a Model for Human

6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Similar Physiology of Folliculogenesis
6.3 Assisted Reproduction
6.4 Testing the Competence Hypothesis
6.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 7: Production of Energy and Determination of Competence: Past Knowledge, Present Research, and Future Opportunities in Oocyte and Embryo Metabolism

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measuring Metabolism
7.3 The Relationship Between Oocyte Metabolism and Quality
7.4 Embryo Metabolism
7.5 Metabolic Biomarkers
7.6 Toward Personalized Culture Media: Formulating Media for Specific Maternal Conditions
7.7 Summary
References

Chapter 8: Signal Transduction Pathways in Oocyte Maturation

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phosphodiesterase
8.3 Gap Junction Communications
8.4 Metabolic Switch (AMPK)
8.5 Conclusion
References

Chapter 9: Pig Models of Reproduction

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Early Embryonic Development
9.3 Oocyte Maturation
9.4 Fertilization
9.5 Tubouterine Contractility
9.6 Development to the Blastocyst Stage
9.7 Pregnancy and Developmental Programming
9.8 Puberty
9.9 Reproductive Disease
9.10 Summary
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 10: The Mare as an Animal Model for Reproductive Aging in the Woman

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Cycles
10.3 The Follicle
10.4 Fertility
10.5 The Oocyte
10.6 Conclusions
References

Chapter 11: Spotlight on Reproduction in Domestic Dogs as a Model for Human Reproduction

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dog Reproduction
11.3 Dog-Assisted Reproductive Technology
11.4 Dog Contraception
11.5 The Dog as a Model for Human Reproduction
11.6 Concluding Statements
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 12: Animal Models of Inflammation During Pregnancy

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Local Inflammation of the Pregnant Female Reproductive Tract
12.3 Systemic Inflammation During Pregnancy
12.4 Genetic Models and Cellular Manipulation to Study Inflammation During Pregnancy
12.5 Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Disease
12.6 Perspectives and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 13: Practical Approaches, Achievements, and Perspectives in the Study on Signal Transduction in Oocyte Maturation and Fertilization: Focusing on the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis as an Animal Model

13.1 Introduction to Reproductive Biology of Frog Oocytes and Eggs
13.2 Practical Approaches
13.3 Achievements and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Appendix
References

Chapter 14: Prezygotic Chromosomal Examination of Mouse Spermatozoa

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Procedure of Sperm Chromosome Screening
14.3 Practical Use of SCS Before Fertilization
14.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 15: Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Mammalian Sperm Acrosomal Exocytosis

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Structure of the Acrosome
15.3 Intermediate Stages of Exocytosis
15.4 Sperm Capacitation Prepare the Sperm to Undergo Acrosomal Exocytosis
15.5 Physiological Site for the Occurrence of Acrosomal Exocytosis
15.6 SNARES and Other Proteins from the Fusion Machinery
15.7 Hyperpolarization
15.8 Actin Cytoskeleton
15.9 Calcium
References

Chapter 16: Sperm Chromatin Dynamics Associated with Male Fertility in Mammals

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sperm Chromatin Structure Modulates Sperm Nuclear Shape and Function
16.3 The Bull Is a Suitable Model for the Study of Male Fertility in Humans
16.4 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 17: Epigenome Modification and Ubiquitin-Dependent Proteolysis During Pronuclear Development of the Mammalian Zygote: Animal Models to Study Pronuclear Development

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Milestones of Pronuclear Development
17.3 Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pore Complexes, and Nuclear Lamina Changes During Pronuclear Development
17.4 Molecular Mechanism of Paternal and Maternal Pronucleus Biogenesis
17.5 Role of UPS in Pronuclear Biogenesis
17.6 Posttranslational Modifications of Pronuclear Histones
17.7 Sirtuin Family Histone Deacetylases in Gametogenesis and Development
17.8 Clinical and Technological Considerations
17.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 18: Alterations of the Epigenome Induced by the Environment in Reproduction

18.1 Introduction
18.2 Epigenetic Reprogramming
18.3 Environment and Epigenetic Alterations
18.4 Animal Models Used in Reproduction to Research Epigenetic Alterations Induced by the Environment
18.5 Effects of Environment on Epigenetic Modifications in Humans
18.6 Epigenetics and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
18.7 Priorities for the Future
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 19: Toward Development of Pluripotent Porcine Stem Cells by Road Mapping Early Embryonic Development

19.1 Introduction
19.2 Current Status on the Pluripotent State in the Pig Embryo
19.3 Current Status of the Establishment of Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells (pESCs)
19.4 Current Status in Establishment of Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
19.5 Future Perspectives: Use of Global Profiling on Pluripotent Cells from Pig Embryo and Pluripotent Stem Cells
19.6 Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

Chapter 20: Applications of Metabolomics in Reproductive Biology

20.1 Introduction
20.2 Metabolomics and Reproductive Biology
20.3 Metabolomics Studies in Large Animals as Models for Humans
20.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References

Chapter 21: Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes

21.1 Principles of Cryopreservation
21.2 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Oocytes
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

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Figure 1.75

Figure 2.1

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Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 3.1

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Figure 5.1

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Figure 11.1

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Figure 11.31

Figure 11.32

Figure 11.33

Figure 11.34

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

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Figure 14.3

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Figure 14.5

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Figure 21.8

List of Contributors

Muhammad Anzar

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Saskatoon Research and Development Center

Saskatoon, Canada

Annick Bergeron

Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction

Département des Sciences Animales

Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation

Université Laval

Québec, Canada

Mariano G. Buffone

Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)

National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET)

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Elaine M. Carnevale

Equine Reproduction Laboratory

Department of Biomedical Sciences

Colorado State University

CO, USA

Gheorghe M. Constantinescu

Department of Biomedical Sciences

College of Veterinary Medicine

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Thu Dinh

Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

Mississippi State University

MS, USA

Sule Dogan

IVF Michigan P.C.

MI, USA

Alex C.O. Evans

School of Agriculture and Food Science

University College Dublin

Dublin, Ireland

Kristine Freude

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences

University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Zhao-Jia Ge

College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine

Qingdao Agricultural University

Qingdao, China

Vanessa Hall

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences

University of Copenhagen

Denmark

Jason R. Herrick

Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine

CO, USA

Poul Hyttel

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences

University of Copenhagen

Denmark

James J. Ireland

Michigan State University

MI, USA

Fermin Jimenez-Krassel

Michigan State University

MI, USA

Abdullah Kaya

Department of Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination

Selcuk University

Konya, Turkey

Daulat Raheem Khan

Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction

Département des Sciences Animales

Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation

Université Laval

Québec, Canada

Dario Krapf

Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Rosario (CONICET-UNR) and Área Biología

Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Farmacéuticas

UNR

Rosario, Argentina

Rebecca L. Krisher

Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine

CO, USA

Naseer A. Kutchy

Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

Mississippi State University

MS, USA

Keith E. Latham

Department of Animal Science

Reproductive and Developmental Science Program

Michigan State University

MI, USA

Kaveh Mashayekhi

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences

Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences

University of Copenhagen

Denmark

and

BioTalentum Ltd.

Aulich Lajos str. 26. 2100

Gödöllő, Hungary

and

Sandor Life Sciences

Sandor Medicaids Group Pvt. Ltd.

Hyderabad, 500043 India

Erdogan Memili

Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

Mississippi State University

MS, USA

B.R. Mordhorst

Division of Animal Science

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Francesca Mossa

Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria

Università degli Studi di Sassari

Sassari, Italy

Arlindo Moura

Department of Animal Sciences

Federal University of Ceara

Fortaleza, Brazil

Jan Nevoral

Department of Veterinary Sciences

Czech University of Life Sciences

Prague, Czech Republic

and

Division of Animal Science

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Rodrigo Oliveira

Department of Animal Production

Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

D. V. Krishna Pantakani

Department of Clinical Chemistry

University of Göttingen

Göttingen, Germany

Laramie Pence

Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory

USDA Agricultural Research Science

MD, USA

and

Department of Animal and Avian Sciences

University of Maryland

MD, USA

Stoyan Petkov

Institute for Farm Animal Genetics

Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute

Neustadt, Germany

R.S. Prather

Division of Animal Science

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

and

National Swine Resource and Research Center

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Karen E. Racicot

Department of Obstetrics

Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

Reproductive and Development Science Program

Van Andel Institute

Michigan State University

MI, USA

François J. Richard

Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction

Département des Sciences Animales

Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation

Université Laval

Québec, Canada

Nicolas Santiquet

National Foundation for Fertility Research

Lone Tree

CO, USA

Ken-ichi Sato

Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Development

Department of Molecular Biosciences

Faculty of Life Sciences

Kyoto Sangyo University

Kyoto, Japan

Heide Schatten

Department of Veterinary Pathobiology

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Elena Silva

Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine

CO, USA

Marc-André Sirard

Département des Sciences Animales Pavillon des services

Chaire de Recherche du Canada en Génomique Animale, Canada

Lukasz Smorag

Institute of Human Genetics

University of Göttingen

Göttingen, Germany

Florenza A. La Spina

Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)

National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET)

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Cintia Stival

Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Rosario (CONICET-UNR) and Área Biología

Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Farmacéuticas

UNR

Rosario, Argentina

Peter Sutovsky

Division of Animal Science

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

and

Department of Obstetrics

Gynecology and Women's Health

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, USA

Hiroyuki Tateno

Department of Biological Sciences

Asahikawa Medical University

Asahikawa, Japan

Bhanu P. Telugu

Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory USDA Agricultural Research ScienceMD, USA

and

Department of Animal and Avian Sciences

University of Maryland

MD, USA

Ana Luiza Cazaux Velho

Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences

Mississippi State University

MS, USA

and

Department of Animal Science

Federal University of Ceara

Fortaleza, Brazil

Siobhàn W. Walsh

Department of Chemical and Life Sciences

Waterford Institute of Technology

Waterford, Ireland

Hiroyuki Watanabe

Department of Biological Sciences

Asahikawa Medical University

Asahikawa, Japan

Shirley J. Wright

Department of Biology

University of Dayton

OH, USA

Shen Yin

Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong

College of Animal Science and Technology

Institute of Reproductive Sciences

Qingdao Agricultural University

Qingdao, China