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<b><i>List of Contributors</i> xiii</b> <p><b><i>Preface</i> xv</b></p> <p><b>1 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Starch and Sugars 1<br /> </b><i>Frederik Börnke and Sophia Sonnewald</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Carbon Partitioning in Mesophyll Cells 2</p> <p>1.3 Sucrose Biosynthesis in Source Leaves 3</p> <p>1.4 Starch Metabolism in Source Leaves 7</p> <p>1.5 Sucrose to Starch Conversion in Storage Organs 12</p> <p>1.6 Metabolic Engineering of Carbohydrate Metabolism 14</p> <p>1.7 Engineering Soluble Sugars 16</p> <p>1.8 Production of Novel Carbohydrates in Transgenic Plants 17</p> <p>1.9 Network Analysis of Carbohydrate Metabolism 18</p> <p>Acknowledgements 19</p> <p>References 19</p> <p><b>2 Lipid Biosynthesis 27<br /> </b><i>David Hildebrand</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 29</p> <p>2.3 Fatty Acid Desaturases 32</p> <p>2.4 Lipid Signals 38</p> <p>2.5 Algae 38</p> <p>2.6 Membrane Synthesis 39</p> <p>2.7 TAG Biosynthesis 43</p> <p>2.8 Genetic Engineering of Oilseed for Industrial Uses 46</p> <p>2.9 Plant Oils as a Renewable Resource 48</p> <p>Acknowledgements 51</p> <p>References 52</p> <p><b>3 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation 67<br /> </b><i>Hiroshi Kouchi</i></p> <p>3.1 Nitrogen Fixing Organisms and the Nitrogenase System 67</p> <p>3.2 Symbiotic Nodule Formation in Legume Plants 70</p> <p>3.3 Mutual Interactions between Host Cells and Bacteroids in Legume Nodules 76</p> <p>3.4 Molecular Genetic Approaches to the Host Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation 83</p> <p>Acknowledgements 92</p> <p>References 92</p> <p><b>4 Sulfur Metabolism 103<br /> </b><i>Hideki Takahashi</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 103</p> <p>4.2 Sulfate Transport 104</p> <p>4.3 Sulfate Reduction 111</p> <p>4.4 Cysteine Biosynthesis 114</p> <p>4.5 Methionine Biosynthesis 117</p> <p>4.6 Regulators for Coordination of Sulfur Metabolism 118</p> <p>References 121</p> <p><b>5 Nucleotide Metabolism 135<br /> </b><i>Rita Zrenner and Hiroshi Ashihara</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 135</p> <p>5.2 Pyrimidine Metabolism 136</p> <p>5.3 Purine Metabolism 142</p> <p>5.4 Pyridine Metabolism 149</p> <p>5.5 Biotechnological Approaches 152</p> <p>References 156</p> <p><b>6 Purine Alkaloid Metabolism 163<br /> </b><i>Hiroshi Ashihara, Shinjiro Ogita and Alan Crozier</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 163</p> <p>6.2 Classification of Purine Alkaloids 166</p> <p>6.3 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids 166</p> <p>6.4 Biosynthesis of Caffeine 167</p> <p>6.5 Catabolism of Caffeine 171</p> <p>6.6 Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Purine Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants 173</p> <p>6.7 Metabolic Engineering of Caffeine <i>In Planta</i> 176</p> <p>References 184</p> <p><b>7 Nicotine Biosynthesis 191<br /> </b><i>Tsubasa Shoji and Takashi Hashimoto</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 191</p> <p>7.2 Pathways and Enzymes 192</p> <p>7.3 Compartmentation and Trafficking 200</p> <p>7.4 Gene Regulation 203</p> <p>7.5 Metabolic Engineering 207</p> <p>7.6 Recent Developments 208</p> <p>7.7 Summary 208</p> <p>References 208</p> <p><b>8 Terpenoid Biosynthesis 217<br /> </b><i>Dae-Kyun Ro</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 217</p> <p>8.2 Terpenoid Diversity 218</p> <p>8.3 Mechanistic Aspects of Terpenoid Biogenesis 222</p> <p>8.4 Terpene Synthase – Structure, Evolution and Engineering 223</p> <p>8.5 Two Distinct Pathways for Isopentenyl Diphosphate (IPP) Biosynthesis 225</p> <p>8.6 Subcellular and Cellular Compartmentalisations of Terpenoid Metabolism 228</p> <p>8.7 Gene Clusters in Terpenoid Metabolism 230</p> <p>8.8 Metabolic Engineering of Terpenoid Metabolism 231</p> <p>8.9 Concluding Remarks 235</p> <p>References 235</p> <p><b>9 Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis 241<br /> </b><i>Isabel Desgagn´e-Penix and Peter J Facchini</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 241</p> <p>9.2 Biosynthesis 242</p> <p>9.3 Localisation and Transport of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids and their Biosynthetic Enzymes 249</p> <p>9.3.1 Cellular and Subcellular Localisation 249</p> <p>9.3.2 Transport 251</p> <p>9.4 Regulation 251</p> <p>9.4.1 Gene Regulation 251</p> <p>9.4.2 Signal Transduction 251</p> <p>9.5 Application to Biotechnology 252</p> <p>9.5.1 Mutagenesis 252</p> <p>9.5.2 Genetic Transformation and Metabolic Engineering 252</p> <p>9.5.3 Metabolic Engineering 254</p> <p>9.6 Conclusions 254</p> <p>References 254</p> <p><b>10 Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis 263<br /> </b><i>Vincenzo De Luca</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 263</p> <p>10.2 Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid (MIA) Biosynthesis 265</p> <p>10.3 MIA Pathway Gene Discovery will be Enhanced by Large-Scale Sequencing and Comparative Analyses 271</p> <p>10.4 Developmental and Environmental Regulation of MIA Biosynthesis 272</p> <p>10.5 Metabolic Engineering using Enzymes with Altered Substrate Specificity 282</p> <p>10.6 Conclusion 282</p> <p>Acknowledgements 283</p> <p>References 283</p> <p><b>11 Flavonoid Biosynthesis 293<br /> </b><i>Indu B. Jaganath and Alan Crozier</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 293</p> <p>11.2 Advances in Molecular Approaches for Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway Elucidation 294</p> <p>11.3 The Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway as it is Today 299</p> <p>11.4 Conclusions 311</p> <p>References 313</p> <p><b>12 Pigment Biosynthesis I. Anthocyanins 321<br /> </b><i>Yoshihiro Ozeki, Yuki Matsuba, Yutaka Abe, Naoyuki Umemoto and Nobuhiro Sasaki</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 321</p> <p>12.2 The Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway 322</p> <p>12.3 Glycosylation of Anthocyanidins 325</p> <p>12.4 Acylation of Anthocyanin Glycosides 327</p> <p>12.5 Transport of Anthocyanins from Cytosol to Vacuoles 331</p> <p>12.6 Concluding Remarks 335</p> <p>References 336</p> <p><b>13 Pigment Biosynthesis II: Betacyanins and Carotenoids 343<br /> </b><i>Masaaki Sakuta and Akemi Ohmiya</i></p> <p>13.1 Betacyanins 343</p> <p>13.2 Carotenoids 350</p> <p>13.3 Metabolic Engineering of Carotenoids 357</p> <p>References 361</p> <p><b>14 Metabolomics in Plant Biotechnology 373<br /> </b><i>Yozo Okazaki, Akira Oikawa, Miyako Kusano, Fumio Matsuda and Kazuki Saito</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 373</p> <p>14.2 Analytical Technologies 373</p> <p>14.3 Informatics Techniques 376</p> <p>14.4 Biotechnological Application 378</p> <p>Acknowledgements 381</p> <p>References 381</p> <p><b><i>Index</i> 389</b> </p>

"Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (Choice, 1 January 2012)

<p><strong>Hiroshi Ashihara</strong>, Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. <p><strong>Alan Crozier</strong>, Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. <p><strong>Atsushi Komamine</strong>, Kihara Instutute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.

Various plant metabolites are useful for human life, and the induction and reduction of these metabolites using modern biotechnical technique is of enormous potential important especially in the fields of agriculture and health. <i>Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology</i> describes the biosynthetic pathways of plant metabolites, their function in plants, and some applications for biotechnology. Topics covered include: <ul> <li>biosynthesis and metabolism of starch and sugars</li> <li>lipid biosynthesis</li> <li>symbiotic nitrogen fixation</li> <li>sulfur metabolism</li> <li>nucleotide metabolism</li> <li>purine alkaloid metabolism</li> <li>nicotine biosynthesis</li> <li>terpenoid biosynthesis</li> <li>benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis</li> <li>monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis</li> <li>flavonoid biosynthesis</li> <li>pigment biosynthesis: anthocyanins, betacyanins and carotenoids</li> <li>metabolomics in biotechnology</li> </ul> <p><i>Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology</i> is an essential guide to this important field for researchers and students of biochemistry, plant biology, metabolic engineering, biotechnology, food science, agriculture, and medicine.</p>

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