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<p><b>Chapter 1 ASSESSING PV INDUSTRY CHALLENGES 2</b></p> <p>1.1 INTRODUCTION 2</p> <p>1.2 Terminology 2</p> <p>1.3 Preventive Analytic Maintenance 3</p> <p>1.4 CURRENT STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 6</p> <p>1.5 DEFINING FAILURE AND SUCCESS 7</p> <p>1.6 Application of PAM 17</p> <p>1.7 Cost Control Considerations 18</p> <p>1.8 Project Versus System Delivery Process 21</p> <p>1.9 PAM Concept 23</p> <p>1.10 Challenges Today with the Bidding Process 24</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 PV System Delivery Process 4</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 4</p> <p>2.2 PAM PV System Delivery Process 6</p> <p>2.3 PV Plant Commissioning: 27</p> <p>2.4 Universal Real-Time Data (URTD) & Data Sharing 34</p> <p>2.5 PV Plant Lifecycle 39</p> <p>2.6 Capacity and Capability 40</p> <p>2.7 Masking and Its Impact 44</p> <p>2.8 Plant Performance and Energy Output 45</p> <p>2.9 Addressing the Gaps 45</p> <p>2.10 Chapter Conclusion 50</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Current PV Component Technologies 2</b></p> <p>3.1 Component Selection 2</p> <p>3.2 Present State of Technology 6</p> <p>3.3 Manufacturing Risk: 8</p> <p>3.4 Primary technologies discussion 28</p> <p>3.5 Inverters 39</p> <p>3.6 Equipment Removal, Disposal and Recycling 46</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 May need a conclusion SE/Repowering Planning Process 3</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>4.2 What is the SE/Repowering Process? 6</p> <p>4.3 There is a continuous and contentious complaint about lifecycle performance. 10</p> <p>4.4 Cannibalization 15</p> <p>4.5 Impacts of SE / Repowering 16</p> <p>4.6 Types of SE / Repowering 19</p> <p>4.7 Preemptive Analytical Maintenance SE/Repowering System Planning 27</p> <p>4.8 RAMS for SE/Repowering 29</p> <p>4.9 SE/Repowering Considerations 36</p> <p>4.10 Technology Fatigue 47</p> <p>4.11 Data Collection 48</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 System Engineering 2</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 2</p> <p>5.2 Why the PV Industry Needs Systems Engineering 3</p> <p>5.3 SE Process 7</p> <p>5.4 Project Phases Overview 14</p> <p>5.5 Systems Engineering Tools 16</p> <p>5.6 System vs Project Delivery Method 23</p> <p>5.7 Conclusion 56</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Reliability 4</b></p> <p>6.1 INTRODUCTION 4</p> <p>6.2 Why Reliability 5</p> <p>6.3 Success/Failure 7</p> <p>6.4 Overview 12</p> <p>6.5 Reliability 14</p> <p>6.6 Stakeholder Needs 16</p> <p>6.7 Reliability Predictions, Analysis and Assessments 20</p> <p>6.8 Reliability Program Plan 25</p> <p>6.9 Reliability Mathematics 26</p> <p>6.10 Reliability Block diagrams (RBD) 39</p> <p>6.11 Fault Trees 41</p> <p>6.12 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 42</p> <p>6.13 Failure Reporting and Corrective System (FRACAS) and the PV SCADA 54</p> <p>6.14 Root Cause Analysis 55</p> <p>6.15 Data Analysis 55</p> <p>6.16 Reliability Predictions 64</p> <p>6.17 Derating 66</p> <p>6.18 Reliability Testing 67</p> <p>6.19 Summary 71</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Maintainability 4</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 4</p> <p>7.2 Responsibility for Maintainability 6</p> <p>7.3 Types of Maintenance 7</p> <p>7.4 Maintenance Cost 11</p> <p>7.5 Typical Maintenance Flow 13</p> <p>7.6 Additional Maintenance Metrics 20</p> <p>7.7 Available Maintenance Time 21</p> <p>7.8 Maintenance Driven Availability 22</p> <p>7.9 Preventive maintenance (PM) 27</p> <p>7.10 Customer Generated Maintenance 28</p> <p>7.11 Energy Storage 29</p> <p>7.12 Spares 30</p> <p>7.13 Testability 35</p> <p>7.14 Maintenance and Testability Specifications 40</p> <p>7.15 Conclusion 42</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Availability 3</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>8.2 Why Measure Component Availability 5</p> <p>8.3 Information categories For Plant Availability (Unavailability) 9</p> <p>8.4 Types of Availability 9</p> <p>8.5 Confusion of availability metrics 16</p> <p>8.6 Grid availability 18</p> <p>8.7 Specifications 18</p> <p>8.8 Conclusion 20</p> <p>Bibliography 21</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Energy Storage System (ESS) 3</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction Energy Storage Systems (ESS) 4</p> <p>9.2 Applications of Energy Storage 6</p> <p>9.3 Batteries 8</p> <p>9.4 Components of an Energy Storage System 17</p> <p>9.5 Battery Management System (BMS) 20</p> <p>9.6 Battery Thermal Management 20</p> <p>9.7 ESS Cost 23</p> <p>9.8 Reliability 25</p> <p>9.9 ESS Maintenance and Operational Considerations 27</p> <p>9.10 Considerations 31</p> <p>9.11 Electric Vehicles As Grid Storage 33</p> <p>9.12 Summary 35</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Data Collection 3</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>10.2 Reducing Risk Begins with Data 5</p> <p>10.3 Shared RAMS Data 10</p> <p>10.4 Stakeholders 10</p> <p>10.5 Anonymized Plant Data 11</p> <p>10.6 Stakeholder Business Case for Sharing Reliability Data 12</p> <p>10.7 The Level Necessary to Control Costs and Improve PV systems 14</p> <p>10.8 Monitoring for Better Data, Security and Plant Cost Control 15</p> <p>10.9 Data Analysis 16</p> <p>10.10 Data Presentation 18</p> <p>10.11 Process 20</p> <p>10.12 Implementation 22</p> <p>10.13 The Monitoring Plan: 24</p> <p>10.14 Warranty Issues: 30</p> <p>10.15 Synthetic Data! 31</p> <p>10.16 Conclusion 31</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Operations & Maintenance (O&M) 3</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 3</p> <p>11.2 Safety 5</p> <p>11.3 Reliability 9</p> <p>11.4 Availability 10</p> <p>11.5 Maintainability 12</p> <p>11.6 Testability 13</p> <p>11.7 Project Development 14</p> <p>11.8 O&M Plan 14</p> <p>11.9 Conclusion 25</p> <p>Step 4: Forecasting Civilian Casualties, and Cost from Number of Fires 27</p> <p>Rate of Deaths Per Fire 28</p> <p>11.10 The Operator’s Role 29</p> <p>11.11 Preventive Maintenance 29</p> <p>11.12 Ancillary Maintenance 30</p> <p>11.13 Tracking and reporting of technician key performance indicators (KPIs) 30</p> <p>11.14 Introduction 33</p> <p>11.15 Corrective Maintenance (CM) Scope 40</p>

<p><b>John R. Balfour, BS, MEP, PhD, </b>System Conformity Assessment & Resource Expert in the PV Sector of the US National Committee of the IECRE, President High Performance PV. Invested four decades in advancing delivery of more reliable, higher performing infrastructure grade PV/Energy Storage Systems (ESS) to produce greater lifecycle asset value, operational resilience, and cash flow. This work helped bring improvements in system specification, design, construction, and O&M by redefining PV Repowering™ a system engineering (SE)/planning process delivering decades of system Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS), risk prevention, reduction, plant and energy optimization strategies.</p> <p><b>Russell W. Morris, BSEE, MSSE, SM-IEEE, M-INCOSE,</b> is a Retired Technical Fellow in RAM/SE Engineering consultant with over 35 years’ experience in the field of medical, aerospace, and solar power reliability and maintainability and 15 years as an engineer and technician. Responsible for Proposals, Design Analysis, Modeling, Assessment, Allocations and Root Cause Analysis for Reliability, Availability and Maintainability requirements for systems/subsystems such as flight controls, hydraulics, hydrodynamic power generation, PV systems and Solar Arrays, vehicle management systems, navigation, communications, structures, software, one-shot systems, and propulsion systems.  He has addressed professionals and students at the University of Texas, AIAA, IEEE PVSC, IEEE IRPS, IEEE ISSRE, ARS and several symposia and Universities in the U.S. and China.  He has also taught RAM topics for Boeing suppliers in Italy, England, India, Australia, and multiple sites within the United States.</p>

<p> <b>A practical guide to improving photovoltaic power plant lifecycle performance and output </b> <p><i>Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure </i>introduces a Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM) for photovoltaic systems engineering, and the Repowering™ planning approach, as a structured integrated system delivery process. A team of veteran photovoltaics professionals delivers a robust discussion of the lessons learned from mature industries—including PV, aerospace, utilities, rail, marine, and automotive—as applied to the photovoltaic industry. The book offers real-world “technical and fiscal” examples of the impact of photovoltaics to all stakeholders during the concept, specification, operations, maintenance, and Repowering™ phases. <p>In each chapter, readers will learn to develop RAMS specifications, reliability data collection, and tasks while becoming familiar with the inherent benefits of how these affect the cost of design and development, maintenance, spares, and systems operation. The authors also explain when and how to consider and implement Repowering™, plant upgrades and the considerations from concept through retirement and disposal of the plant. <p>Readers will also find: <ul><li>A thorough introduction to Preemptive Analytical Maintenance (PAM), including systems engineering, lifecycle planning, risk management, risk assessment, risk reduction, as compared to the historic utility models, </li><li>An in-depth treatment of the modern photovoltaic industry, including economic factors and the present endlessly evolving state of technology, </li><li>Constructive discussions and application of systems engineering, including RAMS and System Engineering practices and solutions, </li><li>Extensive explorations and application of data collection, curation, and analysis for PV systems, including advanced sensor technologies. </li></ul> <p>Perfect for all new through to experienced photovoltaic design and specification engineers, photovoltaic plant owners, operators, PV asset managers and all interested stakeholders. <i>Photovoltaic (PV) System Delivery as Reliable Energy Infrastructure </i>will also earn a place in the libraries of utilities, engineering, procurements, construction professionals and students.

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