“The authors offer a powerful vision of learning wedded to a clear and actionable framework. But, best of all, they bring the nuts and bolts of teaching to life with dozens of pictures of practices drawn from teachers and learners around the world.”
—David Perkins, Professor Emeritus, Harvard Graduate School of Education
“It is a rare thing to find a book so beautifully accessible to the classroom teacher while simultaneously engaging the reader in discussions of the theoretical and research basis behind the practice. I can't wait to share this powerful resource with teachers ‐ it is a must have in the professional library of the contemporary educator.”
—Kath Murdoch, International Education Consultant, Author of The Power of Inquiry.
“In The Power of Making Thinking Visible, Ron Ritchart and Mark Church illuminate how teachers can deepen learning by igniting student curiosity and engagement. It is a must read for educators across every grade level and subject area. The helpful advice and research‐tested practices shared in this book truly have the power to transform schools and classrooms.”
—Madeleine Hewitt, Executive Director, Near East South Asia Council of Overseas Schools
PRACTICES TO ENGAGE AND EMPOWER ALL LEARNERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Ritchhart, Ron, author. | Church, Mark, 1970‐ author.
Title: The power of making thinking visible : practices to engage and empower all learners / Ron Ritchhart, Mark Church.
Description: First edition. | San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019052277 (print) | LCCN 2019052278 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119626046 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119626190 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119626213 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Thought and thinking—Study and teaching. | Critical thinking—Study and teaching. | Cognition in children. | Harvard Project Zero.
Classification: LCC LB1590.3 .R3624 2020 (print) | LCC LB1590.3 (ebook) | DDC 370.15/2—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019052277
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019052278
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © nicolas_/Getty Images
FIRST EDITION
| Figure 1.1 | Washington International School's International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma scores on A1 English exams for years 2009–2011. |
| Figure 2.1 | Understanding Map. |
| Figure 2.2 | Thinking routines matrix. |
| Figure 3.1 | Routines for engaging with others matrix. |
| Figure 3.2 | Ladder of Feedback. |
| Figure 3.3 | SAIL routine diagram. |
| Figure 3.4 | Grades 9 and 10 computer science class's Making Meaning of “Machine Learning.” |
| Figure 3.5 | Third‐grade making meaning: Gossip. |
| Figure 3.6 | Seventh‐grade student's +1 notes on abstract art. |
| Figure 4.1 | Routines for engaging with ideas matrix. |
| Figure 4.2 | Third‐grade students sort their questions on ecosystems. |
| Figure 4.3 | Peeling the Fruit graphic. |
| Figure 4.4 | Kindergarteners build their understanding of fairytales using Peeling the Fruit. |
| Figure 4.5 | Grade 11 students' Peeling the Fruit for “I Need to Be More French. Or Japanese.” |
| Figure 4.6 | Main‐Side‐Hidden counseling template developed by Jennifer Hollander. |
| Figure 4.7 | Erik Lindemann Take Note recording sheet. |
| Figure 5.1 | Routines for engaging in action matrix. |
| Figure 5.2 | E‐mail to 11th‐grade music students asking them to reflect on their learning about jazz using What? So What? Now What? |
| Figure 5.3 | 3 Y's on literacy. |
| Figure 5.4 | Connie Weber's fifth graders use the 3 Y's to explore growth mindset. |
| Figure 6.1 | Understanding Map, courtesy of St. Phillip's Christian College. |
| Figure 7.1 | Looking At Student Thinking (LAST) protocol. |
| Figure 7.2 | Protocol for collaborative analysis of documentation. |
This book is the story of our learning as researchers about the power of making thinking visible (MTV) through years of research. But it is more than that. This book also brings together the voices of hundreds of teachers from around the world who joined us in this journey. These teachers were willing to take risks and try out new routines still under development. They shared their successes and failures with us, pushing us to explore new possibilities. Through their teaching practice and their individual inquiry into their students' learning, these teachers propelled our collective learning as a community. There are too many of these to mention by name. We do want to mention a few though who have taken extra efforts to document, reflect, share, discuss, and review their practice with us. We hope that our representation in this book does them justice.
Our research and development work on visible thinking began in 2000 with the support of the Carpe Vitam foundation and included work in Sweden as well as several international schools in Europe. Since then the number of international schools with whom we engage has steadily grown and we continue to learn from this diverse group of global educators. Specifically, we want to thank Tom Heilman and Emily Veres at Washington International School; Joyce Lourenco Pereira at Atlanta International School; David Riehl at Munich International School; Nora Vermeulin at International School of Luxembourg; Mary Kelly at International School of Amsterdam; Walter Basnight at American International School of Chennai; Kendra Daly and Gene Quezada at International School of Beijing; Regina Del Carmen at Chadwick International School; Chris Fazenbaker, Marina Goodyear, and Tahireh Thampi at American Embassy School in New Delhi; Julie Frederick at American International School of Lusaka; Laura Fried and Paul Miller at Academia Cotopaxi in Quito; Matt McGrady at American Community School of Dubai; and Caitlin McQuaid at KAUST Garden Elementary School in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
In 2005 we began what would turn out to be 13 years of partnership with Bialik College in Melbourne, Australia. Many of the stories in Making Thinking Visible (2011) emerged from this very productive collaboration. Since then the ideas have spread widely throughout Australia based on these efforts. Many other schools have now taken up MTV practices and moved them forward in rich and exciting ways. At Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School, Nina Bilewicz has nurtured these ideas and supported teachers to take risks and try out new practices in their teaching. We have benefited from these efforts and have been able to learn from the deep reflective work of Sheri McGrath, Amanda Stephens, Steve Davis, Darrel Cruse, Lee Crossley, Kate Dullard, and Peter Bohmer at the school. Similar efforts were supported by the Association of Independent Schools of South Australia and at Wilderness School in Adelaide where many teachers, including Alison Short, eagerly tried out routines and put them into practice. Others we wish to thank include Sharonne Blum at Bialik College, Michael Upton at Holy Trinity Primary, Nick Boylan at St. Francis Xavier Primary, Kathy Green at Australian Catholic University, Alice Vigors at Our Lady of the Rosary Primary, Pennie Baker at St. Philip's Christian College, Wayne Cox at Newington College, Alisha Janssen at Pacific Lutheran College, and Amy Richardson at Redlands School.
Over the past decade we have been engaged with schools throughout the state of Michigan through the long‐range vision of Oakland Schools to develop a culture of thinking for the more than 200,000 students in the area. As a result, we have been able to see these ideas grow, deepen, and develop in the hands of talented teachers, coaches, and principals. For a decade, these efforts were led by Lauren Child, who was always looking for ways to develop teacher leadership and experience. This has resulted in a large network of teachers who were able to take the new routines we were developing and put them to use in their classrooms to maximum effect. These include Shernaz Minwalla, Jodi Coyro, and Michael Medvinsky at the University Liggett School; Alexandra Sanchez at Parkview Elementary; Jeff Watson at International Academy; Julie Rains at Delta Kelly Elementary; Steven Whitmore from Oakland Schools; Jennifer Hollander from Huron Valley; and Kim Smiley, Morgan Fields, Mary Goetz, Ashley Pellosmaa, and Jennifer LaTarte from Bemis Elementary. We were also fortunate to be able to tap into the expertise and experience of Mary Beth Schmitt in Traverse City. Through the inspired professional learning offered by Katrin Robertson and Diane Tamblyn at Wholemindesigns in Ann Arbor, we have had the opportunity to work with and learn from teachers Connie Weber at Emerson School, Mary Beane at Hilton Elementary, and Trisha Matelski at Washtenaw International High School.
In Pittsburgh, Jeff Evancho has grown a network of educators deeply committed to using and sharing Project Zero ideas. We have benefited from these efforts, specifically those of Tara Surloff, South Fayette High School, and Matt Littell, Quaker Valley High School. In Del Mar, California, Superintendent Holly McClurg and Assistant Superintendent Shelley Petersen have committed to developing these ideas through the regular use of Learning Labs. Caitlin Williams and Andrea Peddycord at Ashley Falls School participated in these labs and shared their efforts not only with their colleagues but with us as well. We also want to acknowledge the contributions of Jessica Alfaro from the Summit School in North Carolina, Julie Manley from Bellevue School District in Washington, Natalie Belli from the Village School in Marblehead, Massachusetts, and Hardevi Vyas from Stevens Cooperative School in Newport, New Jersey.
The Tapestry Partnership in Glasgow, Scotland, has engaged Scottish local authorities in the ideas of Making Thinking Visible since 2012. Under the leadership of Katrina Bowes, Victoria McNicol, Marjorie Kinnaird, Lesley Robertson, and several others, teachers and head teachers across Scotland have worked diligently to create classrooms where thinking is visible, valued, and actively promoted within their local school contexts. We've learned a lot from the efforts of many of these leaders of learning including Madelaine Baker, Louise‐Anne Geddess, Claire Hamilton, Gagandeep Lota, and Laura MacMillan.
In understanding the effects Making Thinking Visible has on student performance, we wish to thank all the schools and teachers who so generously shared data with us. These include Jim Reese from Washington International School; Jason Baehr at Intellectual Virtues Academy in Long Beach, California; Adam Scher from Way Elementary in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; and Jeremy Whan from Bemis Elementary in Troy, Michigan. In Australia, Nathan Armstrong from Wesley College and Stuart Davis from St. Leonard's College, both from Melbourne, and Judy Anastopoulos from St. Philip's Christian College in Newcastle, New South Wales. In Chile, Yerko Sepulveda from Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP.
We wish to thank our Project Zero colleagues who have, as always, been our intellectual partners in this work. Veronica Boix‐Mansilla, Flossie Chua, Melissa Rivard, and the Interdisciplinary and Global Studies initiative and The Global Lens project shared the routines the 3 Y's and Beauty & Truth with us and helped to deepen our understanding of how routines can engage and empower learners. Mara Krechevsky, Ben Mardell, Terri Turner, and Daniel Wilson continually spark our imagination and encourage our practice of documenting learning and supporting deep professional learning.
A special thanks to the instructors and coaches of the Creating Cultures of Thinking online course who were able to share with us their learnings from years of making thinking visible and coaching other teachers in developing a culture of thinking. Their observations and insights were invaluable to our understanding of the power of making thinking visible. Thanks to Cameron Paterson at Shore School, Erika Lusky at Rochester High School, Denise Coffin at Sidwell Friends School, Shehla Ghouse at Stevens Cooperative School, Erik Lindemann at Osborne Elementary School, and Jeff Watson at the International Academy. We are indebted as well to those who read early drafts of this book and offered edits, feedback, and suggestions. These include Julie Landvogt, Connie Weber, and Pete Gaughan.
This book would not have been possible without the generous support of the Melville Hankins Family Foundation, who have nurtured our research and development work most recently. Their funding has also facilitated a multiyear collaboration with Mandela International Magnet School (MIMS) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. At MIMS these ideas have been supported by the principals Ahlum Scarola and Randy Grillo and a group of inspiring coordinators including Natalie Martino, Nevada Benton, and Scott Larson working with a group of dedicated teachers, who are continually growing and sharing with each other. A special thanks to math teachers Rudy Penczer, David Call, Jessie Gac, and Anne Ray, who all were willing to try new routines in their classrooms and share their efforts when we needed examples of how these ideas might play out in a mathematics classroom.
Ron Ritchhart is a senior research associate and principal investigator at Harvard Project Zero, where his work focuses on the development of school and classroom culture as prime vehicles for developing students as powerful thinkers and learners. Ron's research and writings have informed the work of schools, school systems, and museums throughout the world. His research is largely classroom based and focused on learning from the best practice of teachers to understand how they create conditions for powerful learning. Ron's seminal research, presented in the book Intellectual Character, identified thinking routines as a core instructional practice and laid a framework for understanding group culture that is widely used by schools and organizations. His book Making Thinking Visible, co‐written with Mark Church and Karin Morrison, has popularized the use of thinking routines to facilitate deep learning and high engagement. Ron's book, Creating Cultures of Thinking, takes readers inside a diverse range of learning environments to show how teachers create classrooms where thinking is valued, visible, and actively promoted as part of the day‐to‐day experience of all group members. Ron splits his time between Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Santa Barbara, California, when he is not working in Cambridge or with schools around the world.
Mark Church has been in education for over 25 years, first as a classroom teacher, then as a facilitator of learning for other teachers and school leaders. Mark is currently a consultant with Harvard Project Zero's Making Thinking Visible and Cultures of Thinking initiatives, drawing upon his own classroom teaching experience and from the perspectives he has gained working with educators throughout the world. He is passionate about helping educators dwell in possibilities—considering big ideas that will help them become not only students of their students, but students of themselves. Mark believes in the power of teachers who create classrooms where thinking is visible, valued, and actively promoted. Though Seattle is home for Mark, he travels the world to engage others with these ideas, which continues to enthuse him and bring him much joy. Together with Ron Ritchhart and Karin Morrison, Mark is coauthor of the book Making Thinking Visible: How to Promote Engagement, Understanding, and Independence for All Learners (Jossey‐Bass 2011).
During the 1998–1999 school year, I spent a year studying a group of teachers who were very adept at getting their students to think (Ritchhart 2000). These were teachers who had been nominated by colleagues, coaches, principals, or university professors as educators who cared about thinking and making it central to their teaching and were also effective at doing so. These teachers not only got their students to think in the moment but also developed their disposition to think, cultivating their habits of mind in the long haul and forging their intellectual character. My collaboration with this extraordinary group of teachers has resonated with me for years, informing over two decades of research and writing.
Traveling back and forth to these classrooms, which served a diverse range of students in different schools and different states, I began to notice a very powerful pattern emerging: these teachers who were so skilled at getting students to think never once taught a thinking‐skills lesson. Rather than instructing students on thinking, each of these teachers with vastly different backgrounds and experiences made use of structures, generally of their own making and design, to carefully prompt, scaffold, and support students' thinking. What is more, these structures were used over and over throughout the school year so that they quickly became the routine way of learning and thinking. These routines became part of the fabric of the classroom and helped to create a culture of thinking.
Having seen the power of thinking routines to make students' thinking visible in the moment while also developing their thinking dispositions in the long term, my colleagues David Perkins, Shari Tishman, and I chose to make thinking routines a core practice of the Visible Thinking project conducted by our research group, Project Zero (PZ) at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (www.pz.harvard.edu). Whereas the teachers I had observed had created their own routines to fit their needs, our team set out to develop a collection of thinking routines that might be useful broadly. We sought to craft routines that not only could work across different subject areas but also with different age levels. As researchers we were not tasked with designing a program or an intervention but an approach to developing students as thinkers and learners. Our goal was to design an approach that would cultivate dispositional development and enhance students' intellectual character. For this approach to work, we recognized that teachers must first embrace the goal of making thinking visible (MTV) as a significant aim of teaching; only then would the practices come alive in their classrooms.
From the outset of the Visible Thinking project, we noticed that teachers gravitated to these tools because of their ease of use. Furthermore, students liked them and began to engage more actively in their learning. More important, the teachers with whom we were working began to appreciate what it meant to get students to think and to make their thinking visible. When we first asked teachers to bring evidence of students' thinking to share with colleagues, many brought student essays, worksheets, or flawless tests. They had simply assumed that thinking must be evident in students' correct answers or in their exemplary work. However, teachers quickly realized that thinking is more a process than a product. Although certainly products may contain evidence of thinking, sometimes products obscure students' thinking. Was that correct response a guess? A hunch? An error? Or was it simply a memorized answer? How had the student arrived at that destination? It is only by illuminating the often mysterious and invisible process of thinking that we can begin to answer those questions.
Of course we were pleased that teachers found thinking routines useful, appealing, and applicable. The original Visible Thinking website (www.visiblethinkingpz.org, 2005) and the follow‐up book, Making Thinking Visible (Ritchhart et al. 2011) made thinking routines accessible to teachers all over the world. Now, almost a decade later, we feel we have much more to share. We have developed a number of new routines that we want to introduce. These in themselves warrant a companion volume to the original. However, we want to do more than merely share these new routines—as useful as we think they are. We also want to share what we have learned about the power of thinking routines to truly transform teaching and learning. We want to communicate what we have learned about how teachers can realize the power of MTV practices themselves. This theme of “power” frames this book. Because both this book and the previous one offer useful insights and valuable tools, they should be considered a companion set. However, this new volume will be particularly useful in understanding why and how MTV is an important set of educational practices and how teachers, working together or individually, can help to realize the power of these practices.
We begin by exploring six powers of MTV in Chapter 1. These “powers” emerge through our extensive research in diverse schools around the world. They represent the promise of MTV practices to reshape schooling and constitute our raison d'etre as researchers. Although teachers often share thinking routines as useful practices and helpful strategies with their colleagues, for effective schoolwide use we must have a good understanding of just where these practices can take students, teachers, and schools. For many teachers, understanding this potential is necessary before they can begin to institute the routines themselves. Seasoned educators are often skeptical of the latest fad or technique and need a good reason around why they should try a set of new practices.
In Chapter 2 we draw on our long history of research to share our understanding of MTV as both a goal of teaching as well as a set of practices. This background information helps us to use thinking routines well and to fully realize their power to transform learning. There are some basics presented about how thinking routines are designed and structured that may be familiar to those who have read Making Thinking Visible. However, our knowledge of how routines operate continues to grow and evolve through our current work. There are new ideas presented here that are likely to enhance the practice of even experienced users.
Today almost every new research project at Harvard Project Zero makes use of thinking routines. Sometimes project teams will draw on routines already created. Other times teams invent new routines that help to scaffold and support specific thinking moves that the project is trying to encourage. Often thinking routines are backward designed by examining a learning situation and identifying the kinds of thinking to engage effectively in that context. These efforts have resulted in an abundance of new thinking routines. Although our first instinct in writing this book was to share all the routines we had developed or adapted, we quickly found there were too many. Consequently, we have chosen to share the 18 thinking routines most widely applicable and powerful for “Engaging with Others” (Chapter 3), “Engaging with Ideas” (Chapter 4), and “Engaging in Action” (Chapter 5).
Our past two decades have taught us much about how to use thinking routines most effectively. We have learned from the skill teachers have exhibited in adapting and applying thinking routines to engage students in learning and thinking. We have learned as much from the moments where things have not gone smoothly, or even failed, as we have from the moments when things went seamlessly. In addition, we have learned from seeing teachers sometimes using thinking routines superficially as mere activities. Such superficiality is never any teacher's intent. Nonetheless, it caused us to think more about why and how this happens and how we might help teachers avoid such superficiality. As a result, we have come to understand the importance of planning for thinking, priming that thinking both in our own minds as well as in our students, pressing students' thinking in the moment so as to advance their thinking, and positioning thinking routines well within an instructional sequence. We share these learnings about how to use thinking routines effectively in Chapter 6.
Finally, we conclude by communicating what we have learned over the years about how teachers can learn from and with one another as they embrace the goal of making thinking visible. In Chapter 7, we share the tools and practices we have developed to help teachers learn from and with one another through professional inquiry, observation, analysis, and reflection. For those looking to connect with educators outside their school who are using these ideas to share and discuss further, there are conferences, institutes, and online courses offered by Project Zero at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (http://www.pz.harvard.edu/professional-development) that provide valuable professional opportunities.
As you read this book, we invite you now to join with us in the quest to realize the power of MTV. Take inspiration from the stories shared here, drawing on the learning of others even as you extend it into your own context to produce your own insights. Add your voice to the chorus by sharing your own learning with us through Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/MakingThinkingVisible), or on Twitter and Instagram using #MakingThinkingVisible, or #VisibleThinking or by following and tagging @RonRitchhart or @ProjectZeroHGSE. Many of the examples and voices shared here have come to us through these forums. Most important, make these thinking routines and MTV practices real patterns of behavior in your classroom and across your school so that you too can experience the power of making thinking visible.
Ron Ritchhart and Mark Church