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<p><b>Part I: Nanomaterials </b><br /><br /><b>1 Cellulose Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 3 </b><br /><i>Mahuya Das and Rupa Bhattacharyya</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>1.2 Synthesis of Cellulose Nanofibers 4</p> <p>1.3 Properties of Cellulose Nanofibers 14</p> <p>1.4 Applications of Nanocellulose Fibers 28</p> <p>1.5 Conclusion 32</p> <p>References 33 <br /><br /><b>2 Bacterial Nanocellulose: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 39 </b><br /><i>M.L. Foresti, P. Cerrutti and A. Vazquez</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 39</p> <p>2.2 Bacterial Nanocellulose Synthesis 41</p> <p>2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose Properties 49</p> <p>2.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose Applications 52</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions 57</p> <p>References 58 <br /><br /><b>3 Carbon Nanofibers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 63 </b><br /><i>Tanmoy Rath</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 63</p> <p>3.2 Carbon Nanofiber Structure and Defects 65</p> <p>3.3 Synthesis 67</p> <p>3.4 Growth Mechanism of CNFs 77<br /><br />3.5 Properties 78</p> <p>3.6 Applications 82</p> <p>3.7 Conclusion 84</p> <p>References 85 <br /><br /><b>4 Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 89 </b><br /><i>Raghunandan Sharma Poonam Benjwal and Kamal K. Kar</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 89</p> <p>4.2 Carbon Nanostructures 91</p> <p>4.3 Structure: Chirality 97</p> <p>4.4 Synthesis 99</p> <p>4.5 Characterizations 103</p> <p>4.6 Properties 108</p> <p>4.7 Applications 112</p> <p>4.8 Conclusions 131</p> <p>Acknowledgement 132</p> <p>References 132<br /><br /><b>5 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties and Application 139 </b><br /><i>Subash Chandra Sahu, Aneeya K. Samantara, Jagdeep Mohanta, Bikash Kumar Jena and Satyabrata Si</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 140</p> <p>5.2 History of Graphene 142</p> <p>5.3 Natural Occurrence 143</p> <p>5.4 Carbon Allotropes 144</p> <p>5.5 Molecular Structure and Chemistry of Graphene 147</p> <p>5.6 Properties of Graphene 147</p> <p>5.7 Synthesis of Graphene 153</p> <p>5.8 Biomedical Application of Graphene 155</p> <p>5.9 Graphene in Energy 166</p> <p>5.10 Graphene in Electronics 174</p> <p>5.11 Graphene in Catalysis 177</p> <p>5.12 Graphene Composites 177</p> <p>5.13 Conclusion and Perspective 179</p> <p>Acknowledgement 180</p> <p>References 181 <br /><br /><b>6 Nanoclays: Synthesis, Properties and Applications 195 </b><br /><i>Biswabandita Kar and Dibyaranjan Rout</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 195</p> <p>6.2 Structure and Properties of Nanoclays 196Contents ix</p> <p>6.3 Synthesis of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites 203</p> <p>6.4 Applications of Nanoclays 206</p> <p>6.5 Conclusion 211</p> <p>References 212 <br /><br /><b>7 Applications for Nanocellulose in Polyolefins-Based Composites 215 </b><br /><i>Alcides Lopes Leao, Bibin Mathew Cherian, Suresh Narine, Mohini Sain, Sivoney Souza and Sabu Thomas</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>7.2 Flexural Strength 224</p> <p>References 227 <br /><br /><b>8 Recent Progress in Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanomaterials and Electronically Conducting Polymers 229 </b><br /><i>Jayesh Cherusseri and Kamal K. Kar</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 230</p> <p>8.2 Electronically Conducting Polymers 230</p> <p>8.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 233</p> <p>8.4 Why Nanocomposites? 235</p> <p>8.5 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Fullerene Nanocomposites 236</p> <p>8.6 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposites 240</p> <p>8.7 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 243</p> <p>8.8 Electronically Conducting Polymer/Graphene Nanocomposites 246</p> <p>8.9 Applications 249</p> <p>8.10 Conclusions 252</p> <p>Acknowledgement 253</p> <p>References 253 <br /><br /><b>Part II: Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles </b><br /><br /><b>9 Nanocomposites Based on Inorganic Nanoparticles 259 </b><br /><i>M. Balasubramanian, and P. Jawahar</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 260</p> <p>9.2 Processing of Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites (CPN) 273</p> <p>9.3 Particulate-Polymer Nanocomposites Processing 283</p> <p>9.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites 292</p> <p>9.5 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 301</p> <p>9.6 Application of Nanocomposites 336</p> <p>References 342xii Contents <br /><br /><b>10 Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials: Nanodiamonds, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 347 </b><br /><i>F. Navarro-Pardo, A.L. Martínez-Hernández and C. Velasco-Santos</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 348</p> <p>10.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials 349</p> <p>10.3 Functionalization 351</p> <p>10.4 Methods of Nanocomposite Preparation 358</p> <p>10.5 Properties 360</p> <p>10.6 Concluding Remarks 386</p> <p>References 386 <br /><br /><b>Part III: Green Nanocomposites </b><br /><br /><b>11 Green Nanocomposites from Renewable Resource-Based Biodegradable Polymers and Environmentally Friendly Blends 403 </b><br /><i>P. J. Jandas, S. Mohanty and S. K. Nayak</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 404</p> <p>11.2 Organically Modified Layered Silicates Reinforced Biodegradable Nanocomposites: New Era of Polymer Composites 407</p> <p>11.3 Environmentally Friendly Polymer Blends from Renewable Resources 425</p> <p>11.4 Applications and Prototype Development 436</p> <p>11.5 Future Perspectives 436</p> <p>11.6 Conclusion 437</p> <p>References 438 <br /><br /><b>Part IV: Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites </b><br /><br /><b>12 Nanocomposites for Device Applications 445 </b><br /><i>Sreevalsa VG</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 446</p> <p>12.2 Nonvolatile Memory Devices 447</p> <p>12.3 Fabrication of Nonvolatile Memory Devices Utilizing Graphene Materials Embedded in a Polymer Matrix 451</p> <p>12.4 Electric-Field-Induced Resistive Switching 452</p> <p>12.5 Nanocomposite Solar Cells 455</p> <p>12.6 Thin-Film Capacitors for Computer Chips 457</p> <p>12.7 Solid Polymer Electrolyes for Batteries 457</p> <p>12.8 Automotive Engine Parts and Fuel Tanks 458</p> <p>12.9 Oxygen and Gas Barriers 459</p> <p>12.10 Printing Technologies 459</p> <p>12.11 Capacitors 461</p> <p>12.12 Inductors 461</p> <p>12.13 Optical Waveguides 462</p> <p>12.14 Low-K and Low-Loss Composites 463</p> <p>12.15 ZnO-Based Nanocomposites 463xiv Contents</p> <p>12.16 Functional Polymer Nanocomposites 464</p> <p>12.17 Plasmonics 464</p> <p>12.18 Polymer Nanocomposites 465</p> <p>12.19 Magnetically Active Nanocomposites 475</p> <p>12.20 Nanocomposites of Nature 479</p> <p>References 479 <br /><br /><b>13 Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Applications 483 </b><br /><i>Sutapa Ghosh and Naresh Chilaka</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 483</p> <p>13.2 Energy Storage Mechanism in Supercapacitor and Batteries 485</p> <p>13.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers 488</p> <p>13.4 Characterization of Nanocomposites: Structure, Electrical, Chemical Composition and Surface Area 491</p> <p>13.5 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage Application 494</p> <p>13.6 Future of Graphene and Conducting Polymer Nancomposites 499</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions and Future Research Initiatives 500</p> <p>References 501 <br /><br /><b>14 Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications 505 </b><br /><i>M. Mollo and C. Bernal</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 506</p> <p>14.2 Nanocomposite Fibers 510</p> <p>14.3 Nano-Enhanced Conventional Composites 512</p> <p>14.4 Nano-Enhanced All-Polymer Composites 513</p> <p>14.5 Single Polymer Nanocomposites 514</p> <p>14.6 Summary, Conclusions and Future Trends 515Contents xv</p> <p>References 517 <br /><br /><b>15 Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 519 </b><br /><i>Mahuya Das</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 519</p> <p>15.2 Nanoreinforcements in Food Packaging Materials 523</p> <p>15.3 Polymer Matrix for Nanocomposite 538</p> <p>15.4 Recent Trends in Packaging Developed by Application of Nanocomposites 541</p> <p>15.5 Application of Nanocomposites as Nanosensor for Smart/Intelligent Packaging 551</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion 556</p> <p>References 557</p> <p>Index 573</p>

<p><strong>Smita Mohanty</strong> is working as a Senior Scientist at the Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM), an exclusive R&D wing of Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET), at Bhubaneswar, India. She has 55 research publications and 5 patents to her credit. <p><strong>Sanjay Kumar Nayak</strong> is the Professor & Chair of LARPM. For 4 years he has been heading the operations of 15 CIPET centers situated at 22 locations in India. He has published more than 150 research papers and 5 patents. <p><strong>B. S. Kaith</strong> is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, India and has more than 150 research papers in national and international journals. <p><strong>Susheel Kalia</strong> is Assitant Professor in the department of Chemistry, Bahra University, India.

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