Table of Contents
Wiley Series
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface To The Second Edition
Key Features
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Introduction—How To Use This Text
Scope of Text
Primary Structure
Chapter Exercises
Appendices
Summary
Chapter 1: Systems, Engineering, and Systems Engineering
1.1 Definitions of Key Terms
1.2 Approach to This Chapter
1.3 What is a System?
1.4 Learning to Recognize Types of Systems
1.5 What is SE?
1.6
System
Versus
Systems
Engineering
1.7 SE: Historical Notes
1.8 Systems Thinking and SE
1.9 Chapter Summary
1.10 Chapter Exercises
1.11 References
Chapter 2: The Evolving State of SE Practice- Challenges and Opportunities
2.1 Definitions of Key Terms
2.2 Approach to this Chapter
2.3 The State of SE and System Development Performance
2.4 Understanding the Problem: Root Cause Analysis
2.5 Industry, Government, Academic, Professional, and Standards Organizations Solutions
2.6 Defining the Problem
2.7 Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities
2.8 Chapter Summary
2.9 Chapter Exercises
2.10 References
Part I: System Engineering and Analysis Concepts
Chapter 3: System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics
3.1 Definition of Key Terms
3.2 Analytical Representation of a System
3.3 System Stakeholders: User and End User Roles
3.4 System Attributes
3.5 System Properties
3.6 System Characteristics
3.7 The System's State of Equilibrium and The Balance of Power
3.8 System/Product Life Cycle Concepts
3.9 System Acceptability: Challenges for Achieving Success
3.10 Chapter Summary
3.11 Chapter Exercises
3.12 References
Chapter 4: User Enterprise Roles, Missions, and System Applications
4.1 Definitions of Key Terms
4.2 Approach to This Chapter
4.3 User Roles and Missions
4.4 Understanding and Defining User Missions
4.5 Understanding The User's Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces
4.6 Chapter Summary
4.7 Chapter Exercises
4.8 References
Chapter 5: User Needs, Mission Analysis, Use Cases, and Scenarios
5.1 Definitions of Key Terms
5.2 Approach to this Chapter
5.3 Commercial/Consumer Product Versus Contract System Development
5.4 User Operational Needs Identification
5.5 Mission Analysis
5.6 Mission Operational Effectiveness
5.7 Defining Mission and System UCs and Scenarios
5.8 Chapter Summary
5.9 Chapter Exercises
5.10 References
Chapter 6: System Concepts Formulation and Development
6.1 Definitions of Key Terms
6.2 Conceptualization of System Operations
6.3 The System Operations Model
6.4 Formulating and Developing the System Concepts
6.5 Chapter Summary
6.6 Chapter Exercises
6.7 References
Chapter 7: System Command and Control (C2) - Phases, Modes, and States of Operation
7.1 Definitions of Key Terms
7.2 Approach to This Chapter
7.3 System Phases of Operation
7.4 Introduction to System Modes and States
7.5 Enterprise Perspective—Engineered System States
7.6 Engineering Perspective—Modes and States
7.7 Applying Phases, Modes, and States of Operation
7.8 Modes and States Constraints
7.9 Chapter Summary
7.10 Chapter Exercises
7.11 References
Chapter 8: System Levels of Abstraction, Semantics, and Elements
8.1 Definitions of Key Terms
8.2 Establishing and Bounding the System's Context
8.3 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics
8.4 System Decomposition Versus Integration Entity Relationships
8.5 Logical–Physical Entity Relationship (ER) Concepts
8.6 Architectural System Element Concepts
8.7 Chapter Summary
8.8 Chapter Exercises
8.9 References
Chapter 9: Architectural Frameworks of the SOI and its Operating Environment
9.1 Definitions of Key Terms
9.2 Approach to This Chapter
9.3 Introduction to the SOI Architecture
9.4 Understanding the OE Architecture
9.5 Other Architectural Frameworks
9.6 Understanding The System Threat Environment
9.7 SOI Interfaces
9.8 Chapter Summary
9.9 Chapter Exercises
9.10 References
Chapter 10: Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations
10.1 Definitions of Key Terms
10.2 Approach to this Chapter
10.3 The System Behavioral Response Model
10.4 System Command & control (C2) Interaction Constructs
10.5 Modeling System Control Flow and Data Flow Operations
10.6 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations
10.7 Modeling an Operational Capability
10.8 Nested Operational Cycles
10.9 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)
10.10 Chapter Summary
10.11 Chapter Exercises
10.12 References
Chapter 11: Analytical Problem-Solving and Solution Development Synthesis
11.1 Definitions of Key Terms
11.2 Part I: System Engineering and Analysis Concepts Synthesis
11.3 Shifting to a New Systems Engineering Paradigm
11.4 The Four Domain Solutions Methodology
11.5 Chapter Summary
11.6 References
Part II: System Engineering and Development Practices
Chapter 12: Introduction to System Development Strategies
12.1 Definitions of Key Terms
12.2 Approach to This Chapter
12.3 System Development Workflow Strategy
12.4 Multi-Level Systems Design and Development Strategy
12.5 Chapter Summary
12.6 Chapter Exercises
12.7 References
Chapter 13: System Verification and Validation (V&V) Strategy
13.1 Definitions of Key Terms
13.2 Approach to This Chapter
13.3 System V&V Concepts Overview
13.4 System Verification Practices
13.5 System Validation Practices
13.6 Applying V&V To The System Development Workflow Processes
13.7 Independent Verification & Validation (IV&V)
13.8 Chapter Summary
13.9 Chapter Exercises
13.10 References
Chapter 14: The Wasson Systems Engineering Process
14.1 Definitions of Key Terms
14.2 Approach To This Chapter
14.3 Evolution of SE Processes
14.4 The Wasson SE Process Model
14.5 Wasson SE Process Model Characteristics
14.6 Application of the Wasson SE Process Model
14.7 The Strength of The Wasson SE Process Model
14.8 Chapter Summary
14.9 Chapter Exercises
14.10 References
Chapter 15: System Development Process Models
15.1 Definitions of Key Terms
15.2 Introduction to the System Development Models
15.3 Waterfall Development Strategy and Model
15.4 “V” System Development Strategy and Model
15.5 Spiral Development Strategy and Model
15.6 Iterative and Incremental Development Model
15.7 Evolutionary Development Strategy and Model
15.8 Agile Development Strategy and Model
15.9 Selection of System Versus Component Development Models
15.10 Chapter Summary
15.11 Chapter Exercises
15.12 References
Chapter 16: System Configuration Identification and Component Selection Strategy
16.1 Definitions of Key Terms
16.2 Items: Building Blocks of Systems
16.3 Understanding Configuration Identification Semantics
16.4 Configuration Item (CI) Implementation
16.5 Developmental Configuration Baselines
16.6 Component Selection and Development
16.7 Vendor Product Semantics
16.8 Component Selection Methodology
16.9 Driving Issues That Influence COTS/NDI Selection
16.10 Chapter Summary
16.11 Chapter Exercises
16.12 References
Chapter 17: System Documentation Strategy
17.1 Definitions of Key Terms
17.2 Quality System and Engineering Data Records
17.3 System Design and Development Data
17.4 Data Accession List (DAL) and Data Criteria List (DCL)
17.5 SE and Development Documentation Sequencing
17.6 Documentation Levels of Formality
17.7 Export Control of Sensitive Data and Technology
17.8 System Documentation Issues
17.9 Chapter Summary
17.10 Chapter Exercises
17.11 References
Chapter 18: Technical Reviews Strategy
18.1 Definitions of Key Terms
18.2 Approach to this Chapter
18.3 Technical Reviews Overview
18.4 Conduct of Technical Reviews
18.5 Contract Review Requirements
18.6 In-Process Reviews (IPR)
18.7 Contract Technical Reviews
18.8 Chapter Summary
18.9 Chapter Exercises
18.10 References
Chapter 19: System Specification Concepts
19.1 Definitions of Key Terms
19.2 What is a Specification?
19.3 Attributes of a Well-Defined Specification
19.4 Types of Specifications
19.5 Key Elements of a Specification
19.6 Specification Requirements
19.7 Chapter Summary
19.8 Chapter Exercises
19.9 References
Chapter 20: Specification Development Approaches
20.1 Definitions of Key Terms
20.2 Approach to this Chapter
20.3 Introduction to Specification Development
20.4 Specification Development Approaches
20.5 Special Topics
20.6 Specification Reviews
20.7 Chapter Summary
20.8 Chapter Exercises
20.9 Reference
Chapter 21: Requirements Derivation, Allocation, Flow Down, and Traceability
21.1 Definitions of Key Terms
21.2 Approach to This Chapter
21.3 Introduction to Requirements Derivation, Allocation Flowdown, & Traceability
21.4 Requirements Derivation Methods
21.5 Requirements Derivation and Allocation Across Entity Boundaries
21.6 Requirements Allocation
21.7 Requirements Traceability
21.8 Technical Performance Measures (TPMs)
21.9 Chapter Summary
21.10 Chapter Exercises
21.11 References
Chapter 22: Requirements Statement Development
22.1 Definition of Key Terms
22.2 Approach to This Chapter
22.3 Introduction to Requirements Statement Development
22.4 Preparing the Requirement Statement
22.5 Selection of Requirement Verification Methods
22.6 Requirements Traceability and Verification Tools
22.7 Requirements Statement Development Guidelines
22.8 When Does a Requirement Become “Official”?
22.9 Chapter Summary
22.10 Chapter Exercises
22.11 References
Chapter 23: Specification Analysis
23.1 Definition of Key Terms
23.2 Analyzing Existing Specifications
23.3 Specification Assessment Checklist
23.4 Specification Analysis Methods
23.5 Specification Deficiencies Checklist
23.6 Resolution of Specification COI/CTI Issues
23.7 Requirements Compliance
23.8 Chapter Summary
23.9 Chapter Exercises
23.10 References
Chapter 24: User-Centered System Design (UCSD)
24.1 Definitions of Key Terms
24.2 Approach to This Chapter
24.3 Introduction to UCSD
24.4 Understanding Human Factors (HF) and Ergonomics
24.5 Situational Assessment: Areas of Concern
24.6 Complex System Development
24.7 SE HF and Ergonomics Actions
24.8 Chapter Summary
24.9 Chapter Exercises
24.10 References
Chapter 25: Engineering Standards of Units, Coordinate Systems, and Conventions
25.1 Definitions of Key Terms
25.2 Approach to This Chapter
25.3 Engineering Standards
25.4 Standards for Units, Weights, and Measures
25.5 Coordinate Reference Systems
25.6 Defining a System's Free Body Dynamics
25.7 Applying Engineering Standards and Conventions
25.8 Engineering Standards and Conventions Lessons Learned
25.9 Chapter Summary
25.10 Chapter Exercises
25.11 References
Chapter 26: System and Entity Architecture Development
26.1 Definitions of Key Terms
26.2 Approach to This Chapter
26.3 Introduction to System Architecture Development
26.4 Development of System Architectures
26.5 Advanced System Architecture Topics
26.6 Chapter Summary
26.7 Chapter Exercises
26.8 References
Chapter 27: System Interface Definition, Analysis, Design, and Control
27.1 Definitions of Key Terms
27.2 Approach to This Chapter
27.3 Interface Ownership, Work Products, and Control Concepts
27.4 Interface Definition Methodology
27.5 Interface Design—Advanced Topics
27.6 Interface Definition and Control Challenges and Solutions
27.7 Chapter Summary
27.8 Chapter Exercises
27.9 References
Chapter 28: System Integration, Test, and Evaluation (SITE)
28.1 Definitions of Key Terms
28.2 Site Fundamentals
28.3 Key Elements of Site
28.4 Planning For Site
28.5 Establishing The Test Organization
28.6 Developing Test Cases (TCs) and Acceptance Test Procedures (ATPs)
28.7 Performing Site Tasks
28.8 Common Integration and Test Challenges and Issues
28.9 Chapter Summary
28.10 Chapter Exercises
28.11 References
Chapter 29: System Deployment, Om&s, Retirement, and Disposal
29.1 Definitions of Key Terms
29.2 Approach to This Chapter
29.3 System Deployment Operations
29.4 System Operation, Maintenance, & Sustainment (OM&S)
29.5 System Retirement (Phase-Out) Operations
29.6 System Disposal Operations
29.7 Chapter Summary
29.8 Chapter Exercises
29.9 References
Part III: Analytical Decision Support Practices
Chapter 30: Introduction to Analytical Decision Support
30.1 Definitions of Key Terms
30.2 What is Analytical Decision Support?
30.3 Attributes of Technical Decisions
30.4 Types of Engineering Analyses
30.5 System Performance Analysis and Evaluation
30.6 Statistical Influences on System Design
30.7 Chapter Summary
30.8 General Exercises
30.9 References
Chapter 31: System Performance Analysis, Budgets, and Safety Margins
31.1 Definitions of Key Terms
31.2 Performance “Design-To” Budgets and Safety Margins
31.3 Analyzing System Performance
31.4 Real-Time Control and Frame-Based Systems
31.5 System Performance Optimization
31.6 System Analysis Reporting
31.7 Chapter Summary
31.8 Chapter Exercises
31.9 References
Chapter 32: Trade Study Analysis of Alternatives (AoA)
32.1 Definitions of Key Terms
32.2 Introduction to Multivariate Analysis of Alternatives (AoA)
32.3 Chartering a Trade Study
32.4 Establishing The Trade Study Methodology
32.5 Trade Study Quantitative Approaches
32.6 Trade Study Utility or Scoring Functions
32.7 Sensitivity Analysis
32.8 Trade Study Reports (TSRs)
32.9 Trade Study Decision
32.10 Trade Study Risk Areas
32.11 Trade Study Lessons Learned
32.12 Chapter Summary
32.13 Chapter Exercises
32.14 References
Chapter 33: System Modeling and Simulation (M&S)
33.1 Definitions of Key Terms
33.2 Technical Decision-Making Aids
33.3 Simulation-Based Models
33.4 Application Examples of M&S
33.5 M&S Challenges and Issues
33.6 Chapter Summary
33.7 Chapter Exercises
33.8 References
Chapter 34: System Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA)
34.1 Definitions of Key Terms
34.2 Approach to This Chapter
34.3 System Reliability
34.4 Understanding System Maintainability
34.5 System Availability
34.6 Optimizing Rma Trade-Offs
34.7 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM)
34.8 System RMA Challenges
34.9 Chapter Summary
34.10 Chapter Exercises
34.11 References
Epilog
Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations
Appendix B: INCOSE Handbook Traceability
B.1 Reference
Appendix C: System Modeling Language (SysML™) Constructs
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Entity Relationships (ER)
C.3 SysML
TM
Diagrams
C.4 References
Index
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End User License Agreement
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Guide
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface To The Second Edition
Introduction—How To Use This Text
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Systems, Engineering, and Systems Engineering
Figure 1.1 The Scope of SE and Its Relationship to Traditional Engineering
Figure 1.3 Multi-discipline SE “Bridges the Gap” between Users and System Developer Engineering Disciplines
Figure 1.4 Apollo Vehicle
Chapter 2: The Evolving State of SE Practice- Challenges and Opportunities
Figure 2.1 Void in the Traditional Engineering Education Model
Figure 2.2 Comparison of Enterprise and Organizational SE Capabilities
Figure 2.3 SDBTF Quantum Leaps from Requirements to Physical Design Solutions
Figure 2.4 Industry and Government SE Challenges and Engineering Education Outcomes
Figure 2.5 Correlation Plot: Cost Overruns (Normalized) as a Function of Equivalent SE Effort (EESE) (Percentage of Program Cost) (Source: Honour (2013). Used with permission.)
Figure 2.6 Correlation Plot: Project Schedule Overruns (Normalized) as a Function of Equivalent SE Effort (EESE) (Percentage of Program Cost) (Source: Honour (2013). Used with permission.)
Figure 2.7 Correlation Plot: Overall Project Success (Normalized) as a Function of Equivalent SE Effort (EESE) (Percentage of Program Cost) (Source: Honour (2013). Used with permission.)
Figure 2.8 Graphical Depiction of the Plug and Chug … Specify-Design-Build-Text-Fix (SDBTF) Engineering Paradigm with Archer's Embedded Design Process Model (DPM)
Figure 2.9 Archer's DPM (Source: Reprinted from Rowe (1998), Design Thinking, published by The MIT Press, modified from its original presentation in Archer (1965).)
Figure 2.10 Archer's (1965) DPM as the Underlying Problem-Solving and Solution Development Methodology Embedded within the Plug and Chug … SDBTF Engineering Paradigm
Figure 2.11 SE – The Void in Undergraduate Engineering Education
Figure 2.12 Formal Education versus Enterprise and Organizational Experiential Learning
Figure 2.13 System Engineering—The Missing Course in Engineering Education
Figure 2.14 SE Best Practices Effectiveness—Project Performance versus Total SE Capability Controlled by Project Challenge (Source: Elm and Goldenson, 2012, Figure 3, p. xiv. Used with permission.)
Chapter 3: System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics
Figure 3.1 Simple Diagram of a System
Figure 3.2 Analytical System Entity Construct
Figure 3.3 System/Product Life Cycle Overview
Figure 3.4 US DOE Stage-Gate Process Example
Source
: DOE (2007), Stage-Gate Innovation Management Guidelines
Figure 3.5 System Usage Pathway Options Through Its Lifecycle.
Figure 3.6 Enterprise Organizational, Line of Business (LOB), and Product Model Life Cycles
Chapter 4: User Enterprise Roles, Missions, and System Applications
Figure 4.1 Understanding the Mission System (Producer) and Enabling System (Supplier) Roles
Figure 4.2 Operational Needs Identification Process
Figure 4.3 Understanding the Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces
Figure 4.4 SE—Translating the Abstract Opportunity/Problem Space into an SE Solution Space
Figure 4.5 The Acquisition of a New System and Phase-Out of an Existing (Legacy) System
Figure 4.6 Partitioning the Problem Space into an SE Solution Space Representation
Figure 4.7 Partitioning (decomposing) the Problem Space into Manageable Pieces
Chapter 5: User Needs, Mission Analysis, Use Cases, and Scenarios
Figure 5.1 Generalized Comparison of Commercial versus Contract System Development.
Figure 5.2 Kano's Model of Customer Satisfaction—Recent Developments
Figure 5.3 Understanding SOI Mission Reliability with Mission System and Enabling System Performance Effectors
Figure 5.4 Commercial Aircraft Mission Profile Example
Figure 5.5 Mission Event Timeline (MET) Example
Figure 5.6 Example MET—NASA Mars Exploration Rover Launch Phases
Figure 5.7 Example MET—NASA Mars Exploration Rover Entry, Descent, and Landing Phases
Figure 5.8 Automobile Fuel Efficiency MOE and Contributory MOPs
Figure 5.9 SysML
TM
Use Case Diagram Example
1
Figure 5.10 SysML
TM
Sequence Diagram Example
Figure 5.11 SysML
TM
Activity Diagram Example
Chapter 6: System Concepts Formulation and Development
Figure 6.1 Generalized System Operations Model
Figure 6.2 Robust System Operations Model
Figure 6.3 Matrix for Mapping Mission System and Enabling System Operations to Phases of Operation
Figure 6.4 Fielded System/Product Life Cycle Concepts and Operations
Chapter 7: System Command and Control (C2) - Phases, Modes, and States of Operation
Figure 7.1 Phases, Modes, and States: Bridging UCs, Specification Requirements, Architectural Solutions, and System Design
Figure 7.2 Illustration Depicting the Entity Relationships (ERs) of Modes and States
Figure 7.3 Example—Aircraft Mission Life Cycle Phases with Embedded Phases of Flight
Figure 7.4 Mission Phases of Operation Concept illustrating Linkages between Operations, Stakeholders and Use Cases, and Mission System and Enabling System Interactions
Figure 7.5 System States of Operation and Transitions as a Function System/Product of Life Cycle Phases
Figure 7.6 Modal Transition Loop Construct
Figure 7.7 Illustration Depicting Abstraction of Use Cases into Higher Level Modes of Operation
Figure 7.8 Generalized Modes of Operation Construct for Use as a Starting Point
Figure 7.9 NASA Space Shuttle Flight Operations Modes
Figure 7.10 NASA Space Shuttle Post-Flight Operations/Safing Mode
Figure 7.11 Dynamic States Example: NASA Space Shuttle as a Free Body in Space
Figure 7.12 Aircraft Example—Mission Life Cycle Phases, Modes, and States of Operation. (Flight Hold Phase is not shown due to space restrictions)
Figure 7.13 Illustration of the System's Command and Control (C2) Entity Relationships (ERs) Constrained by Allowable and Prohibited Actions
Figure 7.14 Automobile Example—Illustrating Command and Control (C2) Allowable and Prohibited Actions as a Function of Mode of Operation
Chapter 8: System Levels of Abstraction, Semantics, and Elements
Figure 8.1 Context Diagram for an Aircraft Mission System
Figure 8.2 Lightning Strike on NASA Space Shuttle, Pad 39A—July 10, 2009.
Figure 8.3 Abstracting Entities into levels of Abstraction
Figure 8.4 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics Frame of Reference
Figure 8.5 Desktop Computer System as a Virtual Analytical Abstraction
Figure 8.6 System Levels of Abstraction Tailoring Example
Figure 8.7 System Analytical Decomposition into Levels of Abstraction versus Physical Integration Entity Relationships (ERs) Defined in Table 8.2
Figure 8.8 Logical Entity Relationships (ERs) Example
Figure 8.9 Translation of Logical ER into Physical ERs Example
Figure 8.10 Simple Matrix Approach to Identifying ERs Between System Elements
Figure 8.11 N x N (N2) Diagram Illustrating System Element ERs and Interface Identifiers
Figure 8.12 Integrated Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) Construct.
Figure 8.13 System Element Architecture (SEA) Construct
Figure 8.14 System Levels of Abstraction Depicting Composition of System Elements at Each Level
Figure 8.15 Race Car Pit Crew – Performing Entities Example.
Chapter 9: Architectural Frameworks of the SOI and its Operating Environment
Figure 9.1 An Analytical Perspective of a System of Interest's (SOI) Mission System – Enabling System Interactions with External Systems in their Operating Environment (OE)
Figure 9.2 An Analytical Perspective an SOI's Architecture Depicting Interactions Between the Mission System, Its Enabling System(s), and their Operating Environment (OE).
Figure 9.3 An Analytical Perspective of an SOI's Operating Environment (OE) Architecture
Figure 9.4 Analytical Framework Depicting the Physical Environment Domain, Its System Elements, Levels of Abstraction, and their Entity Relationships (ERs)
Figure 9.5 Example Methodology for Identifying Physical Environment Domain Requirements
Figure 9.6 Understanding the Context of an SOI's Operating Environment Relative to the Observer's Frame of Reference
Chapter 10: Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations
Figure 10.1 System Behavioral Responses Model
Figure 10.2 Open Loop C2 System Examples
Figure 10.3 Closed Loop C2 System Examples
Figure 10.4 Status and Health Broadcast System Interactions Example
Figure 10.5 Peer-to-Peer Data Exchange Interactions Construct
Figure 10.6 Issue Arbitration/Resolution System Interactions Construct
Figure 10.7 Hostile Encounter Interactions Construct
Figure 10.8 High-level Car–Driver System Operations Model
Figure 10.9 Control Flow–Data Flow Graphical Convention
Figure 10.10 Concurrent Multi-phase Operations Model
Figure 10.11 Mission Phase Operations: Multi-user Construct
Figure 10.12 Ishikawa Diagram of System Element Contributions to Overall System Performance
Figure 10.13 Generalized SOI Interactions Construct
Figure 10.14 Generalized SEA Construct
Figure 10.16 Personnel–Equipment Task Sequence Model
Figure 10.17 System Capability Construct with Exception Handling
Figure 10.17 Personnel–Equipment Interactions Illustration
Figure 10.18 Application of the System Capability construct to a Car–Driver System
Figure 10.19 Driver Capability C2 of Car Capabilities
Figure 10.20 Business Operational Cycles within Cycles
Chapter 11: Analytical Problem-Solving and Solution Development Synthesis
Figure 11.1 Development and Evolution of a System/Entity's Solution Domains
Figure 11.2 System Design Solution Domain Time-Based Implementation
Figure 11.3 Illustration of the Relationship of Archer's DPM to Each of the Four Domain Solutions
Figure 11.4 Conceptual Overview of System Engineering & Analysis Synthesis
Figure 11.5 Matrix Summarizing Mission System and Enabling System Design Synthesis
Chapter 12: Introduction to System Development Strategies
Figure 12.1 The System Development Process Workflow
Figure 12.2 Overview Graphic of the System Development Strategies
Figure 12.3 Multi-Level System Design & Development Strategy
Figure 12.4 Multi-Level System Engineering Problem Solving and Solution Development Strategy
Figure 12.5 Multi-Level System Design Strategy
Figure 12.6 System Integration, Test, & Evaluation (SITE) Strategy
Figure 12.7 Latent Defects -
Ad Hoc
, SDBTF-DPM Engineering Paradigm Bonafide Versus Bonafide SE and Development (SE&D) Paradigm
Chapter 13: System Verification and Validation (V&V) Strategy
Figure 13.1 The Error Avalanche. Source: DAU (2005, Figure 17-1, p. 17-3)
Figure 13.2 The Cumulative Effects of Undiscovered Latent Defects
Figure 13.3 System V&V Concept Overview
Figure 13.4 How Incorrectly Labeled V&V Graphics unwittingly Promote Misinformation
Figure 13.5 System V&V: Programmatic Perspective
Figure 13.6 SE Design Process V & V Strategy Applied to the System Development Processes Workflow (Figure 12.3)
Chapter 14: The Wasson Systems Engineering Process
Figure 14.1 The Wasson System Engineering Process Model
Figure 14.2 Iterative Dependencies within the Wasson SE Process Model
Figure 14.3 Example Requirements Domain Solution Structure
Figure 14.4 Operational Architecture Example
Figure 14.5 Behavioral Capability Architecture Illustrating Mission Phase of Operation Sequential Control Flow and Data Flow Interactions
Figure 14.6 Synchronization of MET Time Performance Allocations to Use Case Based Behavioral Capabilities
Figure 14.7 Linking Behavioral Domain Solution Capabilities to the Physical Domain Solution's Product Structure
Figure 14.8 Optimized versus Optimal Performance Example
Figure 14.9 Recursive Application of the Wasson SE Process to the Multi-level System Design Process
Figure 14.10 Quadrant Representation Symbolizing the Sequential Dependencies of the Four Solution Domains within the Wasson SE Process Model
Figure 14.11 Recursive Application of the Wasson SE Process to System Levels of Abstraction and Entities Within Each Level
Figure 14.12 System Design Solution Framework Illustrating Integration of the Four Domain Solutions
Figure 14.13 The Multi-Level System Design Process Spiral with Breakout Points at Each level
Chapter 15: System Development Process Models
Figure 15.1 The Waterfall Model of the Software Lifecycle (Boehm, 1988, Figure 1, p. 62 adaptation of Royce (1970, Figure 3, p. 330)). Used with Permission
Figure 15.2 Wasson Adaptation of the V-Model for System Development
Figure 15.3 Wasson Adaptation of the V-Model System Design Activities
Figure 15.4 Spiral Development Model (Source: Boehm (1988), Figure 2, p. 62) Used with permission.
Figure 15.5 Incremental Development Model Concept
Figure 15.6 Application of the V-Model to Incremental Development
Figure 15.7 Agile Product Development Cycle (Scrum)
Figure 15.8 Product Burndown Chart Example (Source: Straub (2009), Wikimedia Commons—Public Domain Use)
Figure 15.9 Sprint Iteration Workflow Cycle
Figure 15.10 The Relationship between User Stories, UCs, and Specification Requirements
Figure 15.11 The Importance of External and Internal User Stories in System Development
Chapter 16: System Configuration Identification and Component Selection Strategy
Figure 16.1 System Configuration Identification Elements
Figure 16.2 Evolution of Firmware from Software to Hardware
Figure 16.3 Item/CIs Compositional Entity Relationships (ERs)
Figure 16.4 System Architecture and its Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) Specification Tree Configuration Documentation
Figure 16.5 Configuration Item (CI) Accountability Assignments Matrix
Figure 16.6 System Architecture Illustrating Line versus Crosscutting Configuration Items (CIs)
Figure 16.7 Decision Making to Find the Optimal Mix of COTS/NDI/Reuse/New Development Items to Meet Configuration Item (CI) Technical, Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), Schedule, and Risk Factors.
Figure 16.8 Example Component Development Methodology
Chapter 17: System Documentation Strategy
Figure 17.1 Example—Planning Documentation Development and Release Strategy
Figure 17.2 Example—Specification Development and Release Strategy
Figure 17.3 Example—System Design Documentation Development and Release Strategy
Figure 17.4 Example—Test Documentation Development and Release Strategy
Chapter 18: Technical Reviews Strategy
Figure 18.1 Technical Review Sequencing
Chapter 19: System Specification Concepts
Figure 19.1 Application of Various Types of Specifications to System/Entity Development
Figure 19.2 Correlating a System's Architecture to its Specification Tree
Figure 19.3 Multi-Level Specification Development Sequencing
Figure 19.4 Key Elements of a Specification
Figure 19.5 Specification Coverage—Four Types of Operations: Normal, Abnormal, Emergency, and Catastrophic Operations
Chapter 20: Specification Development Approaches
Figure 20.1 MOE, MOS, MOP, and TPM Entity Relationships (ERs) within Specifications
Figure 20.2 Aircraft Mission Cycle MOEs and MOPs
Figure 20.3 Requirements Hierarchy Tree Illustrating Common Specification Requirements Problems
Figure 20.4 Performance-Based Approach to Specification Development
Figure 20.5 Architectural Model-Based Approach to Specification Development
Chapter 21: Requirements Derivation, Allocation, Flow Down, and Traceability
Figure 21.1 Optical Prism Illustration Symbolizing Requirements Derivation
Figure 21.2 Requirements Hierarchy Illustrating Requirements Ancestry and Semantics
Figure 21.3 Application of the Wasson SE Process to Multi-level Requirements Analysis, Derivation, Allocation, and Flow Down Process
Figure 21.4 Overarching Requirements Derivation Constraint—What the User Needs, Wants, Can Afford, and Willingness to Pay
Figure 21.5 Optimal Essential Requirements Concept
Figure 21.6 Intra-specification Use Case-Based Requirements Derivation and Traceability
Figure 21.7 Inter-specification UC-Based Requirements Derivation, Allocation, and Traceability
Figure 21.8 Example Illustrating How Figure 20.2 Mission Life Cycle MOEs Provide the Basis for Specification Section 3.2 Operational Performance Characteristics (Table 20.1).
Figure 21.9 Basic Architectural Model-Based Specification Requirements Allocation and Flow Down Method
Figure 21.10 Multi-Level Requirements Allocation and Flow Down Process
Figure 21.11 Fully Integrated Architectural Framework Illustrating Command and Control (C2) of a Use Case Thread Weaving Through Specific Components.
Figure 21.12 Plotting Technical Performance Measurements (TPMs)
Chapter 22: Requirements Statement Development
Figure 22.1 Requirement Development Decision Process
Figure 22.2 Requirements Verification Method(s) Selection Process.
Chapter 24: User-Centered System Design (UCSD)
Figure 24.1 Application of Reason's (1990) Accident Trajectory Model to a Mission System or Enabling System's Elements. Derivative Work—Used with Permission.
Figure 24.2 Reason's Error Classifications Applied to Equipment Element Design. Derivative Work—Adapted from Reason, J.T. (1990). Human error. Cambridge, England: Copyright © 1990 Cambridge University Press. Used with permission.
Figure 24.3 Accidents in Aviation: Statistical Graph Showing That 80 Percent of All Aviation Accidents Are Caused by HF (Source: FAA-H-8083-30, 2008, Figure 14–34, p. 14–28).
Figure 24.4 Human System Integration (HSI) Application to V-Model System Development.
Figure 24.5 Subtle Perspective Differences between Human Factors (HF) and Ergonomics
Figure 24.6 Mission System or Enabling System Tasking Model
Figure 24.7 Common Personnel–Equipment Task Environment Interactions
Figure 24.8 Example Graphics of Anthropometrics and Biomechanics
Figure 24.9 “Engineering the System” Considerations - Adaptation of the FAA's and NASA's Version of Meister's (1971) Human Factors (HF) Interactions Model. Derivative work — used with permission.
Figure 24.10 MIL-HDBK-470A Depiction of Meister's Human Interactions Model (Source: MIL-HDBK-470A, Figure 8, p. 4–11.)
Figure 24.11 Generalized Personnel–Equipment Situational Assessment Interactions Model
Figure 24.12 Generalized SysML
TM
Activity Diagram Model of Personnel–Equipment Task Interactions
Figure 24.13 Paradigm Shift from Traditional Equipment Design to User-Centered Design
Figure 24.14 Personnel–Equipment Task Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) Trade-Offs
Chapter 25: Engineering Standards of Units, Coordinate Systems, and Conventions
Figure 25.1 (a) Fleming's Left-Hand (LH) Rule for Motors and (b) Right-Hand (RH) Rule for Generators Applied to SE Applications
Figure 25.2 Right-Hand (RH) Grip rule Application to an Axis to Illustrate the Clockwise (+) and Counter-Clockwise (−) sign Conventions
Figure 25.3 Illustrative Example of an Observer's Frame of Reference and Coordinate System
Figure 25.4 Three Types of Principal Axes Orientations of an Observer's Right-Hand (RH) Coordinate System
Figure 25.5 (a) Anatomical Coordinate Reference System Depicting the Intersecting Coronal, Sagittal, and Transverse Planes (Source: Wikimedia Commons, 2013) and (b) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Application
Figure 25.6 Space Shuttle Dimensional Coordinate Reference System.
Figure 25.7 Angular Reference System for SRBs/Motors.
Figure 25.8 Polar, Cylindrical, and Cartesian Coordinate Systems; Jointed Arm and Selectively Compliant Assembly Robot Arm (SCARA) - Robotic and CNC Applications (Groover, 2013 p. 988). Used by permission
Figure 25.9 Medical Robotics Employing Cylindrical and Polar Coordinate Reference Systems. (a) Surgeon's Console (Source: Intuitive Surgical, 2014) and (b) Patient-Side Cart Robotic Surgical Device (Source: Intuitive Surgical, 2014 Used by permission)
Figure 25.10 East-North-Up (ENU) Body Frame of Reference System Applied to an Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) Coordinate System
Figure 25.11 (a) East-North-Up (ENU) and (b) North-East-Down (NED) Body Frame of Reference Conventions
Figure 25.12 Free Body in Space Frame of Reference in Space Relative to the ECEF Coordinate System
Figure 25.13 Illustration of a Free Body's Six Degrees of Freedom (6-DoF) Translational (Directional) Movements - Forward/Backward, Up/Down, Left/Right – and Rotational (Angular) Movements – Roll, Pitch, and Yaw (RPY)
Figure 25.14 NED Application to the NASA STS Space Shuttle. Source: NASA (2010)
Figure 25.15 Example Illustrating Pitch, Yaw, and Roll Attitude of an Aircraft North-East-Down (NED) Body Frame of Reference Relative to its Local Inertial Frame of Reference
Chapter 26: System and Entity Architecture Development
Figure 26.1 Relationships between Architecting, Engineering, and Designing to the System Design Solution
Figure 26.2 ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011 Conceptual Model of an AD (Source: This excerpt is taken from ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, Figure 2 on page 5, with the permission of ANSI on behalf of ISO. (c) ISO 2014—All rights reserved.)
Figure 26.3 Illustration of the Challenges of Balancing Various Stakeholder Views, Viewpoints, and Concerns of a System
Figure 26.4 Establishing a Consensus of Stakeholder Views of a System's Four Domain Solutions
Figure 26.5 Presentation Methods Used to Depict System Architecture Structures— (Left) Hierarchy Tree, (Top Right) Architecture Block Diagram (ABD), and (Lower Right) Multi-Level Decomposition
Figure 26.6 High-Level System Construct Illustrating the Situational Assessment and C2 Interfaces with the User
Figure 26.7 Conceptual Capability Architecture Model for System and Application-Dependent Tailoring
Figure 26.8 The Importance of Fault Containment: Observability and Propagation of Faults within a System and Beyond Its Boundary. Source: Heimerdinger and Weinstock (1992) Figure 3–2, p. 20 Fault Attributes. Used with Permission
Figure 26.9 Comparative Examples of a Centralized versus Decentralized Architectures
Figure 26.10 Redundant Components and Networks Example
Figure 26.11 Comparative Examples Illustrating the Fallacy of Redundant Components with Single Point of Failure (SPF) Interface versus Redundant Interface Connections
Figure 26.12 United Airline Flight 232 Accident—Architectural Redundancy versus Design. Source: NTSB/AAR-SO/06 (1990), National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Report, Figure 14 N1819U, planform of horizontal stabilizer hydraulic system damage
Figure 26.13 Fallacy of Pre-Mature Leaps (Figure 2.3) to Physical Network Architecture Solutions Before Determination of the Optimal Solution
Figure 26.14 Photo Illustrating How the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Camera is Used to Assess the Condition of the NASA JPL Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover Wheels (NASA JPL, 2012)
Chapter 27: System Interface Definition, Analysis, Design, and Control
Figure 27.1 Interface Control document (ICD) Implementation Options—Single or Multiple ICDs
Figure 27.2 Analytical Interface Interactions Matrix
Figure 27.3 Fiber Optic (FO) Interface Data Communications Example
Figure 27.4 Telemetry Data Stream and Data Command/Message Packing Example
Figure 27.5 Telemetry Data Command/Message Packet Format Structure
Figure 27.6 Automobile Crumple Zone and Passenger Compartment Modeling Example
Figure 27.7 Example of Dispersal of Collision Kinetic Energy (KE) Forces Around an Automobile Passenger Compartment to Reduce Injury.
Figure 27.8 Example Illustrating the Importance of Reducing and Containing Interfaces within an Entity to Reduce the Risk of Interface Failures.
Chapter 28: System Integration, Test, and Evaluation (SITE)
Figure 28.1 Example System Integration, Test, & Evaluation (SITE) Architecture and its Elements
Figure 28.2 Test Discrepancy (TD) Fault Isolation Tree for Use in Analyzing Discrepancy Reports (DRs)
Figure 28.3 Example of a System Integration & Test Tree Featuring Entity Integration Points (IPs) and Acceptance Tests (ATs)
Figure 28.4 Integration Point (IP) Entity Relationships (ERs)
Figure 28.5 Test Discrepancy Source Isolation Tree
Chapter 30: Introduction to Analytical Decision Support
Figure 30.1 Application Dependent Gaussian (Normal) Distribution Illustrating the Concept of Acceptable Operating Control Limits
Figure 30.2 Engineering Data Dispersion Concept
Figure 30.3 Understanding Cumulative Error Statistics in System or Product Performance
Figure 30.4 Circular Error Probability (CEP) Example
Figure 30.5 Data Correlation Concept
Chapter 31: System Performance Analysis, Budgets, and Safety Margins
Figure 31.1 Performance Budget and Design Margin Allocations - Solutions or Problems?
Figure 31.2 Time-based Performance Budgets and Safety Margins Application.
Figure 31.3 Mission Event Timeline (MET) Analysis
Figure 31.4 Task Cycle Time Conventions
Figure 31.5 Anatomy of Typical Task Structure Performance
Figure 31.6 Task Throughput / Cycle Time Analysis
Figure 31.7 Task Timeline Elements and Their Statistical Variability
Figure 31.8 Statistical Analysis of Input and Series Task Performance Variability
Figure 31.9 Statistical Analysis Illustrating the Variability of Queue time, Capability Performance Time, and Transport time.
Figure 31.10 Statistical Analysis of Variations in System Element Performance.
Chapter 32: Trade Study Analysis of Alternatives (AoA)
Figure 32.1 Typical Trade Study Decision Sequences Applicable to Every System Level of Abstraction
Figure 32.2 Example Trade Study Decision Tree - Key Technical Decisions and Sequences.
Figure 32.3 Trade Study Areas Example - Mobile Vehicle
Figure 32.4 Example Illustrating a Trade Space with Viable Candidates and Constraint Boundaries
Figure 32.5 Example - 3-D Trade Space Illustration
Figure 32.6 Example - Process Workflow for Chartering a Trade Study Team
Figure 32.7 Example - Trade Study Methodology Workflow.
Figure 32.9 Examples of Utility or Scoring Function Curves
Figure 32.8 Trade Study Example—Normalized Decision Factors and Criteria Approach
Chapter 33: System Modeling and Simulation (M&S)
Figure 33.1 Simulation-Based Architecture Evaluation and Selection
Figure 33.2 Simulation-Based Performance Requirement Allocations
Figure 33.3 Simulation-Based Acquisition (SBA)
Figure 33.4 Simulation-Based Failure Mode Investigations
Figure 33.5 Example – Aircraft Simulator System
Figure 33.6 Simulation Test bed Approach to System Development
Figure 33.7 Examples - Space Shuttle Modeling and Simulation (M&S) (Sources: (Left image): NASAFacts (2014); (Right image): NASA (2014)).
Chapter 34: System Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA)
Figure 34.1 Failure Distribution Profile Examples Profile Example Illustrating the Probability Density Function (PDF) and the Cumulative Density Function (CDF)
Figure 34.2 Basic Types of Lifetime Data Analysis Distributions
Figure 34.3 Weibull Distribution Examples Illustrating the Shape, Scale, and Location Parameter Effects
Figure 34.4 Differences Between the Failure Density Profile,
f(t)
, and the Hazard Rate,
h(t)
, Profile
Figure 34.5 Bathtub Curve Concept Illustrating the Decreasing, Stabilized, and Increasing Failure Regions (DFR, SFR, and IFR)
Figure 34.6 Bathtub Curve Illustration Depicting Its Different Failure Distribution Profiles Failure
Figure 34.7 Notional Comparison Contrasting the Shape of the Bathtub Curve for Electronic versus Mechanical Equipment Failure Rate Profiles
Figure 34.8 Decreasing Failure Rate (DFR) Strategy for Latent Defects Removal During System Integration, Test, and Evaluation (SITE) Prior to Delivery
Figure 34.9 Equipment Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) Strategy
Figure 34.10 Part Stress versus Strength Relationship (Source: The Reliability Information Analysis Center (RIAC), 2004, Used with Permission)
Figure 34.11 Illustration of Misapplication of the Constant Hazard Rate,
h
(
t
), to Human Mortality
Figure 34.12 Examples of Series and Parallel Network Configuration Constructs
Figure 34.13 Illustration Depicting How Parallel Network Configuration Redundancy Improves System Reliability
Figure 34.14 Example of a Series–Parallel Reliability Network Configuration
Figure 34.15 Example Illustration of a Reliability Allocation Block Diagram and Implementation
Figure 34.17 Fault Tree Example – Remote Controlled Television Power Activation
Figure 34.18 DoD FMEA Risk Assessment Matrix Example
Figure 34.19 Example of a Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA) Worksheet
Figure 34.20 Underlying Concepts of Maintainability
Figure 34.21 Composite Overview Representing System Maintenance Cycles
Figure 34.22 Inherent Availability (A
i
) values as a Function of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) and Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
Figure 34.23 Achieving the Optimal, Cost-Effective Balance Between System Reliability and Maintainability for the Least Cost
Figure 34.24 Equipment Failure Condition Trajectory Curve
Appendix C: System Modeling Language (SysML™) Constructs
Figure 3.1 SysML
TM
Generalization versus Aggregation Concepts
Figure 3.2 SysML
TM
Taxonomy of Diagram Types (OMG, 2012, p. 167)
Figure 3.3 SysML
TM
Use Case Diagram (UCD) Construct
Figure 3.4 SysML
TM
Sequence Diagram Construct
Figure 3.5 SysML
TM
Activity Diagram Construct
Figure 3.6 Activity Diagram Illustrating Fork and Join Nodes
Figure 3.7 Block Definition Diagram (BDD) Construct
Figure 3.8 Detailed Block Definition Diagram (BDD) Construct
Figure 3.9 Internal Block Diagram (IBD) Construct