Details

Novel Plant Bioresources

Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics
1. Aufl.

von: Ameenah Gurib-Fakim
180,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	28.03.2014
ISBN/EAN:	9781118460603
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	552

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Titelbeschreibung

Novel Plant Bioresources: Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics serves as the definitive source of information on under-utilized plant species, and fills a key niche in our understanding of the relationship of human beings with under-utilized plants. By covering applications in food, medicine and cosmetics, the book has a broad appeal. In a climate of growing awareness about the perils of biodiversity loss, the world is witnessing an unprecedented interest in novel plants, which are increasingly prized for their potential use in aromas, dyes, foods, medicines and cosmetics. This book highlights these plants and their uses. After an introductory section which sets the scene with an overview of the historical and legislative importance of under-utilized plants, the main four parts of the book are dedicated to the diverse potential application of novel plant bioresources in Food, Medicine, Ethnoveterinary Medicine and Cosmetics. Examples and contributors are drawn from Africa, Europe, the USA and Asia. The economic, social, and cultural aspects of under-utilized plant species are addressed, and the book provides a much needed boost to the on-going effort to focus attention on under-utilized plant species and conservation initiatives. By focusing on novel plants and the agenda for sustainable utilization, Novel Plant Bioresources highlights key issues relevant to under-utilized plant genetic resources, and brings together international scholars on this important topic.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

List of contributors xiii Foreword xvii PART ONE NOVEL PLANT BIORESOURCES: APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE, COSMETICS, ETC. 1 1 Plant Diversity in Addressing Food, Nutrition and Medicinal Needs 3 M.E. Dulloo, D. Hunter and D. Leaman 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 7 1.3 Plant genetic diversity for nutrition 10 1.4 Plant diversity for medicines 14 2 World Health Organization Perspective for Traditional Medicine 23 Ossy M. J. Kasilo and Jean-Baptiste Nikiema 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Policies on traditional medicine 24 2.3 Tools and guidelines 24 2.4 Implementation of the regional strategy on traditional medicine 35 2.5 The way forward 40 2.6 Conclusion 41 3 Cultivation of Novel Medicinal Plant Products and Associated Challenges 43 Ulrich Feiter 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Basic principles of novel crop cultivation 43 3.3 Case study 1: Pelargonium sidoides 51 3.4 Case study 2: Sutherlandia frutescens 52 3.5 Case study 3: Euphorbia resinifera 54 3.6 Conclusion 55 4 Enabling Technologies to Facilitate Natural Product-Based Drug Discovery from African Biodiversity 57 Nyaradzo, T., L. Chigorimbo-Murefu, Grace Mugumbate and Kelly Chibale 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Enabling-technology platforms 59 4.3 Natural product diversification and drug metabolite generation platform 65 4.4 Conclusion 65 5 Assessing Biodiversity: A Molecular Approach Using DNA Sequencing 69 Yasmina Jaufeerally-Fakim 5.1 Introduction 69 5.2 Taxonomy and evolution 69 5.3 Assessing diversity 70 5.4 DNA sequencing and barcoding 73 5.5 Plant genomics 75 5.6 Analysis of marker data 79 6 Conservation of Endangered Wild Harvested Medicinal Plants: Use of DNA Barcoding 81 Sarina Veldman, Joseph Otieno, Barbara Gravendeel, Tinde van Andel and Hugo de Boer 6.1 Wild harvested medicinal plants: background and challenges 81 6.2 DNA barcoding general 82 6.3 DNA barcoding and species delimitation 82 6.4 DNA barcodes for plants 83 6.5 Examples of DNA barcoding of cryptic and prepared plant material 83 6.6 Plant DNA authentication, verification and certification 85 6.7 Future opportunities and challenges 85 7 Market Entry, Standards and Certification 89 Susan A. Wren 7.1 Sustainable utilization of indigenous plant products 89 7.2 Market entry 90 7.3 Certification 93 7.4 Developing indigenous plant-based enterprises as viable businesses with developing country communities 102 8 European Union Market Access Categories and Regulatory Requirements for Novel Natural Products 107 Thomas Brendler and L. Denzil Philipps 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Raw materials 107 8.3 Finished products 111 8.4 Summary 122 9 Nutrition, Health and Food Security: Evidence and Priority Actions 125 L. J. Ferrao and T. H. Fernandes 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Well-being and nutrition 125 9.3 Traditional food cultures 126 9.4 Nutrition in pregnancy and infancy 126 9.5 Health and nutrition education is central for development 127 9.6 Research and development 128 9.7 Role of agricultural growth on reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition 128 9.8 Concluding remarks 129 PART TWO MEDICINE (PLANTS AS MEDICINE: HUMANS AND ANIMAL HEALTH) 131 10 Anticancer Potential of African Plants: The Experience of the United States National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health 133 John A. Beutler, Gordon M. Cragg, Maurice Iwu, David J. Newman and Christopher Okunji 10.1 Introduction 133 10.2 The United States National Cancer Institute programme 133 10.3 The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups programme 139 10.4 Conclusions 145 11 Biodiversity as a Source of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Chikungunya Virus Replication 151 Pieter Leyssen, Jacqueline Smadja, Philippe Rasoanaivo, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Bruno Canard, Jean-Claude Guillemot, Marc Litaudon and Francoise Gueritte 11.1 The epidemiology of chikungunya virus 151 11.2 The PHYTOCHIK programme for the discovery of natural compounds active against chikungunya virus 154 11.3 Euphorbiaceae, abundant source of anti-chikungunya virus compounds 157 11.4 Conclusion 159 12 Using African Plant Biodiversity to Combat Microbial Infections 163 J. N. Eloff and L. J. McGaw 12.1 Introduction and problem statement 163 12.2 Commercial use of African medicinal plants in the herbal medicine industry 164 12.3 Why is there such a difference in product development for antimicrobials versus other medicinal applications? 164 12.4 Methods used in developing useful products 164 12.5 Results of random screening of large number of species 167 12.6 Our approach to random screening 168 12.7 Activity of compounds isolated against Staphylococcus aureus 169 12.8 Discovering antifungal compounds from natural products 169 12.9 Review papers focusing on antimicrobial activity of plants from Africa 169 12.10 Promising new approaches 170 12.11 The potential of using African medicinal plants as extracts 170 12.12 Conclusions 171 13 Plant Medicines Used in the Treatment of Malaria 175 John R.S. Tabuti, Antonia Nyamukuru and Mohammed Lamorde 13.1 Introduction 175 13.2 Approach used in the review 175 13.3 Plant species commonly used to treat malaria in Uganda 176 13.4 Conclusions and recommendations 177 14 Multiple Anti-Infective Properties of Selected Plant Species from Zimbabwe 179 Rumbidzai Mangoyi, Tariro Chitemerere, Theresa Chimponda, Elaine Chirisa and Stanley Mukanganyama 14.1 Introduction 179 14.2 Preparation of plant extracts 181 14.3 Conclusions 188 15 Development of Phytodrugs from Indigenous Plants: The Mali Experience 191 Rokia Sanogo 15.1 Introduction 191 15.2 Development of new phytodrugs 198 15.3 Discussion 199 15.4 Conclusion 200 16 Healing Aloes from the Mascarenes Islands 205 Joyce Govinden-Soulange 16.1 Introduction 205 16.2 The Asphodelaceae 205 16.3 Prospects and research avenues 211 17 Pharmacological Activities of Some of the Neglected and Underutilized Tropical Plants in Malaysia 215 Z.A. Zakaria, F. Yahya, T. Balan, S.S. Mamat, R. Rodzi, F.H. Kamisan, C.A. Fatimah and A.L. Ibrahim 17.1 Introduction 215 17.2 Muntingia calabura 215 17.3 Dicranopteris linearis 218 17.4 Bauhinia purpurea 219 17.5 Melastoma malabathricum 222 17.6 Conclusion 224 18 Multiple Applications of Endophytic Colletotrichum Species Occurring in Medicinal Plants 227 Mahendra Rai, Gauravi Agarkar and Dnyaneshwar Rathod 18.1 Introduction 227 18.2 Diversity of endophytic Colletotrichum sp. in medicinal plants 228 18.3 Biomedical applications 228 18.4 Agriculture applications 231 18.5 Industrial applications 233 18.6 Perspectives 234 18.7 Conclusion 234 19 African Plants with Potential for Development into Ethnoveterinary Products 237 L.J. McGaw and J.N. Eloff 19.1 Introduction 237 19.2 What is ethnoveterinary medicine? 237 19.3 Ethnoveterinary medicine in Africa 238 19.4 African plants as sources of commercial remedies 255 19.5 Examples of African medicinal plants used for ethnoveterinary purposes with scope for commercialization 256 19.6 Toxicity 258 19.7 Conclusions 258 20 African Plant Biodiversity in Pest Management 263 S. N'Danikou, D.A. Tchokponhoue, C.A. Houdegbe and E.G. Achigan-Dako 20.1 Introduction 263 20.2 History of humans’ use of plant biodiversity in pest management 264 20.3 Methods and approaches in pest management 264 20.4 Research on plant use in pest management 266 20.5 Biodiversity of African plants used in pest management 267 20.6 Benefits of the use of plants in crop pest management 270 20.7 Limits of the study 270 20.8 Conclusion 270 21 Commercialization of Ethnoveterinary Botanical Products 285 David R. Katerere 21.1 Introduction 285 21.2 Therapeutic areas for ethnoveterinary applications 287 21.3 Conclusion 290 22 Plants Used for Pest Management in Malawi 295 Cecilia Maliwichi-Nyirenda, Lucy Lynn Maliwichi and John F. Kamanula 22.1 Introduction 295 22.2 Merits and demerits of pest management systems in Malawi 296 22.3 Plant species used in pest management 297 PART THREE FOOD (SPICES, FRUIT AND VEGETABLES, ETC.) 303 23 Aromatic Plants: Use and Nutraceutical Properties 305 Lucia Guidi and Marco Landi 23.1 Introduction 305 23.2 Mediterranean aromatic plants 307 23.3 Concluding remarks 325 24 'Let Your Food Be Your Medicine': Exotic Fruits and Vegetables as Therapeutic Components for Obesity and Other Metabolic Syndromes 347 Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally 24.1 Introduction 347 24.2 Obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndromes 347 24.3 Medicinal food plants against metabolic diseases 348 24.4 Conclusion 355 25 Strategic Repositioning African Indigenous Vegetables and Fruits with Nutrition, Economic and Climate Change Resilience Potential 361 M.O. Abukutsa-Onyango 25.1 Introduction 361 25.2 African indigenous vegetables and fruits 362 25.3 Strategic repositioning of indigenous vegetables and fruits in the horticulture 364 25.4 Concluding remarks 367 26 Hepatoprotective, Antiulcerogenic, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities of Musa acuminata Peel and Pulp 371 Fatimah Corazon Abdullah, Lida Rahimi, Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria and Abdul Latif Ibrahim 26.1 Introduction 371 26.2 Hepatoprotective activity 373 26.3 Antiulcerogenic activity 377 26.4 Cytotoxic activity 379 26.5 Antioxidant activity 380 26.6 Conclusion 381 27 Plant Bioresources and their Nutrigenomic Implications on Health 383 Maznah Ismail and Mustapha Umar Imam 27.1 Introduction 383 27.2 Plant bioresources for health uses: beyond traditional uses 384 27.3 Bioactivity of plant bioresources: nutrigenomic implications 384 27.4 Potential implications of the rising trend in the use of plant bioresources for remedies 390 27.5 Conclusions 390 28 Safety of Botanical Ingredients in Personal Healthcare: Focus on Africa 395 R. Vihotogbe, C.N.A. Sossa-Vihotogbé and G.E. Achigan-Dako 28.1 Introduction 395 28.2 Safety in healthcare via food consumption 395 28.3 Medicinal plants in healthcare 396 PART FOUR COSMETICS (INCLUDING DYES, AROMAS) 409 29 Aromatic and Medicinal Plants in North Africa: Opportunities, Constraints and Prospects 411 Mohamed Ghanmi, Abderrahman Aafi, Badr Satrani, Mohamed Aberchane, Abderrahim Khia and Salah Eddine Bakkali Yakhlef 29.1 Introduction 411 29.2 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: a snapshot on the countries of the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) 411 29.3 Aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: overview and prospects 413 29.4 Aromatic and medicinal plants in Morocco: opportunities, constraints and prospects 413 29.5 Development of the aromatic and medicinal plants sector in Morocco: the strategy adopted 415 29.6 Research conducted in the field of aromatic and medicinal plants: achievements and prospects 415 29.7 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Algeria 417 29.8 Medicinal and aromatic plants in Tunisia 418 29.9 Molecular techniques as tools for conservation and valorization of aromatic and medicinal plants 418 29.10 Sector of aromatic and medicinal plants in North Africa: prospects 421 30 Development of Natural Cosmeceuticals: Harnessing Asia's Biodiversity 425 Azila Abdul-Aziz, Mariani Abdul Hamid, Norhayati Mohammad Noor, Harisun Yaakob, Rosnani Hasham and Mohamad Roji Sarmidi 30.1 Introduction 425 30.2 Mangosteen: a 'fruity' depigmenting agent 425 30.3 Ficus deltoidea: the ‘golden’ treasure from nature 426 30.4 Labisia pumila: Malaysia’s queen of herbs 427 30.5 Andrographis paniculata: a ‘bitter’ therapy for the skin 428 30.6 Centella asiatica: herbs' jack of all trades 429 30.7 Future trends 429 31 Unique Bioresources from Ethiopia for Food, Medicine and Cosmetics 433 E. Dagne 31.1 Introduction 433 31.2 Boswellia species (Burseraceae), etan (Amharic) 433 31.3 Catha edulis (Celastraceae), khat 433 31.4 Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), buna (Amharic) 434 31.5 Commiphora myrrha (Burseraceae), kerbe (Amharic) 435 31.6 Croton macrostachyus (Euphorbiaceae), bissana (Amharic) 435 31.7 Echinops kebericho (Asteraceae), kebericho (Amharic) 435 31.8 Ensete ventricosum (Musaceae), enset (Amharic) 436 31.9 Eragrostis tef (Poaceae), tef (Amharic) 436 31.10 Hagenia abyssinica (Rosaceae), koso (Amharic) 438 31.11 Moringa stenopetala (Moringaceae), shiferaw (Amharic) 438 31.12 Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae), tikur azmud (Amharic) 439 31.13 Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae), endod (Amharic) 439 31.14 Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae), mashla (Amharic) 439 31.15 Taverniera abyssinica (Leguminosae), dingetegna (Amharic) 440 31.16 Civettictis civetta: source of civet zebad (Amharic) 440 31.17 Conclusion 440 32 Aromatic Plants from Reunion Island (France) 443 Anne Bialecki and Jacqueline Smadja 32.1 Introduction 443 32.2 Aromatic plant production: economic data 443 32.3 Extraction techniques used in Reunion Island 444 32.4 Analysis of essential oils and plant headspace in the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 445 32.5 Identification of volatile compounds at the Chemistry Laboratory of Natural Substances and Food Sciences 446 32.6 Conclusion 451 33 Anti-Parasitic Activity of Essential Oils and their Active Constituents against Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania 455 Joanne Bero, Salomé Kpoviessi and Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq 33.1 Introduction 455 33.2 Essential oils 455 33.3 Compounds isolated from essential oils 460 33.4 Discussion and conclusion 460 34 Metabolomic Analysis of a Commercially Important Aromatic Plant from the Indian Ocean: Vanilla planifolia 471 Tony L. Palama 34.1 Introduction 471 34.2 Vanilla description 471 34.3 Vanilla metabolomics 473 34.4 Other future prospects 475 34.5 Conclusions 476 35 Natural Dyes for Photonics Applications 479 M. Maaza 35.1 Introduction 479 35.2 Nonlinear optical properties of natural dyes: X(3) and optical limiting applications 479 35.3 Linear optical properties of natural dyes: Gratzel dye solar cells 485 35.4 Conclusion 491 36 The Host Innate Immune Response to Propionibacterium acnes and the Potential of Natural Products as Cosmeceutical Agents 495 Marco Nuno de Canha, Smeetha Singh and Namrita Lall 36.1 The skin and its function 495 36.2 The impact of skin disorders with focus on acne 495 36.3 Propionibacterium acnes: is it the culprit? 495 36.4 Acne vulgaris (acne) 496 36.5 The activation of innate and adaptive immune system 497 36.6 The host immune response to infection by Propionibacterium acnes 498 36.7 Conventional treatments available for acne vulgaris 499 36.8 Potential of natural products to treat acne vulgaris 500 36.9 The importance of the emergence of plant life on Earth 501 36.10 A proposed stepwise approach from plant extract to cosmeceutical product 501 37 New Natural Aromatic Products: Search, Evaluation and the Development Issues 507 Murray Hunter 37.1 Introduction 507 37.2 The family of natural aromatic extracts 507 37.3 The search and screening process 508 37.4 Sources of potential plant opportunity identification 509 37.5 The characteristics and classification of natural aromatic materials 510 37.6 Evaluating the characteristic strengths and weaknesses of natural aromatic materials 512 37.7 The development issues 512 37.8 Conclusion 522 Index 525

Autorenportrait

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim is Professor and Managing Director at the Centre for Phytotherapy Research (CEPHYR) in Mauritius. She has authored several books on medicinal plants and on the flora of Mauritius and Africa and has received several international prizes. In 2013, she receives the Honorary Doctorate from the Universite Pierre Marie Curie (Sorbonne Universites) and is also Honorary Professor at UNISA, Pretoria, South Africa.

Back cover copy

The search for new and alternative sources of edible plants has begun. It has been estimated that there are between 300,000 and 500,000 species of “higher” plants, of which about 240,000 have been identified and described. Of these, some 30,000 are edible while 7,000 varieties of plants have been cultivated or collected by humans. Yet only 120 are deemed “important” on a national scale, and just 30 of these crops provide 95% of global dietary intake. The level of biodiversity in the crops we rely upon for food, medicine and cosmetics is weak. Yet wild crop relatives and weedy forms of plants can be important sources of genes for disease resistance, environmental adaptation or other traits that are useful in crop improvement programmes. This book takes a fresh look at marginal and underutilised crops and highlight their potential not only for food and nutrition, but also as promising sources of new ingredients that will add value to existing product lines derived from plants. Novel Plant Bioresources: Applications in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics addresses the critical issues relating to important yet under-utilized plant species that have been neglected over the years for economic, social and cultural reasons. In a climate of growing awareness about the perils of biodiversity loss, the world is witnessing an unprecedented interest in novel plants, which are increasingly prized for their potential use in aromas, dyes, foods, medicines and cosmetics. This book highlights these plants and their uses. The book is the first major scholarly publication dedicated to the diverse potential application of novel plant bioresources in food, medicine, ethnoveterinary medicine and cosmetics. By focusing on novel plants and the agenda for sustainable utilization, this book highlights key issues relevant to under-utilized plant genetic resources, and brings together international scholars on this important topic. This book will serve as the definitive source of information on under-utilized plant species, and fills a key niche in our understanding of the relationship of human beings with under-utilized plants. As such it will be of interest to a wide audience, primarily the major food industries, food scientists, agro/crop specialists and cosmetics and pharmaceuticals companies. It will also be a major resource for universities and libraries, research institutes, students and policymakers.