CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Preface

List of Contributors

Volume One: Synthesis and Processing

Part One: Sol–Gel Chemistry and Methods
1. Chapter 1: Chemistry and Fundamentals of the Sol–Gel Process
  1. 1.1 Introduction
  2. 1.2 Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions
  3. 1.3 Sol–Gel Transition (Gelation)
  4. 1.4 Aging and Drying
  5. 1.5 Postsynthesis Processing
  6. 1.6 Concluding Remarks
  7. References
2. Chapter 2: Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Methods
  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Nonaqueous Sol–Gel Routes to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
  3. 2.3 Nonaqueous Sol–Gel Synthesis beyond Metal Oxides
  4. 2.4 Chemical Reaction and Crystallization Mechanisms
  5. 2.5 Assembly and Processing
  6. 2.6 Summary and Outlook
  7. References
3. Chapter 3: Integrative Sol–Gel Chemistry
  1. 3.1 Introduction
  2. 3.2 Design of 0D Structures
  3. 3.3 Design of 1D Macroscopic Structures
  4. 3.4 Design of Extended 2D Structures
  5. 3.5 Design of Extended 3D Structures
  6. 3.6 Conclusions
  7. References
4. Chapter 4: Synthetic Self-Assembly Strategies and Methods
  1. 4.1 Introduction
  2. 4.2 Templated Synthesis of Inorganic Materials
  3. 4.3 Self-Assembled Organosilicas
  4. 4.4 Conclusions
  5. References
5. Chapter 5: Processing of Sol–Gel Films from a Top-Down Route
  1. 5.1 Introduction
  2. 5.2 Top-Down Processing by UV Photoirradiation
  3. 5.3 Laser Irradiation and Writing
  4. 5.4 Electron Beam Lithography
  5. 5.5 Top-Down Processing by Hard X-Rays
  6. 5.6 Soft X-Ray Lithography
  7. References
6. Chapter 6: Sol–Gel Precursors
  1. 6.1 Introduction
  2. 6.2 Simple Silicon Alkoxides
  3. 6.3 Functional and Mixed Ligand Silicon Alkoxides for More Facile Hydrolysis
  4. 6.4 Functional Silicon Alkoxides: Precursors of Hybrid Materials
  5. 6.5 Simple Metal Alkoxides
  6. 6.6 Functional and Mixed Ligand Metal Alkoxides for More Facile Hydrolysis and Stabilization of Resulting Colloids
  7. 6.7 Precursor and Solvent Choice for Nonhydrolytic Sol–Gel Processes
  8. 6.8 Synthesis of Complex Materials: Single-Source Precursor Approach
  9. 6.9 Sol–Gel Precursors for Special Applications: Biomedical and Luminescent
  10. Abbreviations
  11. References
Part Two: Sol–Gel Materials
1. Chapter 7: Nanoparticles and Composites
  1. 7.1 Introduction
  2. 7.2 Aqueous Sol–Gel Process
  3. 7.3 Nonaqueous Sol–Gel Process
  4. 7.4 Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles
  5. 7.5 Nanocomposites
  6. 7.6 Conclusions
  7. References
2. Chapter 8: Oxide Powders and Ceramics
  1. 8.1 Oxide Powders Obtained by Sol–Gel Methods
  2. 8.2 Ceramics from Sol–Gel Oxide Powders
  3. 8.3 Pure and Doped Single Oxide Ceramics
  4. 8.4 Multicomponent Ceramics
  5. 8.5 Composite Ceramics
  6. 8.6 Conclusions
  7. References
3. Chapter 9: Thin Film Deposition Techniques
  1. 9.1 Introduction
  2. 9.2 General Aspects of Liquid Deposition Techniques
  3. 9.3 Spin Coating
  4. 9.4 Dip Coating
  5. 9.5 Alternative and Emerging Techniques
  6. 9.6 General Perspectives
  7. References
4. Chapter 10: Monolithic Sol–Gel Materials
  1. 10.1 Introduction
  2. 10.2 Principles of Sol–Gel Monolith Fabrication
  3. 10.3 Routes for Fabrication of Monoliths
  4. 10.4 Summary
  5. References
5. Chapter 11: Hollow Inorganic Spheres
  1. 11.1 Introduction
  2. 11.2 General Strategies
  3. 11.3 Typical Synthesis Procedures
  4. 11.4 Applications
  5. 11.5 Summary
  6. References
6. Chapter 12: Sol–Gel Coatings by Electrochemical Deposition
  1. 12.1 Introduction
  2. 12.2 Mechanism of the Sol–Gel Electrochemical Deposition
  3. 12.3 Manipulation of the Sol–Gel Electrochemical Deposition
  4. 12.4 Electrochemical Codeposition of Sol–Gel-Based Hybrid and Composite Films
  5. 12.5 Applications of Electrochemically Deposited Sol–Gel Films
  6. 12.6 Summary
  7. Abbreviations for Silanes
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. References
7. Chapter 13: Nanofibers and Nanotubes
  1. 13.1 Introduction
  2. 13.2 Nanofibers
  3. 13.3 Nanotubes
  4. 13.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
  5. References
8. Chapter 14: Nanoarchitectures by Sol–Gel from Silica and Silicate Building Blocks
  1. 14.1 Introduction
  2. 14.2 Porous Clay Nanoarchitectures Using Sol–Gel Approaches
  3. 14.3 Porous Nanoarchitectures from Delaminated Clays
  4. 14.4 Fibrous Silicates as Building Blocks in Sol–Gel Nanoarchitectures Derived from Clays
  5. 14.5 Conclusion
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
9. Chapter 15: Sol–Gel for Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
  1. 15.1 Introduction
  2. 15.2 Design and Synthetic Strategies of MOF–Sol–Gel-Based Structures
  3. 15.3 Conclusion and Remarks
  4. Acknowledgments
  5. References
10. Chapter 16: Silica Ionogels and Ionosilicas
  1. 16.1 Introduction
  2. 16.2 Ionogels
  3. 16.3 Ionosilicas
  4. 16.4 Conclusion
  5. References
11. Chapter 17: Aerogels
  1. 17.1 Introduction and Brief History
  2. 17.2 Synthesis and Processing
  3. 17.3 Characterization Methods
  4. 17.4 Selected Examples and Applications
  5. 17.5 Trends, Conclusion, and Outlook
  6. References
12. Chapter 18: Ordered Mesoporous Sol–Gel Materials: From Molecular Sieves to Crystal-Like Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
  1. 18.1 Introduction
  2. 18.2 Synthesis Mechanisms of Periodic Mesoporous Silica Materials
  3. 18.3 Functionalization of Periodic Mesoporous Silica Materials
  4. 18.4 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
  5. 18.5 Future Trends
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
13. Chapter 19: Biomimetic Sol–Gel Materials
  1. 19.1 Introduction
  2. 19.2 Natural Sol–Gel Materials
  3. 19.3 Biomimetic Sol–Gel Chemistry
  4. 19.4 Biohybrid Materials from Bioinspired Mineralization Strategies
  5. 19.5 Conclusions
  6. References

Volume Two: Characterization and Properties of Sol-Gel Materials

Part Three: Characterization Techniques for Sol–Gel Materials
1. Chapter 20: Solid-State NMR Characterization of Sol–Gel Materials: Recent Advances
  1. 20.1 Introduction
  2. 20.2 Recent Advances in NMR Techniques
  3. 20.3 Recent Advances in NMR Modeling
  4. 20.4 Relevant Examples in the Field of Sol–Gel Materials
  5. 20.5 Conclusions
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
2. Chapter 21: Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering
  1. 21.1 Introduction
  2. 21.2 Theory of SAXS
  3. 21.3 SAXS Experiments
  4. 21.4 In-Situ Studies on Sol–Gel Systems
  5. References
3. Chapter 22: Characterization of Sol–Gel Materials by Optical Spectroscopy Methods
  1. 22.1 Introduction
  2. 22.2 Experimental
  3. 22.3 Representative Results
  4. 22.4 Summary
  5. References
4. Chapter 23: Properties and Applications of Sol–Gel Materials: Functionalized Porous Amorphous Solids (Monoliths)
  1. 23.1 Sol–Gel-Derived Amorphous Systems
  2. 23.2 Porous Silica Monoliths
  3. 23.3 Functional Polyorganosiloxane Porous Materials from Tri- and Dialkoxysilanes
  4. 23.4 Porous Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Monoliths
  5. References
5. Chapter 24: Sol–Gel Deposition of Ultrathin High-κ Dielectric Films
  1. 24.1 Introduction
  2. 24.2 High-κ Dielectric Properties and Applications
  3. 24.3 Challenges for Ultrathin Films
  4. 24.4 Deposition of Ultrathin Films
  5. 24.5 Examples of Sol–Gel Deposited Ultrathin Dielectric Films
  6. 24.6 Conclusions and Outlook
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. References
Part Four: Properties
1. Chapter 25: Functional (Meso)Porous Nanostructures
  1. 25.1 Introduction
  2. 25.2 TiO2-SiO2
  3. 25.3 Binary Si/Ti Oxide Xerogels
  4. 25.4 Mixed Oxide Aerogels
  5. 25.5 Materials with Periodically Arranged Mesopores
  6. 25.6 Hierarchically Organized Pore Architectures
  7. 25.7 Summary
  8. References
2. Chapter 26: Sol–Gel Magnetic Materials
  1. 26.1 Introduction
  2. 26.2 Sol–Gel-Derived Magnetic Materials
  3. 26.3 Magnetic Properties
  4. 26.4 Magneto-Optical Properties
  5. 26.5 Bioapplications
  6. 26.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. References
3. Chapter 27: Sol–Gel Electroceramic Thin Films
  1. 27.1 Introduction
  2. 27.2 Chemical Solution Deposition of Electroceramic Thin Films
  3. 27.3 Examples of the Effect on the Electrical Properties of Features Associated with the Thin Film Form and Processing
  4. 27.4 Current Challenges for Solution-Derived Electroceramic Thin Films
  5. 27.5 Summary
  6. References
4. Chapter 28: Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Lighting
  1. 28.1 Introduction
  2. 28.2 Dye-Bridged Hybrids
  3. 28.3 Dye-Doped Hybrids
  4. 28.4 Amine- and Amide-Based Hybrids
  5. 28.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
  6. References
5. Chapter 29: Sol–Gel TiO2 Materials and Coatings for Photocatalytic and Multifunctional Applications
  1. 29.1 Photocatalysis: Key Environmental Instrument
  2. 29.2 Properties of Titania
  3. 29.3 Conclusions
  4. References
6. Chapter 30: Optical Properties of Luminescent Materials
  1. 30.1 Sol–Gel and Luminescent Materials
  2. 30.2 Incorporation of Luminescent Species
  3. 30.3 Perspectives and Concluding Remarks
  4. Acknowledgments
  5. References
7. Chapter 31: Better Catalysis with Organically Modified Sol–Gel Materials
  1. 31.1 Introduction
  2. 31.2 The Entrapment of Organometallic Catalysts within Sol–Gel Materials: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous Catalysis
  3. 31.3 Porosity Effects on Catalytic Properties: Natural, Periodic, and Imprinted Porosities
  4. 31.4 Two Coentrapped Catalysts: Synergism and Multisteps
  5. 31.5 The Use of Opposing Reagents and Catalysts in One Pot
  6. 31.6 Systems Involving Sol–Gel Materials and Emulsions
  7. 31.7 Enantioselective Catalysis
  8. 31.8 Photocatalysis
  9. 31.9 Comments on Biocatalysis
  10. 31.10 Commercialization of Organically Modified Sol–Gel Catalysts
  11. Acknowledgments
  12. References
8. Chapter 32: Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials
  1. 32.1 Introduction
  2. 32.2 Synthesis Strategies for Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials
  3. 32.3 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials
  4. 32.4 Conclusions
  5. References
9. Chapter 33: Structures and Properties of Ordered Nanostructured Oxides and Composite Materials
  1. 33.1 Introduction
  2. 33.2 Optical Properties of Nanostructured Materials
  3. 33.3 Optical Response of OMPO Layers: A Toolbox for Characterization
  4. 33.4 Synthesis and Characterization of OMPO by Sol–Gel Method
  5. 33.5 Synthesis of Composite Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties: Toward the Design of Photonic Structures
  6. 33.6 Photonic Crystals
  7. 33.7 Confined Nanoparticles in OMPO
  8. 33.8 Conclusions
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References

Volume Three: Application of Sol-Gel Materials

Part Five: Applications
1. Chapter 34: Sol–Gel for Environmentally Green Products
  1. 34.1 The Green Potential of Doped Sol–Gel Glasses
  2. 34.2 Environment-Friendly Sol–Gel Coatings
  3. 34.3 Sol–Gel Catalysts for Fine Chemicals
  4. 34.4 Sol–Gel Photobioreactors
  5. 34.5 Perspectives and Conclusions
  6. Acknowledgments
  7. References
2. Chapter 35: Sol–Gel Materials for Batteries and Fuel Cells
  1. 35.1 Introduction
  2. 35.2 Sol–Gel Materials for Fuel Cells
  3. 35.3 Sol–Gel Materials for Li Ion Batteries
  4. References
3. Chapter 36: Sol–Gel Materials for Energy Storage
  1. 36.1 Introduction
  2. 36.2 Background on Electrochemical Energy Storage
  3. 36.3 Sol–Gel Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
  4. 36.4 Ion Substitution for Lithium Ion Batteries
  5. 36.5 Morphology
  6. 36.6 Conclusions
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. References
4. Chapter 37: Sol–Gel Materials for Pigments and Ceramics
  1. 37.1 Traditional Ceramics and Sol–Gel Materials
  2. 37.2 Colored Glazed Ceramics
  3. 37.3 Ceramic Pigment and Sol–Gel Process
  4. 37.4 Sol–Gel Process and Pigments for Inkjet
  5. 37.5 Summary
  6. References
5. Chapter 38: Sol–Gel for Gas Sensing Applications
  1. 38.1 Introduction
  2. 38.2 Binary Metal Oxides
  3. 38.3 Ternary/Quaternary Oxides and Other Compounds
  4. References
6. Chapter 39: Reinforced Sol–Gel Silica Coatings
  1. 39.1 Introduction
  2. 39.2 Reinforcing Sol–Gel Silica Coatings for Mechanical Improvement
  3. 39.3 Reinforcing Sol–Gel Silica Coatings with Particles
  4. 39.4 Reinforcing Sol–Gel Silica Coatings with Layered Silicates
  5. 39.5 Nanofiber-Reinforced Sol–Gel Silica Coatings
  6. 39.6 Incorporation of CNTs into Sol–Gel Silica Coatings
  7. 39.7 Properties of CNT–Silica Coatings
  8. 39.8 Conclusions
  9. References
7. Chapter 40: Sol–Gel Optical and Electro-Optical Materials
  1. 40.1 Introduction
  2. 40.2 Gel-Glass-Dispersed Liquid Crystal (GDLC) Materials
  3. 40.3 Electro-Optical Devices Based on Biofilm Structures
  4. 40.4 Electrochromic Windows
  5. 40.5 Photochromic Sol–Gel Materials
  6. 40.6 Photonic Sol–Gel Materials
  7. 40.7 Optical Sensors
  8. 40.8 UV Protective Sol–Gel Coatings
  9. 40.9 Filters and Solar Absorbers
  10. 40.10 Waveguides
  11. 40.11 Reflective and Antireflective (AR) Coatings
  12. 40.12 Refractive and Photorefractive Sol–Gel Materials
  13. 40.13 Magneto-Optical Materials
  14. 40.14 Other Optical Sol–Gel Materials
  15. 40.15 Conclusions
  16. References
8. Chapter 41: Luminescent Solar Concentrators and the Ways to Increase Their Efficiencies
  1. 41.1 Foreword
  2. 41.2 Introduction
  3. 41.3 General Description of the Sol–Gel Process
  4. 41.4 Luminescent Solar Concentrators Based on the Sol–Gel Method
  5. 41.5 Non-Self-Absorbing Systems Based on Proton Transfer
  6. 41.6 Lanthanide Complexes as a Way to Prevent Self-Absorption
  7. 41.7 Summary
  8. 41.8 Conclusions
  9. Acknowledgments
  10. References
9. Chapter 42: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Controlled Release Applications
  1. 42.1 Introduction
  2. 42.2 Selective Targeting
  3. 42.3 Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery
  4. References
10. Chapter 43: Sol–Gel Materials for Biomedical Applications
  1. 43.1 The Need for New Biomaterials
  2. 43.2 Bioactive Glass, Bioglass, and Bioactivity
  3. 43.3 Bioactive Sol–Gel Glass
  4. 43.4 Bioactive Glass Scaffolds
  5. 43.5 Sol–Gel Hybrid Scaffolds
  6. 43.6 Submicron Particles and Nanoparticles
  7. 43.7 Summary
  8. References
11. Chapter 44: Self-Healing Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Metals
  1. 44.1 Introduction
  2. 44.2 Production of Nanoparticles and Nanocontainers
  3. 44.3 Multifunctional Coatings
  4. References
12. Chapter 45: Aerogel Insulation for Building Applications
  1. 45.1 Introduction
  2. 45.2 Thermal Background
  3. 45.3 Synthesis
  4. 45.4 Properties of Silica Aerogels
  5. 45.5 Building Applications of Aerogels
  6. 45.6 Other High-Performance Thermal Insulation Materials and Solutions
  7. 45.7 Conclusions
  8. Acknowledgments
  9. References
13. Chapter 46: Sol–Gel Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensor Applications
  1. 46.1 Introduction
  2. 46.2 Electrochemical Sensors
  3. 46.3 Sol–Gel Nanocomposites: Synthesis Routes
  4. 46.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Nanocomposites by Sol–Gel
  5. 46.5 Application of Sol–Gel Nanocomposites in Electrochemical Sensors
  6. 46.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. References

Index

EULA

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Scheme 2.1

Scheme 2.2

Scheme 2.3

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Scheme 2.4

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Scheme 3.1

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Scheme 4.1

Scheme 4.2

Figure 4.1

Scheme 4.3

Scheme 4.4

Figure 4.2

Scheme 4.5

Scheme 4.6

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Scheme 4.7

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Scheme 4.8

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 6.1

Scheme 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 12.6

Figure 12.7

Figure 12.8

Figure 12.9

Figure 12.10

Figure 12.11

Figure 12.12

Figure 12.13

Figure 12.14

Figure 12.15

Figure 12.16

Figure 12.17

Figure 12.18

Figure 12.19

Figure 12.20

Figure 12.21

Figure 12.22

Figure 12.23

Figure 12.24

Figure 12.25

Figure 12.26

Figure 12.27

Figure 12.28

Figure 12.29

Figure 12.30

Figure 12.31

Figure 12.32

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 13.9

Figure 13.10

Figure 13.11

Figure 13.12

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 14.10

Figure 15.1

Figure 15.2

Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4

Figure 15.5

Figure 15.6

Figure 15.7

Scheme 16.1

Scheme 16.2

Scheme 16.3

Scheme 16.4

Scheme 16.5

Scheme 16.6

Scheme 16.7

Scheme 16.8

Scheme 16.9

Scheme 16.10

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Figure 17.9

Figure 17.10

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 19.3

Figure 19.4

Figure 19.5

Figure 19.6

Figure 19.7

Figure 19.8

Figure 19.9

Figure 19.10

Figure 19.11

Figure 19.12

Figure 19.13

Figure 19.14

Figure 19.15

Figure 20.1

Figure 20.2

Figure 20.3

Figure 20.4

Figure 20.5

Figure 20.6

Figure 20.7

Figure 20.8

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 22.7

Figure 22.8

Figure 22.9

Figure 22.10

Figure 22.11

Figure 22.12

Figure 22.13

Figure 22.14

Figure 22.15

Figure 22.16

Figure 22.17

Figure 22.18

Figure 22.19

Figure 22.20

Figure 22.21

Figure 22.22

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 23.4

Figure 23.5

Figure 23.6

Figure 23.7

Figure 23.8

Figure 23.9

Figure 23.10

Figure 23.11

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.6

Figure 24.7

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

Figure 25.5

Figure 25.6

Scheme 25.1

Figure 25.7

Figure 25.8

Figure 25.9

Figure 25.10

Figure 25.11

Figure 25.12

Figure 25.13

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 26.6

Figure 26.7

Figure 26.8

Figure 26.9

Figure 26.10

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Scheme 27.1

Scheme 27.2

Scheme 27.3

Scheme 27.4

Scheme 27.5

Scheme 27.6

Scheme 27.7

Scheme 27.8

Figure 27.4

Figure 27.5

Figure 27.6

Figure 27.7

Figure 27.8

Figure 27.9

Figure 27.10

Figure 27.11

Figure 27.12

Figure 27.13

Figure 27.14

Figure 27.15

Figure 27.16

Figure 27.17

Figure 27.18

Figure 27.19

Figure 27.20

Figure 27.21

Figure 27.22

Figure 27.23

Figure 27.24

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 28.3

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.7

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 29.5

Figure 29.6

Figure 29.7

Figure 29.8

Figure 29.9

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.2

Figure 30.3

Figure 30.4

Figure 30.5

Figure 30.6

Figure 30.7

Figure 30.8

Figure 30.9

Figure 30.10

Figure 30.11

Figure 30.12

Figure 30.13

Figure 30.14

Figure 30.15

Figure 30.16

Figure 30.17

Figure 30.18

Figure 30.19

Figure 30.20

Figure 30.21

Figure 30.22

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

Figure 31.4

Figure 31.5

Figure 31.6

Figure 31.7

Figure 31.8

Figure 31.9

Figure 31.10

Figure 31.11

Figure 31.12

Figure 31.13

Figure 31.14

Figure 31.15

Figure 31.16

Figure 31.17

Figure 31.18

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 32.3

Figure 32.4

Figure 32.5

Figure 32.6

Figure 32.7

Figure 32.8

Figure 32.9

Figure 32.10

Figure 32.11

Figure 32.12

Figure 32.13

Figure 32.14

Figure 32.15

Figure 32.16

Figure 32.17

Figure 32.18

Figure 32.19

Figure 32.20

Figure 32.21

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 33.5

Figure 33.6

Figure 33.7

Figure 33.8

Figure 33.9

Figure 33.10

Figure 34.1

Figure 34.2

Figure 34.3

Figure 34.4

Figure 34.5

Figure 34.6

Scheme 34.1

Figure 34.7

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Figure 35.6

Figure 35.7

Figure 35.8

Figure 35.9

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Figure 36.4

Figure 36.5

Figure 36.6

Figure 36.7

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 37.3

Figure 37.4

Figure 37.5

Figure 37.6

Figure 38.1

Figure 38.2

Figure 38.3

Figure 38.4

Figure 38.5

Figure 38.6

Figure 38.7

Figure 38.8

Figure 38.9

Figure 39.1

Figure 39.2

Figure 39.3

Figure 39.4

Figure 39.5

Figure 39.6

Figure 39.7

Figure 39.8

Figure 39.9

Figure 39.10

Figure 39.11

Figure 39.12

Figure 40.1

Figure 40.2

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Figure 40.5

Figure 40.6

Figure 40.7

Figure 40.8

Figure 40.9

Figure 40.10

Figure 40.11

Figure 40.12

Figure 40.13

Figure 40.14

Figure 40.15

Figure 40.16

Figure 40.17

Figure 41.1

Figure 41.2

Figure 41.3

Figure 41.4

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Figure 41.6

Figure 42.1

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Figure 42.4

Figure 42.5

Figure 42.6

Figure 42.7

Figure 42.8

Figure 42.9

Figure 42.10

Figure 42.11

Figure 43.1

Figure 43.2

Figure 43.3

Figure 43.4

Figure 43.5

Figure 43.6

Figure 43.7

Figure 43.8

Figure 43.9

Figure 43.10

Figure 44.1

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Figure 44.4

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Figure 44.6

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Figure 45.1

Figure 45.2

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Figure 45.4

Figure 45.5

Figure 45.6

Figure 45.7

Figure 45.8

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Figure 46.2

Figure 46.3

Figure 46.4

Figure 46.5

Figure 46.6

Figure 46.7

Figure 46.8

Figure 46.9

Figure 46.10

Figure 46.11

Figure 46.12

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Preface

Sol–gel materials are known since the early 1960s, when the first inorganic materials were prepared using this method. Sol–gel processing methods were first used historically for basic materials. In the last 30 years, many new applications have been developed. Materials scientists and engineers have showed increasing interest in this technology, as an alternative method of preparation of materials with new properties. Several books and handbooks have been written on this topic since the publication of the fantastic book Sol–Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol–Gel Processing by C. Jeffrey Brinker and George W. Scherer in 1990. The comprehensive volume, Handbook of Sol–Gel Science and Technology: Processing Characterization and Applications, edited by Prof. Sumio Sakka, was published in 2004 and has served as one of the key references in the field. Since then, a remarkable scientific and technological development has taken place in the field of sol–gel materials, as reflected by the enormous increase in the number of ongoing researches in the field. The extensive use of sol–gel techniques in multidisciplinary and well-accepted materials preparation route is evidenced by the large number of works being published in diverse areas such as sol–gel-derived organic–inorganic hybrid materials, sol–gel-derived biomaterials, and sol–gel environmental materials. The huge number of papers dealing with sol–gel materials published during the last 5 years (more than 30 000) accounts for the popularity and relevance of the sol–gel technology in the preparation of novel materials. The sol–gel technology can be considered as one of the key technologies of the twenty-first century.

The field of hybrid materials is one of the most developed research areas in the last three decades. Promising properties of the materials and the possibility of different functions with one material make hybrid materials a very promising technology. The combination of functional inorganic components with functional organic and biological components made hybrid materials probably the most inclusive available route of different disciplines in materials science, such as photonics and optics, microelectronics, ceramics and polymer composites, catalysis and porous materials, functional coatings, energy, and the rapidly growing biotechnology applications with the advantage of easy integration in the devices, which also contribute to spread of this growing multidisciplinary field.

The hybrid approach and novel synthetic methods have brought a great revolution in the field. A new generation of advanced materials has evolved, which was not possible with other methods. Novel different routes for new compositions as well as control of the structure of these materials could be developed through bottom-up approaches that permit the tailoring of properties from the atomic to the macroscopic length scales. This is probably due to the mild, low-energy conditions used. Sol–gel technology has reached a relatively mature situation, with some products already available on the market. However, many difficulties related to the replacement of existing technologies make it difficult to fully accomplish some of the new proposed developments. There is still much work to do in terms of multidisciplinary research in the areas of chemistry and physics to exploit this technical opportunity of creating novel materials that satisfy the requirements of a variety of applications and devices. Many important contributions are expected in the coming years from the multidisciplinary research on novel hybrid functional sol–gel materials.

This Handbook focuses not only on scientific research but also on related industrial needs and developments. It covers the most relevant topics in basic research and those having potential technological applications. We acknowledge the considerable effort of each of the authors who has made excellent contributions to this excellent book.

We have intended to bring together all aspects of the sol–gel technology, from the laboratory preparation and processing techniques to the characterization and potential applications of the resulting materials. Readers will find in this Handbook the latest developments made in this interesting and growing research area. A special section has been devoted to the already existing important applications of these materials in the industry.

26 May 2015

David Levy

Marcos Zayat

Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Madrid, Spain