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Wiley Handbooks in Criminology and Criminal Justice

Series Editor: Charles F. Wellford, University of Maryland College Park.

The handbooks in this series are comprehensive, academic reference works on leading topics in criminology and criminal justice.

The Handbook of Law and Society
Edited by Austin Sarat and Patricia Ewick

The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice
Edited by Marvin D. Krohn and Jodi Lane

The Handbook of Deviance
Edited by Erich Goode

The Handbook of Gangs
Edited by Scott H. Decker and David C. Pyrooz

The Handbook of Criminological Theory
Edited by Alex R. Piquero

The Handbook of Drugs and Society
Edited by Henry H. Brownstein

The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism
Edited by Gary LaFree and Joshua D. Freilich

The Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Criminology
Edited by Ruth Ann Triplett

The Handbook of Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice
Edited by Ramiro Martínez, Jr., Meghan E. Hollis, and Jacob I. Stowell

The Handbook of Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice


Edited by

Ramiro Martínez, Jr., Meghan E. Hollis, and Jacob I. Stowell










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Notes on Contributors

Kathryn Benier is a criminologist at Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Her core research areas are hate crime, racial intolerance and prejudice, youth gangs, and the harms of criminal victimization. She holds a PhD in Criminology from the University of Queensland, with a dissertation on the neighborhood context and consequences of hate crime.

Scott Wm. Bowman is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Texas State University. Dr. Bowman earned his PhD in Justice Studies from Arizona State University, with an emphasis on racial and socioeconomic inequalities. His current teaching and research interests include race and crime, socioeconomic status and crime, hip‐hop and positive youth development, and juvenile justice. His recent research appears in various academic journals and books on a variety of criminological and sociological topics, including an edited two‐volume book on race and prisons entitled Color behind Bars: Racism in the US Prison System.

Randall R. Butler is Program Coordinator for the School of Criminology, Criminal Justice and Strategic Studies at Tarleton State University. He also serves as director of the Advisory Board for the School of Criminology. His PhD is in American History and he holds additional graduate degrees in Criminology and Criminal Justice, History, and Library and Information Sciences. Dr. Butler is also a commissioned peace officer in Texas. His research interests include policing history, criminal procedure, Native American policing, and the process of marginalizing Native culture and youths. He has had a long‐term research affiliation with the Navajo Nation Division of Public Safety and Dine’ Youth Program. Dr. Butler has published in Law Enforcement Executive Forum, Journal of Gang Research, and Criminal Justice Studies. Before joining TSU, he was Program Coordinator in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Texas at Arlington. Prior to that he was Director of the Criminal Justice Program at Southwestern Adventist University.

Kristin Carbone‐Lopez received her PhD in Sociology from the University of Minnesota. Dr. Carbone‐Lopez taught at the University of Miami and then, later, the University of Missouri‐St. Louis. Her research primarily focuses on intimate partner and sexual violence, and more specifically on the links between victimization and offending. Dr. Carbone‐Lopez has interviewed dozens of women in correctional institutions about their experiences of victimization and their relationship to their own criminal involvement.

Stacy De Coster is an Associate Professor of Sociology at North Carolina State University. Her recent research focuses on the family and peer contexts of delinquency and on inequality and crime, with particular emphasis on gender, race, and intersections of gender, race, place, and crime. She currently is conducting research on how reentering women negotiate identities as mothers and daughters.

Kevin Drakulich is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northeastern University. His research examines neighborhood social processes related to race, crime, and justice, as well as perceptions of race, crime, and justice both within neighborhoods and more broadly. He was named a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellow by the National Institute of Justice in 2014, and was also the recipient of the 2014 New Scholar Award from the American Society of Criminology’s Division of People of Color and Crime.

Waverly Orlando Duck is an urban ethnographer whose primary research examines the social order of neighborhoods and institutional settings. He received his PhD in Sociology from Wayne State University. Professor Duck then served as a visiting scholar at the University of Pennsylvania and held a postdoctoral appointment at Yale University, in addition to serving as the Associate Director of the Yale Urban Ethnography Project, where he is currently a Senior Fellow. Professor Duck has also served as visiting professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison and at the Waisman Center, a research clinic dedicated to examining childhood psychopathology. His academic areas of interest are urban sociology, inequality (race, class, gender, health, and age), qualitative methods, culture, ethnomethodology, and ethnography. His research has appeared in the journals Ethnography, Critical Sociology, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Crime, Law and Social Change, and African American Studies. His recent book, No Way Out: Precarious Living in the Shadow of Poverty and Drug Dealing, challenges the common misconception of urban ghettos as chaotic places where drug dealing, street crime, and random violence make daily life dangerous for everyone. No Way Out explores how neighborhood residents make sense of their lives within severe constraints as they choose among very unrewarding prospects.

Robert J. Durán is now an Associate Professor at Texas A&M University after being an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Tennessee. His areas of research concern racism in the post–civil rights era and community resistance, from gang evolution and border surveillance to disproportionate minority contact and officer‐involved shootings. He is the author of Gang Life in Two Cities: An Insider’s Journey (2013) and his forthcoming book is The Gang Paradox: Inequalities and Miracles on the US–Mexico Border.

John M. Eason is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at Texas A&M University. In his prior position at the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University, he received the 2012 Rural Sociological Society Young Scholar Award. After receiving his PhD from the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago, he also served as the Provost’s Postdoctoral Associate in the Department of Sociology at Duke University. His research interest challenges existing models and develops new theories of community, health, race, punishment, and rural/urban processes in several ways. First, by tracing the emergence of the rural ghetto, he establishes a new conceptual model of rural neighborhoods. Next, by demonstrating the function of the ghetto in rural communities, he extends concentrated disadvantage from urban to rural community process. These relationships are explored through his book Big House on the Prairie: Rise of the Rural Ghetto and Prison Proliferation.

M. George Eichenberg is a Professor of Criminal Justice with the School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Strategic Studies of Tarleton State University. He has a practitioner background in policing and juvenile corrections. His research includes police operations and management in small agencies, as well as social control and criminal justice ethics.

Edna Erez is Professor of Criminology, Law, and Justice at the University of Illinois at Chicago. She has a law degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and an MA and PhD in Criminology/Sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. Her areas of research include victims in justice proceedings, violence against women, terrorism and transnational crimes, and technology in criminal justice. Professor Erez received over 2 million dollars in research grants from state and federal agencies in the United States and overseas. Her publication record includes over a hundred scholarly articles, book chapters, and research reports. Professor Erez serves as associate editor of Victims and Violence, coeditor of International Review of Victimology, and as an editorial board member of other legal studies and criminology journals.

Suzanna Fay‐Ramirez is a Senior Criminologist at the University of Queensland School of Social Science. She received her PhD in Sociology from the University of Washington, where she concentrated on comparative perspectives of crime, immigration, and neighborhood action. Her current work expands this comparative context of crime and considers how different people perceive crime and criminals, particularly in the neighborhood context.

Andrea Gómez Cervantes is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Kansas. Currently she works as the Research Assistant at the Center for Migration Research at the University of Kansas. She received an American Sociological Association Minority Fellowship (2017–2018) and a National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Award (2017–2018). Her BS in Sociology with a minor in French was earned at Grand Valley State University in 2011. Her research investigates immigrants' integration, immigration policy, and social inequality. In her current work, she explores the intersections of legal status and race/ethnicity via the spillover effects of immigration law on the everyday lives of immigrant families and communities in the United States.

Shannon Hankhouse is the Director of Waco Outreach Programs and an Assistant Professor in the School of Criminology, Criminal Justice, and Strategic Studies at Tarleton State University, where she has been a faculty member since 2004. She holds a BA in Criminal Justice from the University of South Florida, an MCJ with an emphasis on Corrections from the University of South Carolina, and an EdD in Higher Education Leadership from Nova Southeastern University. Her research interests are largely focused in three key areas: criminal justice education, theory testing focused on routine activities theory and social disorganization theory, and studies of the criminal justice processes.

Shannon Harper is a doctoral candidate at the University of Illinois at Chicago department of Criminology, Law, and Justice. She has a Master of Public Administration from the University of Colorado Denver, and has published on domestic violence and sexual violence in professional journals, including Feminist Criminology and the Journal of School Violence. Her research interests include intimate partner homicide, intimate partner violence, sexual violence, criminal justice policy, courtroom decision‐making, and criminal/family law.

Meghan E. Hollis, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at Texas State University. Her current research focuses on the intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, crime and justice; police organizations; and communities and crime (with a focus on social disorganization and routine activities theories). Dr. Hollis has published in numerous academic journals, including Sociological Focus, Crime, Law, and Social Change, Journal of Experimental Criminology, Security Journal, Journal of Community Psychology, Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, International Criminal Justice Review, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, and Crime Prevention and Community Safety. She is the Reviews Editor at Crime Prevention and Community Safety, and received the Sage Junior Faculty Professional Development Teaching Award from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences in 2017. She has also coauthored systematic reviews for the Cochrane Collaboration and Campbell Collaboration, and has authored and coauthored several book chapters.

Malcolm D. Holmes is a Professor of Sociology at the University of Wyoming. His research primarily analyzes the relationship of race to criminal justice outcomes, particularly how the racial and spatial composition of cities affects the police use of violence. His work has appeared in a number of criminology and sociology journals, as well as in Race and Police Brutality: Roots of an Urban Dilemma (edited with Brad W. Smith, 1998).

Janice A. Iwama is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Massachusetts in Boston. She earned her PhD in Criminology from Northeastern University and BA/MS in Justice, Law and Criminology from American University. Her research primarily focuses on examining local conditions and social processes that influence hate crimes and racial profiling, particularly against Latino and immigrant populations. Her work applies a theoretical framework to improving our understanding on hate crimes and racial profiling across communities while considering demographic, economic, and political spatial and temporal changes in the United States.

R. Steven Jones is a Professor of History at Southwestern Adventist University in Keene, Texas. He holds both an MA and PhD in history from Oklahoma State University, and BA in mass communication from Northwestern Oklahoma State University. Professor Jones has published a Civil War monograph, The Right Hand of Command (2000), and has under contract a book on criminal anthropologist Cesare Lombroso, coauthored with Dr. Randall Butler and Dr. Alex del Carmen. He has authored many book chapters and articles on American military history and war and society, and he has worked as an online writer and editor on American foreign policy. His research interests include American military history, criminal justice, politics, and popular culture.

Lindsay Kahle received her BA in Psychology and her MA in Sociology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, before pursuing her PhD in Sociology from Virginia Tech. Dr. Kahle’s research interests include youth inequality, school violence and victimization, the intersections of gender and sexual orientation within criminology, and LGBTQ youth. Dr. Kahle now serves as the postdoctoral fellow for the Laboratory for the Study of Youth Inequality and Justice, as well as an Instructor at Virginia Tech. Her courses stretch across interdisciplinary boundaries and cover topics such as social problems, criminology, and LGBTQ issues. Her publications center on victimization among youth, with particular focus on bullying, homophobic bullying, dating violence, and sexual assault among LGBTQ youth. Her research has been published in peer‐reviewed journals such as Criminal Justice Studies, Journal of Child and Family Studies, Victims and Offenders, Sociological Spectrum, Violence and Victims, Gender, Place, and Culture, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, and Journal of Criminology. Most recently, Dr. Kahle was awarded the 2017 Outstanding Graduate Student Award for the Academy of Criminal Justice Science's Victimology Section.

Sanna King is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Hawaiʻi, Mānoa. Her dissertation research is on youth punishment in Hawaiʻi, particularly looking at racialization, colonialism, and gender in the coupling of schools and jails.

Joshua LePree is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. With a focus on ethnographic and qualitative methodology, his work investigates the intersections of gender, race/ethnicity, and migration, particularly among Mexican immigrants. His work has been published in The Social Science Journal and Florida Atlantic Comparative Studies Journal.

Andrea Leverentz is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Her research centers on the impact of crime and incarceration on individuals and communities. Her book The Ex‐Prisoner’s Dilemma: How Women Negotiate Competing Narratives of Reentry and Desistance (2014) looks at how women talk about and manage competing messages about what it means to return to their communities post‐incarceration, and how their experiences are shaped by their roles as women, Black women, mothers, daughters, sisters, romantic partners, and employees. Currently, she is analyzing interview and observational data from a project funded by the National Science Foundation on the neighborhood context of prisoner reentry, both from the perspective of men and women returning from prison and from residents of receiving communities. Together, these data provide valuable information to better understand the impact of community context and residential change on desistance, how communities view and respond to returning prisoners, and how people who have been incarcerated understand and experience their neighborhood context. In addition, she is analyzing how these experiences are raced and gendered.

Shirley Leyro is an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Borough of Manhattan Community College–City University of New York. A critical criminologist, Dr. Leyro’s research focuses on deportation effects, including the impact of the fear resulting from the vulnerability to deportation. Her research interests include immigration, social disorganization, and crimmigration. She is currently working on two funded research projects studying the impact of the vulnerability to deportation on college students. Dr. Leyro is coeditor of Outside Justice: Immigration and the Criminalizing Impact of Changing Policy and Practice, as well as a contributor to the same volume. She is also a member of the Leadership Team for the Latina Researchers Network.

Jennifer Lutz is a PhD student at North Carolina State University. Her current research focuses on the social control of corporate malfeasance and differential sentencing outcomes of corporate organizations.

Daniel E. Martínez is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona. He is a co‐principal investigator of the Migrant Border Crossing Study, which is a binational research project focusing on unauthorized migrants’ border crossing, apprehension, and repatriation experiences. His research and teaching interests include criminology, juvenile delinquency, race and ethnicity, and unauthorized immigration. Martínez also does extensive research on migrant deaths along the US–Mexico border.

Ramiro Martínez, Jr. is a Professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice and the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Northeastern University. Professor Martinez is a quantitative criminologist. Within that broad arena, his work contributes to violent crime research. Over the past 15 years, Professor Martinez has received several honors and awards. In 2011, he was a recipient of the Division on People of Color and Crime (DPCC) of the American Society of Criminology’s Lifetime Achievement Award for outstanding scholarship in the area of race, crime, and justice. In 2007 he was a recipient of American Society of Criminology DPCC’s Coramae Richey Mann Award for outstanding scholarship in the area of race, crime, and justice. In 2006 he was a recipient of the Florida International University Faculty Award for Excellence in Research, and a Visiting Scholar, Center for Mexican American Studies, University of Houston. He previously received the American Sociological Association’s Latina/o Section Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research and a W. E. B. Du Bois Fellowship from the National Institute of Justice. Since 2004 he has been a member of the Racial Democracy, Crime and Justice Network working group, funded by the National Science Foundation, at the Ohio State University. At the national level, Martinez serves on the editorial boards of several academic journals and recently completed a three‐year term as a member of the Sociology Advisory Panel at the National Science Foundation.

Ricardo Martínez‐Schuldt is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research focuses on how sending states, through consulate offices, facilitate the integration of migrants, as well as how local contexts impact the needs of immigrant populations and enable or constrain consular efficacy. In addition, he conducts research on neighborhood and city‐level correlates of crime, with an emphasis on immigration–crime nexus.

Cecilia Menjívar is Foundation Distinguished Professor in the Department of Sociology and Co‐Director of the Center for Migration Research at the University of Kansas. She has examined the effects of the immigration regime on immigrants’ lives, both on the legislative and the enforcement sides. Her most recent book, Immigrant Families (with Leisy Abrego and Leah Schmalzbauer), was published in 2016.

Amie L. Nielsen received her PhD in Sociology from the University of Delaware in 1997. She is currently an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Miami. Her research focuses on criminology, homicide, immigration, and race and ethnicity, and has appeared in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Journal of Adolescence, Journal of Drug Issues, and the Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice.

Vanessa R. Panfil is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University. Her work explores how intersections of gender and sexuality structure individuals’ experiences with gangs, crime, victimization, and the criminal and juvenile justice systems. She coedited the Handbook of LGBT Communities, Crime, and Justice (with Dana Peterson, 2014) and authored The Gang’s All Queer: The Lives of Gay Gang Members (2017).

Philip M. Pendergast is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. His research has focused on applying novel statistical techniques to a variety of topics regarding social inequalities, including crime, health, obesity, substance use, education, and subjective well‐being. His work has appeared in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior and Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Anne Warfield Rawls is Professor of Sociology, Bentley University, Professor of Socio‐Informatics, University of Siegen, Germany, Senior Research Fellow, Yale University, Center for Urban Ethnography, and Director of the Harold Garfinkel Archive. She is a principal investigator on the research project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), “Scientific Media of Practice Theory: Harold Garfinkel and Ludwig Wittgenstein,” that supports a multiyear research collaboration between the University of Siegen and the Garfinkel Archive. She is the author of books and articles on Durkheim, including Epistemology and Practice (2009), and has edited and introduced several volumes of Garfinkel’s work. Professor Rawls has focused on the importance of equality in everyday “constitutive” practices for grounding modern democratic public life—an insight she traces to Durkheim and Garfinkel. Her research and articles show how inequalities of race interfere with achieving mutual understanding in modern contexts, and she has also published on the importance of constitutive practices—their origin in Durkheim and elaboration in Garfinkel—in French, German, Italian and Russian, with a forthcoming book on Developing a Sociological Theory of Justice: Durkheim’s Forgotten Introduction to The Division of Social Labor, to be published in French.

Eric Rodriguez‐Whitney is a PhD student at the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northeastern University. His research interests include race and inequality, criminal justice legitimacy, and crime politics.

Jill Leslie Rosenbaum is a Professor of Criminal Justice at California State University, Fullerton. Her research interests focus on issues of female delinquency and the victimization of women. She has participated in numerous local and statewide assessments of incarcerated delinquent girls, rape crisis organizations, and services for victims of child abuse and domestic violence. Professor Rosenbaum has published numerous articles and book chapters on female delinquency. Her articles have appeared in several criminal justice and criminology journals, including Women in Criminal Justice, Justice Quarterly, Crime & Delinquency, and Youth and Society, and she coauthored Implementing a Gender Based Arts Program for Juvenile Offenders (with Shelley Spivack, 2014).

Jeremy Slack is an Assistant Professor of Geography in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Texas, El Paso. He received his PhD in Geography from the University of Arizona in 2015. Slack is a co‐principal investigator of the Migrant Border Crossing Study. His research focuses on deportation and the problems forced removal creates for individuals and their families, the connections to place that are severed, and how it has intersected with drug‐related violence on the border. Research interests include state theory, illegal and illicit activity, the US–Mexico border, drug trafficking, violence, participatory/activist oriented research methodology, and public scholarship.

Jacob I. Stowell is an Associate Professor in the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Northeastern University. He received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University at Albany‐SUNY. He is originally from California, where he received his BA in sociology from California State University‐San Marcos. His research interests are guided by two general themes; communities and crime. More specifically, he is interested in the variation in patterns of violence across immigrant and non‐immigrant neighborhoods. His methodological interests include mapping, spatial analysis, and structural equation modeling.

Brian J. Stults is an Associate Professor in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. His research addresses the issues of race, crime, and community in urban areas, with a particular focus on segregation, racial threat, and spatial and temporal patterns of crime.

Nic Swagar is a PhD student in the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. His prior research has addressed youth homelessness, general strain theory, and the importance of community context in explaining crime and deviance.

Saundra Trujillo is currently a PhD candidate in Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Missouri–St. Louis. Her research interests include the community contexts of race, ethnicity, immigration, and crime, as well as the community contexts of juvenile gang behavior.

María B. Vélez is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of New Mexico. Her work focuses on understanding how racial and economic inequalities pattern urban crime at the individual, neighborhood, and city levels. She seeks to understand how the actions of political and economic actors are linked to the creation and maintenance of urban inequality, which in turn shapes crime patterns.

Tim Wadsworth is an Associate Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. He gained his PhD at the University of Washington. Much of his research uses quantitative methods to examine the influence of structural and cultural forces in shaping patterns of violence and crime among individuals and communities. He also does research in the area of subjective well‐being, focusing on how individual and contextual factors influence people’s happiness and life satisfaction. His work has appeared in the American Journal of Sociology, Criminology, Social Forces, Social Indicators Research, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, and elsewhere.

Sheldon Zhang is Professor and Chair of the School of Criminology and Justice Studies, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Professor Zhang has more than two decades of experience as a field researcher in criminology and justice studies. He is internationally known for his work on transnational organized crime, such as human smuggling and drug trafficking involving Chinese nationals. He was twice invited to the White House for national anti‐trafficking gatherings and strategic planning. He is currently an expert consultant to several international organizations such as the International Labor Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Freedom Fund, and Walk Free Foundation. He is also known for his long‐time collaborative efforts with correctional agencies in California to evaluate various offender reentry and recidivism reduction programs. Professor Zhang has authored or coauthored seven books and edited volumes, and his work has appeared in journals such as Criminology, British Journal of Criminology, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, and the Annals of American Academy of Social and Political Science. He has served as principal investigator for in excess of US$8 million worth of externally funded projects. He previously served as Sociology Department Chair at the San Diego State University.

Yue Zhuo is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, St. John’s University. Her research interests include crime and law, substance abuse, migration and intergenerational relations. She has published in journals such as Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, British Journal of Criminology, Asian Journal of Criminology, Crime, Law and Social Change, American Journal of Community Psychology, Research on Aging, and the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.

Rena C. Zito is an Assistant Professor at Elon University. Her research uses a life‐course perspective to examine how family structure histories and family formation shape gendered processes, adolescent role exits, and law violation. Her current work focuses on intimate partner violence across relationship contexts, as well as cross‐national variation in the justification of crime.