Contents
Cover
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction and Structure of the Book
1.1 Part I – A Global View
1.2 Part II – Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches
1.3 Part III – Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches
1.4 Part IV – Bridging the Gaps
Part One: A Global View
Chapter 2: Transboundary Water Resources Management: Needs for a Coordinated Multidisciplinary Approach
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Assessment and Management of Transboundary Waters
2.3 The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Process
2.4 Capacity Building and Human Potential: The Role of Education
2.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Global Challenges and the European Paradigm
3.1 Towards Integrated Management of Transboundary River Basins over the World
Further Reading
3.2 Antarctic Subglacial Lakes and Waters: The Challenge to Protect a Hidden Resource
References
Further Reading
3.3 Progressive Development of International Groundwater Law: Awareness and Cooperation
References
3.4 The Role of Key International Water Treaties in the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity
References
Further Reading
3.5 The European Union Water Framework Directive, a Driving Force for Shared Water Resources Management
References
Further Reading
3.6 Transfer of Integrated Water Resources Management Principles to Non-European Union Transboundary River Basins
References
3.7 Implementation of the Water Framework Directive Concepts at the Frontiers of Europe for Transboundary Water Resources Management
References
Further Reading
3.8 Implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Non-EU Countries: Serbia in the Danube River Basin
References
3.9 Basic Problems and Prerequisites Regarding Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Management in South East Europe: The Case of the River Evros/Maritza/Meriç
References
Part Two: Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches
Chapter 4: Transboundary Aquifers
4.1 Towards a Methodology for the Assessment of Internationally Shared Aquifers
References
Further Reading
4.2 Challenges in Transboundary Karst Water Resources Management – Sharing Data and Information
References
4.3 The Importance of Modelling as a Tool for Assessing Transboundary Groundwaters
References
4.4 Hydrogeological Characterization of the Yrenda–Toba–Tarijeño Transboundary Aquifer System, South America
References
4.5 The State of Understanding on Groundwater Recharge for the Sustainable Management of Transboundary Aquifers in the Lake Chad Basin
References
4.6 Development, Management and Impact of Climate Change on Transboundary Aquifers of Indus Basin
References
4.7 Natural Background Levels for Groundwater in the Upper Rhine Valley
References
Further Reading
4.8 Hydrogeological Study of Somes-Szamos Transboundary Alluvial Aquifer
References
4.9 Towards Sustainable Management of Transboundary Hungarian–Serbian Aquifer
References
4.10 Transboundary Groundwater Resources Extending over Slovenian Territory
References
Chapter 5: Transboundary Lakes and Rivers
5.1 Do We Have Comparable Hydrological Data for Transboundary Cooperation?
References
5.2 Limnological and Palaeolimnological Research on Lake Maggiore as a Contribution to Transboundary Cooperation Between Italy and Switzerland
References
5.3 Monitoring in Shared Waters: Developing a Transboundary Monitoring System for the Prespa Park
References
5.4 Integrated Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System Techniques for Improving Transboundary Water Management: The Case of Prespa Region
References
5.5 Transboundary Integrated Water Management of the Kobilje Stream Watershed
References
5.6 Climate Change Impacts on Dams Projects in Transboundary River Basins. The Case of the Mesta/Nestos River Basin, Greece
References
Further Reading
5.7 Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Vjosa Basin
References
5.8 Identification and Typology of River Water Bodies in the Hellenic Part of the Strymonas River Basin, as a Transboundary Case Study
References
Further Reading
5.9 Calculation of Sediment Reduction at the Outlet of the Mesta/Nestos River Basin caused by the Dams
References
5.10 Methodologies of Estimation of Periodicities of River Flow and its Long-Range Forecast: The Case of the Transboundary Danube River
References
Part Three: Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches
Chapter 6: Legal Approaches
6.1 The Law of Transboundary Aquifers: Scope and Rippling Effects
References
Further Reading
6.2 Water Management Policies to Reduce over Allocation of Water Rights in the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin
References
Further Reading
6.3 Interstate Collaboration in the Aral Sea Basin – Successes and Problems
6.4 Kidron Valley/Wadi Nar International Master Plan
Acknowledgements
Further Reading
6.5 The Development of Transboundary Cooperation in the Prespa Lakes Basin
References
6.6 International Relations and Environmental Security: Conflict or Cooperation? Contrasting the Cases of the Maritza-Evros-Meriç and Mekong Transboundary Rivers
References
Further Reading
6.7 Delineation of Water Resources Regions to Promote Integrated Water Resources Management and Facilitate Transboundary Water Conflicts Resolution
References
6.8 Transboundary Water Resources and Determination of Hydrologic Prefectures in Greece
References
Chapter 7: Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches
7.1 Social–Ecological Resilience of Transboundary Watershed Management: Institutional Design and Social Learning
References
Further Reading
7.2 How Stakeholder Participation and Partnerships Could Reduce Water Insecurities in Shared River Basins
References
Further Reading
7.3 Transboundary Stakeholder Analysis to Develop the Navigational Sector of the Parana River
References
7.5 Cooperation in the Navigable Course of the Sava River
References
7.5 Transboundary Cooperation through the Management of Shared Natural Resources: The Case of the Shkoder/Skadar Lake
References
7.6 How Far is the Current Status of the Transboundary Shkodra Lake from Requirements for Integrated River Basin Management?
References
Further Reading
7.7 Economic Governance and Common Pool Management of Transboundary Water Resources
References
Further Reading
7.8 Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin Using Cooperative Game Theory
References
7.9 Conflict Resolution in Transboundary Waters: Incorporating Water Quality in Negotiations
References
7.10 The Johnston Plan in a Negotiated Solution for the Jordan Basin
References
Further Reading
Part Four: Bridging the Gaps
Chapter 8: Capacity Building and Sharing the Risks/Benefits for Conflict Resolution
8.1 Capacity Building and Training for Transboundary Groundwater Management: The Contribution of UNESCO
8.2 A Risk-Based Integrated Framework for Conflict Resolution in Transboundary Water Resources Management
References
Chapter 9: The Thessaloniki Statement
At the IV International Symposium on Transboundary Waters Management held in Thessaloniki, Greece, from 15 to 18 October 2008
We the Participants from 42 Countries and International and Regional Organizations, Having
Are of the View that in Order to Face the Above Challenges and Maximize the Advantages from Cooperation Amongst Countries
Index
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Foreword: Transboundary Water Management A Multidisciplinary Approach
For centuries, political and strategic considerations have been the major drivers behind the delineation of boundaries across the globe. Mountains, rivers, lakes and entire ecosystems (not to mention human settlements) have been assigned to the jurisdiction of different states, provinces and other administrative entities with little regard to their environmental cycles or effective management. Yet natural resources, and freshwater in particular, know no man-made boundaries, and indeed require internationally coordinated actions to be sustainably and effectively managed. It is only in recent years that transboundary waters, both surface and groundwater, have taken centre stage in international dialogue, as issues of water and food security force policy makers to take a more holistic view. Climate and global change are rapidly placing added pressures on the world's water reserves and the time has come to strengthen cooperation and build peace amongst states.
UNESCO's mission to ‘contribute to the building of peace, eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information’ is achieved fully through its international water initiatives coordinated by the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme (IHP). UNESCO-IHP, established in 1975, is the only global scientific intergovernmental programme of the UN system devoted entirely to water resources, emphasizing the formulation of policy-relevant strategies for their sustainable management. Through its ISARM (Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources Management) and PCCP (From Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential) programmes, UNESCO provides Member States with high level expertise and knowledge and assists them in the elaboration of policies for the sustainable management of transboundary waters.
Transboundary Water Management, edited by J. Ganoulis, A. Aureli and J. Fried, is the result of several years' of research in the field of international water resources. The UNESCO Chair that coordinates the International Network of Water-Environment Centres for the Balkans played an important role in organizing both the compilation of existing knowledge and the elaboration of sound policy recommendations. It is with great pleasure, therefore, that I welcome the publication of this title and commend it to Member States. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of shared natural resources is indeed paramount to finding solutions to multi-faceted challenges and I trust that future water managers, policy-makers and academics will find pleasure in reading this publication as well as benefit from its findings.
Gretchen Kalonji
UNESCO Assistant Director-General
for Natural Sciences
Preface
This book uses the term ‘transboundary waters’, as in Transboundary Waters Resources Management (TWRM), to mean waters crossing the borders of different riparian countries, which therefore are by definition countries sharing common surface and/or groundwater resources. The term is synonymous with ‘internationally shared waters’ and is in accordance with the terminology used by UNESCO in its international hydrological initiatives, such as the UNESCO/ISARM (Internationally Shared-Transboundary-Aquifer Resources Management) and the UNESCO/PC-CP (Potential Conflict-Cooperation Potential) programmes. It is considered to be a better choice than other similar expressions such as ‘international waters’, ‘multinational waters’ or ‘regional waters’, and avoids misunderstandings due to political sensitivities over national sovereignty in regions located near the borders.
‘Boundaries’ may also exist with different connotations between administrative regions or between cultural or ethnic entities located within the same country. In these cases both surface waters (rivers and lakes) and groundwaters (aquifers) may involve different administrations or various communities and their shared management should aim to resolve issues of potential regional or local conflicts in terms of water needs, water quality, environmental preservation or differences in legislation and economic issues. When the boundary is international and waters cross the borders of different riparian countries, then TWRM faces the major challenge of potential political conflicts and even war. The main issue in this case is how to convert these potential conflicts into collaborative actions. Such global TWRM challenges and general tools with which they may be addressed are explained in Part I: A Global View.
The book aims to serve as a practical guide for enhancing models of collaborative activities between riparian countries. In this context ‘collaboration’ means the active involvement of partners and institutions from both sides of the border, which includes exchange of information, interaction and dialogue between partners, in order to reach common decisions and find unified solutions to TWRM problems. In this sense, ‘collaboration’ is considered to be a more advanced stage of ‘cooperation’ or ‘coordination’. The first step in cooperation can be achieved by a simple exchange of information with no further interaction between partners; this may be called ‘passive cooperation’. A more advanced second step is engaging in dialogue and developing a consultation process; this may be called ‘coordinated cooperation’ and is a prerequisite condition for the third step, which is ‘active collaboration’. Only with active and effective collaboration can sustainable governance of transboundary water resources be achieved.
Since there is no single universal model for a collaborative approach to TWRM, this book presents an analysis of various effective models illustrated by case studies from around the world. Even though case studies are particular and not easily transferred to different situations, they are very helpful in showing relationships between different more or less independent variables, such as physical, hydrologic, hydrogeological, ecological, socio-economic conditions, institutional structures, stakeholders participation, legal agreements and political willingness. The main dependent variable that emerges from this process is the need for active collaboration and effective governance in TWRM.
Models of collaborative actions in TWRM depend on the approach used, for example, whether the model is developed by a particular scientific discipline, by a professional community or by different kinds of scientists.
For engineers, hydrologists, hydrogeologists or environmental professionals emphasis is placed on modelling the physical and ecological transboundary hydro-systems in terms of (i) delineating their natural borders (hydrologic basins for transboundary rivers and lakes or hydrogeological boundaries for groundwater aquifers), (ii) analysing relationships between physical and ecological variables such as precipitation, river flow, pollutant inputs, lake water quality, biodiversity or groundwater recharge and (iii) suggesting structural or non-structural measures in order to obtain solutions and improve TWRM. These models, conceptual or mathematical, are more or less accurate subject to data availability and precision and various assumptions and simplifications in modelling. They are useful for understanding how the physical and ecological transboundary systems behave under natural and anthropogenic inputs in terms of water quantity and environmental impacts. These kinds of models for transboundary aquifers, lakes and rivers are presented in Part II: Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches.
For lawyers and social scientists (geographers, economists, sociologists) emphasis is placed on human factors, which can be very complex and difficult to analyse or predict, such as institutional cooperation, stakeholder participation and negotiation strategies. For lawyers the emphasis is on regulating provisions and duties of riparian countries in terms of access, utilization, protection, preservation and management of transboundary waters. The codification of such legal rules is very useful to the international community, even though this process may be somewhat general and unable to cover all specific cases. The main challenge is whether different national administrations will agree to implement international rules at the national level and at the same time coordinate their activities with riparian countries through bilateral or regional collaborative agreements. This challenge may be faced by raising public and stakeholders' awareness in participatory processes involving national institutions, academic partners and international organizations. All these approaches are presented in Part III: Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches.
In the real world all the above issues and approaches coexist and are interrelated. To achieve effective TWRM these models, whether descriptive or prescriptive, should merge. In Chapter 8 of Part IV: Bridging the Gaps, two main strategies for achieving such integration are presented: (i) through effective capacity building and training in TWRM and (ii) by analysing a general framework of conflict resolution, based on how riparian countries may share benefits and risks. Both these strategies are supported by UNESCO's ISARM and PC-CP programmes.
The main contents of the book are based on updated papers first presented at the ‘IV International Symposium on Transboundary Water Management’, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 2008. Recommendations of this Conference on how to bridge the gaps are summarized in the ‘Thessaloniki Statement’, which is reported in Chapter 9 of Part IV.
I am very grateful to all authors and contributors to this book for their excellent collaboration during and after the conference. Personally and on behalf of my co-editors, Alice Aureli and Jean Fried, I would like to thank Dr. Frank Weinreich, manager of Wiley-VCH Water & Environmental books programme, for giving us the opportunity to publish this book, and to Lesley Belfit, Project Editor at Wiley-VCH, for her help with the publication process. My appreciation and special thanks go to Katie Quartano at the UNESCO Chair, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, for her professional contribution to the reviewing and proofreading processes.
Thessaloniki, Greece
January 2011
Jacques Ganoulis
List of Contributors
Thomas K. Alexandridis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
School of Agriculture
Laboratory of Applied Soil Science
Thessaloniki
Greece
Manolia Andredaki
Democritus University of Thrace
Department of Civil Engineering
Vas. Sofias 12
67100 Xanthi
Greece
Francesca Antonelli
World Wildlife Fund
European Policy Office
Via PO, 25/C
00198 Rome
Italy
Bo Appelgren
UNESCO International Hydrological Programme
N. Colesanti 13
01023 Bolsena
Italy
and
UNESCO International Hydrological Programme
1 rue Miollis
75732 Paris
France
Majed Atwi Saab
University of Zaragoza
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
Department of Economic Analysis
Gran Vía 2
50005 Zaragoza
Spain
Marina Babi Mladenovi
‘Jaroslav Cerni’ Institute for the Development of Water Resources
Jaroslava Cernog 80
11226 Belgrade
Serbia
Alexey V. Babkin
State Hydrological Institute
Laboratory of Water Resources and Water Balance
Second Line, 23 V.O.
199053 St. Petersburg
Russia
Evangelos A. Baltas
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
School of Agriculture
Department of Hydraulics, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering
Laboratory of General and Agricultural Hydraulics and Land Reclamation
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Djana Bejko
University ‘Luigj Gurakuqi’
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Sheshi ‘2 Prilli’
L. Qemal Stafa, Rr. Vasil Shanto, Nr 21
4001 Shkoder
Albania
Georg Berthold
Hessian Agency for Environment and Geology (HLUG)
Rheingaustraße 186
65203 Wiesbaden
Germany
Roberto Bertoni
C.N.R. Institute of Ecosystem Study
Largo Tonolli 50
28922 Verbania Pallanza
Italy
Adriane Blum
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)
3 avenue Claude-Guillemin
45060 Orléans
France
Ognjen Bonacci
University of Split
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Matice hrvatske 15
21000 Split
Croatia
Sabine Brels
University of Laval
Faculty of Law
2325 rue de l'Université Québec
Québec City, Québec
Canada G1V 0A6
Mitja Brilly
University of Ljubljana
Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Jamova 2
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Serge Brouyere
University of Liège
HG-GeomaC
4000 Sart Tilman, Liège
Belgium
Anne Browning-Aiken
University of Arizona
Udall Centre for Studies in Public Policy
Tucson, AZ
USA
Brilanda Bushati
University ‘Luigj Gurakuqi’
Faculty of Economic Sciences
Sheshi ‘2 Prilli’
L. Qemal Stafa, Rr. Zog i Pare, Nr. 37
4001 Shkoder
Albania
Zsuzsanna Buzás
Ministry for Environment and Water
Futca 44-50
1011 Budapest
Hungary
Devinder Kumar Chadha
Global Hydrogeological Solutions
G-66 (Ground Floor)
Vikaspuri
New Delhi - 110 018
India
Eleni Charou
National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”
Institute of Informatics & Telecommunications
153 10 Aghia Paraskevi
Greece
Ioannis Chronis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
School of Agriculture
Laboratory of Applied Soil Science
Thessaloniki
Greece
David Coates
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
413 Saint Jacques Street
Montreal, Québec
Canada QC H2Y 1N9
Ana Carolina Coelho
Colorado State University
Department of Civil Engineering
Engineering Building - Campus Delivery 1372
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372
USA
Alain Dassargues
University of Liège
DepartmentArGEnCo
4000 Sart Tilman, Liège
Belgium
Hubert Machard de Gramont
BRGM
Water Division
3 avenue Claude Guillemin
BP 36009-45060 Orléans
France
Lilian Del Castillo-Laborde
University of Buenos Aires
School of Law
Av. Figueroa Alcorta 2263
1425 Buenos Aires
Argentina
Mónica D’Elia
National University of El Litoral
Faculty of Engineering and Water Sciences
Ciudad Universitaria
Ruta Nacional 168-Km 472
S3000 Santa Fe
Argentina
Eglantina Demiraj
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Institute of Energy, Water and Environment
Durresi Street 219
Tirana
Albania
Milan Dimki
‘Jaroslav Cerni’ Institute for the Development of Water Resources
Jaroslava Cernog 80
11226 Belgrade
Serbia
Dragan Dolinaj
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Climatology and Hydrology Research Centre
Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3
21000 Novi Sad
Serbia
Jean-François Donzier
International Network of Basin Organizations
c/o International Office for Water
21 rue de Madrid
75008 Paris
France
Radu Drobot
Technical University of Civil Engineering
Bd. Lacul Tei 124, Sector 2
020396 Bucharest
Romania
Viktor A. Dukhovny
Scientific Information Centre of Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Aral Sea Basin (SIC ICWC)
Massiv Karasu 4, Building 11
100187 Tashkent
Uzbekistan
Eleni Eleftheriadou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics Laboratory
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Zsuzsanna Engi
West-Transdanubian Environmental and Water Directorate[JA20]
Department for Prevention and Protection from Water Damages
Gyor
Hungary
Darrell Fontane
Colorado State University
Department of Civil Engineering
Fort Collins, CO 80523
USA
Jean Fried
University of California
School of Social Ecology
Department of Planning, Policy and Design
Irvine, CA 92697
USA
and
UNESCO
Paris
France
Hans-Gerhard Fritsche
Hessian Agency for Environment and Geology (HLUG)
Rheingaustraße 186
65203 Wiesbaden
Germany
Jacques Ganoulis
UNESCO Chair and Network INWEB
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Department of Civil Engineering
Division of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Miltos Gletsos
Society for the Protection of Prespa
530 77 Aghios Germanos
Greece
Piero Guilizzoni
C.N.R. Institute of Ecosystem Study
Largo Tonolli 50
28922 Verbania Pallanza
Italy
Bojan Hajdin
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
André Hernandes
Ministry of Transport
National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT)
Parana Waterway Administration (AHRANA)
Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima
SP-CEP 01451-000 Sao Paulo
Brazil
Vlassios Hrissanthou
Democritus University of Thrace
Department of Civil Engineering
Vas. Sofias 12
67100 Xanthi
Greece
Natacha Jacquin
L’Office International de l’Eau OIEAU
15 rue Edouard Chamberland
87065 Limoges Cedex
France
Andreas Kallioras
Technical University of Darmstadt
Institute of Applied Geosciences
Hydrogeology Group
Karolinenplatz 5
64289 Darmstadt
Germany
Kamal Karaa
Litani River Authority
Bechara el Khoury Street
Ghannageh Buld.
3732 Beirut
Lebanon
Katharina Kober
Mediterranean Network of Basin Organizations
Avda. Blasco Ibañez 48
46010 Valencia
Spain
Elpida Kolokytha
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Department of Civil Engineering
Division of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Stanka Koren
Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia
Vojkova 1b
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Vladimir Kotov
EcoPolicy Research and Consulting
Moscow
Russia
Nikolaos Kotsovinos
Democritus University of Thrace
Department of Civil Engineering
Vas. Sofias 12
67100 Xanthi
Greece
Alexei V. Kouraev
Université de Toulouse
UPS (OMP-PCA)
LEGOS
14 Av. Edouard Belin
F-31400 Toulouse
France
and
State Oceanography Institute
St. Petersburg Branch
St. Petersburg
Russia
Balázs Kovács
University of Szeged
Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology
Egyetem 2-6
6722 Szeged
Hungary
Péter Kozák
ATIKOVIZIG
Directorate for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Lower Tisza District
Stefania 4
6701 Szeged
Hungary
Neno Kukuric
IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
3508 AL Utrecht
The Netherlands
Ralf Kunkel
Research Centre Jülich
Agrosphere Institute (ICG-4)
Leo-Brandt-Strasse
52425 Jülich
Germany
Richard Laster
Hebrew University
Faculty of Law and Faculty of Environmental Studies
Jerusalem
Israel
and
Laster Gouldman Law Offices
48 Azza Street
92384 Jerusalem
Israel
Efthalia Lazaridou
Omikron LTD
Environmental Department
Agricultural Road Straitsa
57001 Thessaloniki
Greece
Maria Lazaridou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Department of Biology
Laboratory of Zoology
Thessaloniki
Greece
Milojko Lazi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
Louis Lebel
Chiang Mai University
Unit for Social and Environmental Research
239 Huay Kaew Road
50200 Chiang Mai
Thailand
Lászlò Lenart
University of Miskolc
3515 Miskolc-Egyetemvaros
Hungary
Flavia Rocha Loures
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
International Law and Policy
Freshwater Program
1250 24th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037-1193
USA
Rodrigo Maia
Universidade do Porto
Department of Civil Engineering
Rua Dr. Roberto Frias
4200-465 Porto
Portugal
Sotir Mali
University of Elbasan
Rruga Rinia
Elbasan
Albania
Daphne Mantziou
Society for the Protection of Prespa
530 77 Aghios Germanos
Greece
Daene C. McKinney
The University of Texas at Austin
Center for Research in Water Resources
10100 Burnet Rd., Bldg 119
Austin, TX 78703
USA
Petra Megli
Geological Survey of Slovenia
Dimieva ulica 14
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Saša Milanovi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
Dragana Milovanovi
Ministry of Agriculture
Forestry and Water Management
Directorate for Water
Bulevar umetnosti 2a
11070 Belgrade
Serbia
Miodrag Milovanovi
‘Jaroslav Cerni’ Institute for the Development of Water Resources
Jaroslava Cernog 80
11226 Belgrade
Serbia
Marin-Nelu Minciuna
National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management
Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti 97
013686 Bucharest
Romania
Jean-Marie Monget
Mines ParisTech
Earth & Environmental Sciences
60 Boulevard Saint-Michel
75272 Paris
France
Barbara J. Morehouse
University of Arizona
Institute of the Environment
Marshall Building
845 N. Park Avenue
Tucson, AZ 85721
USA
Rosario Mosello
C.N.R. Institute of Ecosystem Study
Largo Tonolli 50
28922 Verbania Pallanza
Italy
Jacques Mudry
University of Besançon
UMR Chrono-Environnement
F-25030 Besançon
France
Yannis Mylopoulos
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics Laboratory
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Udaya Sekhar Nagothu
Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk)
Fr. A. Dahlsvei 20
1432 Ås
Norway
Miriam Ndini
Polytechnic University of Tirana
Institute of Energy, Water and Environment
Durresi Street 219
Tirana
Albania
Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha
University of Ngaoundéré
Faculty of Sciences
B.P. 454 Ngaoundéré
Cameroon
Elena Nikitina
Russian Academy of Sciences
Institute for World Economy and International Relations
Prosouznaya st. 23
117997 Moscow
Russia
Dragana Ninkovi
‘Jaroslav Cerni’ Institute for the Development of Water Resources
Jaroslava Cernog 80
11226 Belgrade
Serbia
Jožef Novak
Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia
Vojkova 1b
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Petar Papic
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
Marta Paris
National University of El Litoral
Faculty of Engineering and Water Sciences
Ciudad Universitaria
Ruta Nacional 168-Km 472
S3000 Santa Fe
Argentina
Milana Panteli
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management
Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3
21000 Novi Sad
Serbia
Didier Pennequin
BRGM
Water Division
3 avenue Claude Guillemin
BP 36009-45060 Orléans
France
Christian Perennou
Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc
13200 Arles
France
Marcela Perez
National University of El Litoral
Faculty of Engineering and Water Sciences
Ciudad Universitaria
Ruta Nacional 168-Km 472
S3000 Santa Fe
Argentina
Andrej Perovic
University of Montenegro
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
20000 Podgorica
Montenegro
Sotiris Petropoulos
Harokopio University of Athens
Department of Geography
70 El Venizelou Str.
17671 Athens
Greece
Fotis Pliakas
Democritus University of Thrace
Civil Engineering Department
Engineering Geology Laboratory
Vas. Sofias 12
67100 Xanthi
Greece
Dušan Polomi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
Irina Polshkova
Russian Academy of Sciences
Water Problems Institute
3 Gubkina Street
119333 Moscow
Russia
Joerg Prestor
Geological Survey of Slovenia
Dimieva ulica 14
1000 Ljubljana
Slovenia
Samir Rhaouti
Sebou River Basin Organization
BP 2101 Rue Abou Alaa Al Maari
VN30000 Fes
Morocco
Lena Salame
UNESCO
Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential (PC-CP) Programme
Paris
France
Julio Sánchez Chóliz
University of Zaragoza
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
Department of Economic Analysis
Gran Vía 2
50005 Zaragoza
Spain
Samuel Sandoval-Solis
The University of Texas at Austin
Center for Research in Water Resources
10100 Burnet Rd., Bldg 119
Austin, TX 78703
USA
Spase Shumka
Agricultural University of Tirana
Faculty of Biotechnology and Food
Koder-Kamza
Tirana
Albania
Bach Tan Sinh
National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies
Science and Policy Studies Centre
Hanoi
Vietnam
Eva Skarbøvik
Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk)
Fr. A. Dahlsvei 20
1432 Ås
Norway
Stylianos Skias
Democritus University of Thrace
Civil Engineering Department
Engineering Geology Laboratory
Vas. Sofias 12
67100 Xanthi
Greece
Charalampos Skoulikaris
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Civil Engineering Department
Hydraulics Laboratory
54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
Alkis Stamos
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
Department of Geology and Geological Mapping
Olympic Village, Entrance C
13677 Acharnae
Greece
Marianthi Stefouli
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
Department of Geology and Geological Mapping
Olympic Village, Entrance C
13677 Acharnae
Greece
Raya Marina Stephan
Water Law expert
International consultant
38 rue du Hameau
78480 Verneuil sur Seine
France
Zoran Stevanovi
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Mining & Geology
Department of Hydrogeology
Djusina 7
11000 Belgrade
Serbia
Pierre Strosser
ACTeon s.a.r.l., Le Chalimont
BP Ferme du Pré du Bois
68370 Orbey
France
Galina Stulina
Scientific Information Centre of Interstate Coordination Water Commission of Aral Sea Basin (SIC ICWC)
Massiv Karasu 4, Building 11
100187 Tashkent
Uzbekistan
János Szanyi
University of Szeged
Department of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Petrology
Egyetem 2-6
6722 Szeged
Hungary
Peter Szucs
University of Miskolc
35152 Miskolc-Egyetemvaros
Hungary
Rebecca L. Teasley
The University Of Minnesota Duluth
Department of Civil Engineering
221 SCiv 1405 University Drive
Duluth, MN 55812
USA
József Török
ATIKOVIZIG
Directorate for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Lower Tisza District
Stefania 4
6701 Szeged
Hungary
Nikolaos Tsotsolis
Region of Central Macedonia
Thessaloniki
Greece
Ofelia Tujchneider
National University of El Litoral
Faculty of Engineering and Water Sciences
Ciudad Universitaria
Ruta Nacional 168-Km 472
S3000 Santa Fe
Argentina
and
National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)
Av. Rivadavia 1917
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires
Argentina
Guido Vaes
HydroScan Ltd.
Tiensevest 26/4
3000 Leuven
Belgium
Anastasios Valvis
University of Peloponnese
Department of Political Science and International Relations
Corinth
Greece
Jac van der Gun
IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
3508 AL Utrecht
The Netherlands
Slavek Vasak
IGRAC International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre
3508 AL Utrecht
The Netherlands
Evan Vlachos
Colorado State University
Department of Civil Engineering
Fort Collins, CO 80523
USA
Frank Wendland
Research Centre Jülich
Agrosphere Institute (ICG-4)
Leo-Brandt-Strasse
52425 Jülich
Germany
Rüdiger Wolter
Federal Environmental Agency (UBA)
Wörlitzer Platz 1
06844 Dessau
Germany
George Zalidis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
School of Agriculture
Laboratory of Applied Soil Science
Thessaloniki
Greece
Chapter 1
Introduction and Structure of the Book
Jacques Ganoulis
This book is a practical guide that suggests methodological tools and answers to different questions related to Transboundary Water Resources Management (TWRM), including both surface and groundwater aquifer resources. Some of these questions may be formulated as follows:
- How could data and information from riparian countries be harmonized to better understand the physical characteristics of transboundary hydro-systems?
- Are hydrological and hydrogeological models available to predict different scenarios in TWRM?
- What methodology is available to delineate transboundary aquifers?
- What is the current status of international law in terms of sharing transboundary surface waters and groundwater aquifers between riparian countries and what are the main legal issues?
- How could international law improve the utilization and effective protection of shared water resources?
- How could public and stakeholder participation contribute to the implementation of integrated TWRM?
- What methodology is available for integrating different collaborative models of TWRM?
- How could potential conflicts in sharing transboundary waters be transformed into collaborative actions?
In this practical guide, different collaborative models and TWRM tools are identified and explained, not just theoretically or conceptually but through specific case studies from around the world. These case studies are grouped together in such a way that the wide range of tools available to effectively explain, address, assess, understand and resolve TWRM problems in the real world become apparent.
The book is organized in four parts, which are described below.
1.1 Part I – A Global View
Part I is divided into two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3). Chapter 2 presents the importance of transboundary waters worldwide and the need for collaborative approaches to address global challenges of TWRM. The role of different disciplinary tools and regulatory instruments (technical, environmental, legal and socio-economical) for an effective collaborative approach is also explained.
Chapter 3 describes significant worldwide initiatives, such as the INBO (International Network of Basin Organizations) network, the UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) Transboundary Waters Convention (1992), the UN Watercourses Convention (1997), the UN International Law Commission articles on shared natural resources (oil, gas and including shared groundwaters in 2002), UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme (IHP) components dealing with transboundary surface and groundwater resources, the UN CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992) and the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD, 2000). The importance of building international cooperation and management networks at the transboundary river catchment scale is emphasized (Chapter 3.1) and the role of international laws for transboundary water courses and aquifers is analysed (Chapters 3.2–3.4). The EU-WFD as a driving force for implementing the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in transboundary regions is further explained (Chapters 3.5 and 3.6) and illustrated by characteristic case studies both from the EU and non-EU countries (Chapters 3.7–3.9).
1.2 Part II – Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches
Part II is divided into two chapters, the first of which (Chapter 4) describes physical, environmental and technical approaches for transboundary aquifers, and the second (Chapter 5) covers transboundary lake and river basins. Chapters 4.1–4.3 are quite general and explain how hydrologic and hydrogeological approaches may be used to assess not only porous transboundary aquifers (Chapter 4.1) but also karst aquifers, which are globally very important sources for water supply (Chapter 4.2). The need to share information between neighbouring countries and to harmonize data is emphasized in these sections and the use of mathematical modelling as a tool for assessing groundwater hydrodynamics in transboundary aquifers is highlighted (Chapter 4.3).
Characteristic case studies from around the world, illustrating the application of the hydrogeological and scientific tools previously analysed, are reported in the second part of Chapter 4. In these case studies further details are given on how to assess and model transboundary aquifer systems, with examples from South America (Chapter 4.4), Africa (Chapter 4.5), Asia (Chapter 4.6) and Europe (Rhine Valley, Chapter 4.7), an aquifer shared by Hungary and Romania (Chapter 4.8), an aquifer shared by Serbia and Hungary (Chapter 4.9) and aquifers around Slovenia (Chapter 4.10).
For transboundary surface waters (Chapter 5), such as lakes and rivers, the hydrological monitoring data collected by individual countries are usually non-comparable, and even incomplete. This unfortunate situation is documented in (Chapter 5.1) and is also the case for the majority of hydrogeological data of groundwater aquifers. The non-comparability of monitoring data is a major obstacle in harmonizing information available from individual countries and applying global directives like the EU-WFD. International guidelines, such as those published by UN organizations like the WMO (World Meteorological Organization), could help remediate this situation.
However, despite the lack of systematic comparable monitoring systems, three case studies illustrating successful collaboration models are presented in Chapter 5: Lake Maggiore, shared between Italy and Switzerland (Chapter 5.2), Prespa Lakes, shared between Greece, Albania and FYR of Macedonia (Chapters 5.3 and 5.4), and the Kobilje River, shared between Slovenia and Austria (Chapter 5.5). This chapter also illustrates other problems in transboundary river basins, such as impacts from climate change (Chapters 5.6 and 5.7), identification of water bodies according to the EU-WFD (Chapter 5.8), sediment transport (Chapter 5.9) and river flow periodicities (Chapter 5.10).
1.3 Part III – Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches
This part is also divided into two chapters (Chapters 6 and 7. Chapter 6 deals mainly with legal approaches; in Chapter 6.1 explanations are offered as to how international law on transboundary aquifers may be used. In Chapter 6.2 it is shown how adequate water policies may reduce over use of water in agriculture.
Regional and bilateral legal agreements can enhance effective cooperation between countries. Examples of this are given for the Aral Sea basin, Central Asia (Chapter 6.3), for the Kidron Valley, Middle East (Chapter 6.4) and for the Prespa Lakes basin in the Balkans (Chapter 6.5). A comparison between the rivers Mekong in SE Asia and Maritsa/Evros/Meriç in SE Europe illustrates how regional agreements can contribute to transform conflicts into cooperation (Chapter 6.6).
Adequate delineation of water resources regions adapted to specific regional conditions is also an important issue. The EU-WFD stipulates that water resources management should be performed on a river basin basis. Different criteria may be used to define water resources management regions in order to better promote the application of IWRM and contribute to transboundary water conflicts resolution. Examples are provided from the USA (Chapter 6.7) and Greece (Chapter 6.8).
Chapter 7 focuses on socio-economic and institutional approaches, which are very important for the implementation of technical and legal collaborative models in transboundary waters. Stakeholder participation, social learning and institutional design are important tools for achieving effective TWRM and reducing water insecurities and this is analysed in Chapters 7.1 and 7.2. Case studies from South America (Chapter 7.3) and the Balkans (Chapters 7.4–7.6) demonstrate particular issues and problems in transboundary cooperation.
Economic governance, such as the model of common pool management of transboundary water resources (Chapter 7.7) and applications of game theory (Chapters 7.8–7.10), all important tools for facilitating negotiations in conflict resolution issues, is also discussed.
1.4 Part IV – Bridging the Gaps
To deal with the complexity of real world problems, where no distinction is made between different dependent physical and socio-economic processes, there is a need for the various approaches described in Parts II and III to be integrated. This process of integration could be facilitated in two main ways. Firstly, through education and capacity building, where special training programmes can show how multidisciplinary approaches can be coordinated to achieve an integrated view of a problem and solve it effectively in the real world (Chapter 8.1). Secondly, by taking into account a general framework for risk analysis in conflict resolution, where risks and benefits could be shared between riparian countries and “win-win” solutions to transboundary disputes can be achieved (Chapter 8.2). Both these processes are based on specific programmes developed by UNESCO.
Figure 1.1 illustrates a collaborative model for TWRM based on the various contributions to this book. This uses the following seven steps and may be adapted to any particular case study of transboundary waters:
1. Stakeholder consultation and collaboration, social issues, legal and institutional agreements: this should interact with every one below;
2. problem definition: Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA);
3. agree on data collection, common monitoring and data sharing;
4. develop a common vision and common Strategic Action Plan (SAP);
5. physical and environmental assessment and modelling;
6. scenario analysis and Decision Support Systems (DSS);
7. transfer of models and DSS to stakeholders, applications.