Details

Pathology for Toxicologists

Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel
1. Aufl.

von: Elizabeth McInnes
52,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	16.03.2017
ISBN/EAN:	9781118755310
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	216

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

Non-pathologists, such as toxicologists and study personnel, can find it difficult to understand the data they receive from pathologists. Toxicological pathologists write long, detailed and highly technical reports. Study personnel are under daily pressure to decide whether lesions described in pathology reports are treatment-related and thus important to the pharmaceutical company or whether the lesions are background changes and thus of little significance. Written by experienced toxicological pathologists, Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel serves to bridge the gap in the understanding of pathology data, enabling non-pathologists to more easily comprehend pathology reports, better integrate pathology data into final study reports and ask pathologists relevant questions about the test compound. This succinct, fully referenced, full colour book is suitable for toxicologists at all stages of their training or career who want to know more about the pathology encountered in laboratory animals used in safety studies. Key features include important chapters on spontaneous and target organ lesions in rats, mice, non-human primates, mini pigs, rabbits and beagle dogs as well as information on general pathology, macroscopic target organ lesions, ancillary pathology techniques, haematology, biochemistry and adversity. Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel includes: <ul> <li>Colour diagrams explaining how lesions are caused by either external compounds or spontaneously</li> <li>The anatomic variations and background lesions of laboratory animals</li> <li>Advice on sampling tissues, necropsy, ancillary pathology techniques and recording data</li> <li>A chapter on the haematology and biochemistry of laboratory animals</li> <li>Full colour photographs of common macroscopic lesions encountered in laboratory animals</li> <li>A comprehensive glossary</li> </ul>

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 An Introduction to Pathology Techniques 1 Elizabeth McInnes 1.1 Animal Considerations 2 1.2 Necropsy 2 1.3 Lung Inflation with Fixative 5 1.4 Fixation 5 1.5 Making Glass Slides 6 1.5.1 Trimming 6 1.5.2 Tissue Processing 9 1.5.3 Embedding 9 1.5.4 Microtoming 9 1.5.5 Staining 9 1.5.6 Quality Control 11 1.6 Special Histochemical Stains 12 1.7 Decalcification 13 1.8 Immunohistochemistry 13 1.9 Tissue Crossreactivity Studies 15 1.10 Electron Microscopy 15 1.11 In Situ Hybridisation 16 1.12 Laser Capture Microscopy 16 1.13 Confocal Microscopy 16 1.14 Image Analysis 17 1.15 Digital Imaging 17 1.16 Spermatocyte Analysis 17 1.17 Good Laboratory Practice 17 1.18 Inhalation Studies 18 1.19 Continuous?]Infusion Studies 18 1.20 Carcinogenicity 19 1.21 Biologicals 19 1.22 The Pathology Report 20 1.23 Conclusion 20 References 20 2 Recording Pathology Data 23 Cheryl L. Scudamore 2.1 What is a Pathology Finding? 24 2.2 Standardisation of Pathology Findings 24 2.2.1 Semiquantitative Analysis 24 2.2.2 Nomenclature/Controlled Terminology 26 2.2.3 Ontological Approach 28 2.3 ‘Inconsistencies’ in Pathology Recording 28 2.3.1 Diagnostic Drift 28 2.3.2 Thresholds 28 2.3.3 Lumping versus Splitting 29 2.4 Blind Review 30 2.5 Historical Control Data: Pros and Cons 30 2.6 The Use of Peer Review in Pathology 32 References 32 3 General Pathology and the Terminology of Basic Pathology 35 Elizabeth McInnes 3.1 Cellular Responses to Insults 35 3.2 Inflammation 41 3.3 Circulatory Disturbances 46 3.4 Disorders of Tissue Growth 52 3.5 Tissue Repair and Healing 53 3.6 Neoplasia 54 3.7 Immune System 55 References 57 4 Common Spontaneous and Background Lesions in Laboratory Animals 59 Elizabeth McInnes 4.1 Rats 62 4.2 Mice 63 4.3 Dogs 66 4.4 Minipigs 66 4.5 Non?]Human Primates 67 4.6 Rabbits 67 4.7 Experimental Procedures 67 4.8 Causes of Death in Rats and Mice 67 4.9 Conclusion 68 References 69 5 Target Organ Pathology 72 Elizabeth McInnes 5.1 Skin 72 5.2 Eye 76 5.3 Gastrointestinal Tract 78 5.4 Liver 83 5.5 Respiratory System 85 5.6 Urinary System 89 5.7 Lymphoreticular System 94 5.8 Musculoskeletal System 95 5.9 Cardiovascular System 97 5.10 Endocrine System 99 5.11 Reproductive System 102 5.12 Central and Peripheral Nervous System 104 5.13 Ear 106 References 106 6 Clinical Pathology 112 Barbara von Beust 6.1 Clinical Pathology in Study Phases and Good Laboratory Practice 112 6.1.1 Preanalytic Phase: Study Plan 113 6.1.2 Analytic Phase: Data Generation 114 6.1.3 Postanalytic Phase: Data Interpretation and Reporting 114 6.1.4 Good Laboratory Practice 114 6.2 What is Measured in Clinical Pathology? 115 6.2.1 Interference by Haemolysis, Lipaemia and Icterus 116 6.3 Haematology 117 6.3.1 Manual and Automated Techniques in Haematology 118 6.3.2 Haematocrit and Red Blood Cell Mass 119 6.3.3 Blood Cells 120 6.3.4 The Standard Haematology Profile 124 6.3.5 Bone Marrow 125 6.4 Coagulation 125 6.4.1 Standard Coagulation Profile 126 6.4.2 Prothrombin Time 127 6.4.3 Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time 127 6.4.4 Fibrinogen 127 6.5 Clinical Chemistry 127 6.5.1 Metabolites 127 6.5.2 Enzymes 129 6.5.3 Electrolytes and Minerals 129 6.5.4 Standard Chemistry Profiles 130 6.6 Urinalysis 131 6.7 Acute?]Phase Proteins 131 6.8 The Biomarker Concept 132 6.9 Reference Intervals 133 6.10 Instrumentation, Validation and Quality Control 133 6.11 Data Analysis and Interpretation 134 6.12 Reporting 135 6.13 Food Consumption and Body Weight (Gain) 136 6.14 Organ Weights 136 6.15 Examples of Typical Clinical Pathology Profile Changes in Toxicologic Clinical Pathology 136 6.15.1 Reduced Red Blood Cell Mass due to Chronic Disease 138 6.15.2 Stress Response 139 6.15.3 Reduced Red Blood Cell Mass due to Excessive Blood Sampling 139 6.15.4 Common Artefacts 139 6.16 Microsampling 140 6.17 Conclusion 141 Acknowledgments 141 References 141 7 Adversity: A Pathologist’s Perspective 145 Bhanu Singh 7.1 LOAEL, NOEL and NOAEL: Definition 146 7.2 Adversity 147 7.3 Determining Adversity using Pathology Findings: Factors to Consider 149 7.3.1 Severity 149 7.3.2 Functional Effect 150 7.3.3 Primary versus Secondary Effects 151 7.3.4 Physiological Adaptability 152 7.3.5 Reversibility of the Lesion 152 7.3.6 Pharmacological Effect 153 7.4 Communicating NOAEL in Toxicity Studies 153 7.5 Conclusion 154 References 154 8 Limitations of Pathology and Animal Models 157 Natasha Neef 8.1 Limitations of In Vivo Animal Models 157 8.1.1 Traditional Laboratory Species Used as General Toxicology Models 157 8.1.2 The Test Article May Not have Sufficient Pharmacological Activity in Routine Toxicology Species 158 8.1.3 The Model May Not Identify Hazards Related to Causation or Exacerbation of Pathology that is Unique to Humans or Undetectable in Animals 159 8.1.4 The Model May Not Identify Hazards with Low Incidence/Low Severity 159 8.1.5 Potential for Misinterpretation of Reversibility/Recovery for Low?]Incidence Findings 160 8.1.6 Potential for Over?] or Underestimation of the Relationship to Test Article of Findings that have High Spontaneous Incidence in Laboratory Species, but are Relatively Rare in Humans 160 8.1.7 Exclusive Use of Young, Healthy Animals Kept in Ideal Conditions Gives Limited Predictivity for Aged/Diseased Human Populations 161 8.2 Efficacy/Disease Models as Toxicology Models 162 8.3 Limitations of Efficacy/Disease Models as Toxicology Models 164 8.3.1 Lack of Validation as Safety/Toxicology Models 164 8.3.2 Disease Models Rarely Have All the Elements of the Equivalent Human Disease 165 8.3.3 Limited Sensitivity Produced by Increased Interanimal Variability amongst Diseased Animals and/or Low Animal Numbers 165 8.3.4 Lack of Historical Data 166 8.3.5 Risk Associated with Nonregulated Laboratory Conditions 166 8.4 Limitations of Pathology within In Vivo Toxicology Models 167 8.4.1 Anatomic Pathology Evaluation Will Not Identify Hazards with No Morphological Correlates 167 8.4.2 Limitations of Pathology when Evaluating Moribund Animals or Animals Found Dead on Study 168 8.4.3 Limitations of Anatomic and/or Clinical Pathology End Points within other Types of In Vivo Preclinical Safety Study 168 8.4.4 Limitations of Histopathology Related to Sampling Error 169 8.4.5 Limitations of Quantitative Anatomic Pathology 170 8.4.6 Limitations of Pathology Related to Subjectivity and Pathologist Error 173 8.4.7 Anatomic Pathology Error/Missed Findings 173 8.4.8 Subjectivity and Pathologist Variability 175 8.5 Managing Risk Associated with Subjectivity and the Potential for Pathologist Error 176 8.5.1 Choice of Study Pathologist 176 8.5.2 Peer Review 176 8.5.3 Review of the Anatomic Pathology Data 177 8.5.4 Review of Anatomic Pathology Data Interpretation 177 References 179 Glossary 184 Index 187

Rezension

In its first edition, Pathology for Toxicologists edited by Dr Elizabeth McInnes is a much welcomed addition to the basic literature bridging the 2 complementary sciences of pathology and toxicology, specifically within the context of drug, chemical, or device industries. Aimed at the wide spectrum of study personnel supporting investigational and routine toxicity studies, this book provides a broad yet succinct coverage of the bases underlying the generation and interpretation of pathology data and enables a better use, comprehension, and integration of these data into toxicology reports. In its paperback presentation (provided for this review), the book is illustrated and has a good print quality, is concise, portable, and thoroughly referenced. The 6 contributing authors are all adequately qualified and have hands-on experience on the topics they covered; the editor herself contributed with 4 chapters. The book structure is organized into 8 chapters and include an introduction to pathology techniques, recording pathology data, general pathology and the terminology of basic pathology, common spontaneous and background lesions in laboratory animals, target organ pathology, clinical pathology, adversity from the pathologist’s perspective, and limitations of pathology and animal models.Each chapter begins with a learning objectives section and ends with a comprehensive list of references; a chapter-by-chapter analysis is included below. The book also includes a glossary (always helpful when dealing with pathology terms and acronyms) and an index. In short, this book is a bridging reference between toxicology and pathology, broadly covering the bases of laboratory animal pathology generation, interpretation, and communication, and it should prove useful not only for early career as well as for practicing toxicologists. (International Journal of Toxicology 36:5) ‘The book succinctly covers the general underpinnings of pathology data generation and interpretation, with the honorable goal of facilitating the use, communication, understanding, and integration of pathology data into toxicology reports …Six highly qualified authors contributed with 8 chapters (4 of which were authored by the editor), spanning various themes in pathology data generation and interpretation, including an introduction to pathology techniques, recording pathology data, general pathology and the terminology of basic pathology, common spontaneous and background lesions in laboratory animals, target organ pathology, clinical pathology, adversity from the pathologist’s perspective, and limitations of pathology and animal models … At the beginning of each chapter, a learning objectives box frames the most important concepts to be attained and, at its conclusion, a comprehensive list of references points the reader to additional information. The book is complete with an index and a glossary (a must-have when working with pathology terminology and acronyms). This textbook is a bridging reference covering the general bases of pathology data generation, interpretation, and communication that early career and practicing toxicologists will find useful.’ (Journal of Toxicologic Pathology, November 2017) 'Pathology for Toxicologists is highly recommended not only for toxicologist, but also for pharmaceutical research, discovery, and development scientists; young anatomic and clinical toxicologic pathologists; academic and diagnostic pathologists; and anatomic and clinical pathology graduate students and residents. Its use will successfully facilitate the interface between toxicologist and toxicologic pathologists. Its perusal by pharmaceutical research and discovery scientists will facilitate their understanding of the technical constraints and regulatory requirements that face toxicologic pathologists and toxicologic pathology laboratories. Its perusal by young anatomic and clinical toxicologic pathologists upon entry into toxicologic pathology will quickly bring them up-to-speed on the complexity of the regulations and constraints under which they will be working. Perusal of the book by toxicologists and study personnel will provide them an insight into the toxicologic pathology world, improving their interfaces and collaborations and facilitating decisions about pathology.' (Veterinary Clinical Pathology, November 2017)

Autorenportrait

About the Editor Elizabeth McInnes edited the successful "Background Lesions in Laboratory Animals, A Color Atlas" (2011) and has published widely on various aspects of toxicological pathology. She qualified as a veterinary surgeon in South Africa in 1988 and completed a PhD at Imperial College, London in 1996. She was awarded Fellowships of the Royal College of Pathologists in 1997 and of the International Academy of Toxicologic Pathology in 2011. She currently runs her own toxicological pathology consultancy business.

Back cover copy

Written by experienced toxicological pathologists, Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel serves to elucidate the study of pathology data, enabling non-pathologists to more easily comprehend pathology reports, better integrate pathology data into final study reports and ask pathologists relevant questions about a test compound. This succinct, fully referenced, full color book is suitable for toxicologists and study personnel at all stages of their training or career who want to know more about the pathology encountered in laboratory animals used in safety studies. Key features include important chapters on background lesions and target organ lesions in rats, mice, non-human primates, mini pigs, rabbits and beagle dogs as well as information on general pathology, macroscopic target organ lesions, ancillary pathology techniques, hematology, biochemistry and adversity. Pathology for Toxicologists: Principles and Practices of Laboratory Animal Pathology for Study Personnel includes: <ul> <li>Color diagrams explaining how lesions are caused</li> <li>An exploration of anatomic variations and background lesions in laboratory animals</li> <li>Advice on sampling tissues, necropsy, ancillary pathology techniques and recording data</li> <li>A chapter on the hematology and biochemistry of laboratory animals</li> <li>Full color photographs of common macroscopic lesions encountered in laboratory animals</li> <li>A complete glossary</li> </ul>