<p>List of Contributors xiii</p> <p><b>1 Printing Technologies for Nanomaterials 1<br /> </b><i>Robert Abbel and Erwin R. Meinders</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Ink Formulation Strategies 4</p> <p>1.3 Printing Technologies 6</p> <p>1.3.1 Inkjet Printing 7</p> <p>1.3.1.1 Toward 3D Printing 10</p> <p>1.3.2 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 11</p> <p>1.3.2.1 Toward 3D Printing 13</p> <p>1.3.3 Contact Printing Technologies 13</p> <p>1.3.4 Photopolymerization 17</p> <p>1.3.5 Powder Bed Technology 19</p> <p>1.4 Summary and Conclusions 20</p> <p>References 20</p> <p><b>2 Inkjet Printing of Functional Materials and Post-Processing 27<br /> </b><i>Ingo Reinhold</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 27</p> <p>2.2 Industrial Inkjet 28</p> <p>2.3 Postprocessing of Metal-Based Inks for Conductive Applications 30</p> <p>2.3.1 Mechanisms in Solid-State Sintering 32</p> <p>2.3.2 Influence of Drying and Wet Sintering 34</p> <p>2.3.3 Thermal Sintering 35</p> <p>2.3.4 Chemical Sintering 35</p> <p>2.3.5 Plasma Sintering 36</p> <p>2.3.6 Sintering Using Electromagnetic Fields 37</p> <p>2.3.6.1 Impulse Light Sintering 39</p> <p>2.3.6.2 Microwave Sintering 40</p> <p>2.3.6.3 Influence of the Substrate 41</p> <p>2.4 Conclusion 42</p> <p>References 43</p> <p><b>3 Electroless Plating and Printing Technologies 51<br /> </b><i>Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Yelena Sverdlov, Stav Friedberg, and Avi Yaverboim</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.2 Electroless Plating – Overview 54</p> <p>3.2.1 Electroless Plating – Brief Overview 55</p> <p>3.3 Seed Layer Printing 57</p> <p>3.4 Electroless Plating on Printed Parts 57</p> <p>3.4.1 Methods and Approaches 59</p> <p>3.4.1.1 Printed Pd Seed 59</p> <p>3.4.1.2 Printed Ag Ink 60</p> <p>3.4.1.3 Preseed Surface Modification 60</p> <p>3.4.2 Electroless Metal Integration: Examples 60</p> <p>3.5 Summary and Conclusions 63</p> <p>References 64</p> <p><b>4 Reactive Inkjet Printing as a Tool for in situ Synthesis of Self-Assembled Nanoparticles 69<br /> </b><i>Ghassan Jabbour, Mutalifu Abulikamu, Hyung W. Choi, and Hanna Haverinen</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction to Reactive Inkjet Printing 69</p> <p>4.2 RIJ of Self-Assembled Au NPs 70</p> <p>4.3 Parameters Influencing the Growth of Au NPs 74</p> <p>4.4 Simplifying the Approach (Single Cartridge) Using Single Cartridge Step 77</p> <p>4.5 Further Progress toward Reduction of Fabrication Time (1 min) 77</p> <p>4.6 Conclusion 79</p> <p>References 79</p> <p><b>5 3D Printing via Multiphoton Polymerization 83<br /> </b><i>Maria Farsari</i></p> <p>5.1 Multiphoton Polymerization 84</p> <p>5.2 The Diffraction Limit 85</p> <p>5.3 Experimental Setup 86</p> <p>5.4 Materials for MPP 88</p> <p>5.4.1 Introduction 88</p> <p>5.4.2 Photoinitiators 88</p> <p>5.4.3 Organic Photopolymers 89</p> <p>5.4.4 Su- 8 90</p> <p>5.4.5 Hybrid Materials 90</p> <p>5.4.6 Applications 91</p> <p>5.4.6.1 Metamaterials 91</p> <p>5.4.6.2 Biomedical Applications 94</p> <p>5.5 Conclusions 96</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>6 High Speed Sintering: The Next Generation of Manufacturing 107<br /> </b><i>Adam Ellis</i></p> <p>6.1 The Need for the Next Generation of Additive Manufacturing 107</p> <p>6.2 High Speed Sintering 109</p> <p>6.3 Machine Setup & Parameter Control 109</p> <p>6.4 Materials & Properties 112</p> <p>6.5 HSS for High-Volume Manufacturing 113</p> <p>6.6 Case Study: From Elite to High Street 115</p> <p>6.7 Opening the Supply Chain 115</p> <p>6.8 The Future of HSS and the Benefits of Inkjet 116</p> <p>References 116</p> <p><b>7 Metallic Nanoinks for Inkjet Printing of Conductive 2D and 3D Structures 119<br /> </b><i>Alexander Kamyshny and Shlomo Magdassi</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>7.2 Metallic Nanoinks: Requirements and Challenges 120</p> <p>7.3 Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal NPs for Conductive Nanoinks 121</p> <p>7.3.1 Synthesis 121</p> <p>7.3.2 Stabilization 122</p> <p>7.3.2.1 Stabilization Against Aggregation 122</p> <p>7.3.2.2 Stabilization Against Oxidation 124</p> <p>7.4 Formulation of Conductive Metallic Nanoinks 125</p> <p>7.5 Formation of 2D Conductive Structures: Printing and Sintering 127</p> <p>7.6 3D Printing of Conductive Patterns: Formation and Sintering 134</p> <p>7.7 Applications of Metallic Inkjet Nanoinks in Printed Electronics 135</p> <p>7.7.1 RFID Tags 136</p> <p>7.7.2 Thin-Film Transistors 136</p> <p>7.7.3 Electroluminescent Devices and Light-Emitting Diodes 136</p> <p>7.7.4 Transparent Conductive Electrodes 137</p> <p>7.7.5 Organic Solar Cells 138</p> <p>7.8 Outlook 139</p> <p>References 140</p> <p><b>8 Graphene- and 2D Material-Based Thin-Film Printing 161<br /> </b><i>Jiantong Li, Max C. Lemme, and Mikael Östling</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 161</p> <p>8.2 Printing Procedures 162</p> <p>8.2.1 Ink Formulations 162</p> <p>8.2.2 Jetting and Patterns 166</p> <p>8.2.3 Drying 166</p> <p>8.2.4 Posttreatments 171</p> <p>8.3 Performance and Applications 172</p> <p>8.3.1 Transparent Conductors 173</p> <p>8.3.2 Micro-Supercapacitors 173</p> <p>8.3.3 Photodetectors 174</p> <p>8.3.4 Solar Cells 176</p> <p>8.4 Discussion and Outlook 177</p> <p>Acknowledgments 178</p> <p>References 178</p> <p><b>9 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 183<br /> </b><i>Minxuan Kuang and Yanlin Song</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 183</p> <p>9.2 Inkjet Printing of Photonic Crystals 184</p> <p>9.2.1 Process of Inkjet Printing 184</p> <p>9.2.2 Inkjet Printing of Fine Controlled PC Dots and Lines 186</p> <p>9.2.2.1 Influence of the Ink Formulation 186</p> <p>9.2.2.2 Influence of Substrate Wettability 188</p> <p>9.2.2.3 Suppression of “Coffee-Ring” Effect 193</p> <p>9.3 Application of Printing of Photonic Crystals 196</p> <p>9.3.1 Photonic Crystal Patterns 196</p> <p>9.3.2 Printing Patterned Microcolloidal Crystals with Controllable 3D Morphology 199</p> <p>9.3.3 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Vapor Sensors 201</p> <p>9.3.4 Inkjet-Printed PCs Applied in Chemical Detection 201</p> <p>9.4 Outlook 203</p> <p>References 204</p> <p><b>10 Printable Semiconducting/Dielectric Materials for Printed Electronics 213<br /> </b><i>Sunho Jeong and Jooho Moon</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 213</p> <p>10.2 Printable Materials for Semiconductors 213</p> <p>10.3 Printable Materials for Dielectrics 219</p> <p>10.4 Conclusions 223</p> <p>References 224</p> <p><b>11 Low Melting Point Metal or Its Nanocomponents as Functional 3D Printing Inks 229<br /> </b><i>Lei Wang and Jing Liu</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction of Metal 3D Printing 229</p> <p>11.2 Low Melting Point Metal Ink 230</p> <p>11.2.1 Liquid Metal Printing Ink 230</p> <p>11.2.2 Nanoliquid Metal 232</p> <p>11.3 Liquid-Phase 3D Printing 234</p> <p>11.3.1 Fabrication Scheme 234</p> <p>11.3.2 Forming Principle of Metal Objects in Cooling Liquid 235</p> <p>11.3.3 Liquid-Phase Printing of Metal Structures 236</p> <p>11.3.4 Factors Affecting the Printing Quality 237</p> <p>11.3.5 Comparison Between Liquid-Phase Cooling and Gas-Phase Cooling 238</p> <p>11.3.6 Vision of the Future Liquid-Phase Printing 240</p> <p>Acknowledgment 241</p> <p>References 241</p> <p><b>12 Inkjet Printing of Conducting Polymer Nanomaterials 245<br /> </b><i>Edward Song and Jin-Woo Choi</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 245</p> <p>12.2 Inkjet Printing of Polyaniline Nanomaterials 246</p> <p>12.2.1 Introduction 246</p> <p>12.2.2 Chemical Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Conductivity of Polyaniline 246</p> <p>12.2.3 Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 249</p> <p>12.2.4 Applications of Inkjet-Printed Polyaniline Nanomaterials 250</p> <p>12.3 Polypyrrole 251</p> <p>12.3.1 Properties and Synthesis of Polypyrrole (Ppy) Nanomaterials 251</p> <p>12.3.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Ppy Nanomaterials 254</p> <p>12.4 Polythiophene (Pth) and Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) (pedot) 258</p> <p>12.4.1 Properties and Synthesis of Pth and PEDOT Nanomaterials 258</p> <p>12.4.2 Inkjet Printing and Applications of Pth Nanomaterials 258</p> <p>12.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 258</p> <p>References 260</p> <p><b>13 Application of Printed Silver Nanowires Based on Laser-Induced Forward Transfer 265<br /> </b><i>Teppei Araki, Rajesh Mandamparambil, Jinting Jiu, Tsuyoshi Sekitani, and Katsuaki Suganuma</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 265</p> <p>13.2 Ag NW Transparent Electrodes 266</p> <p>13.2.1 Background 266</p> <p>13.2.2 Transparent Electrodes Formed from Ultra-Long Ag NWs 267</p> <p>13.3 Printed Ag NW Electrodes 269</p> <p>13.3.1 Fabrication and Properties of Stretchable Electrodes 269</p> <p>13.3.2 Ag NWs Printing by LIFT 269</p> <p>13.4 Summary 271</p> <p>References 271</p> <p><b>14 Inkjet Printing of Functional Polymers into Carbon Fiber Composites 275<br /> </b><i>Patrick J. Smith, Elliot J. Fleet, and Yi Zhang</i></p> <p>14.1 Inkjet Printing 275</p> <p>14.2 Carbon Fiber Composites 276</p> <p>14.3 Mechanical Tests 276</p> <p>14.4 Printing and Sample Preparation 277</p> <p>14.5 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA Microdroplets 278</p> <p>14.6 Carbon Fiber Composites that Contain Inkjet-Printed Patterns Composed of PMMA and PEG Microdroplets 283</p> <p>14.7 Morphology of the Printed PMMA and PEG Droplets 284</p> <p>14.8 Printed Polymers for Intrinsic Repair of Composites 286</p> <p>14.9 Conclusions 288</p> <p>Acknowledgments 289</p> <p>References 289</p> <p><b>15 Inkjet-Printable Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Sensor Fabrication 293<br /> </b><i>Niamh T. Brannelly and Anthony J. Killard</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 293</p> <p>15.2 Metallic Inks 294</p> <p>15.2.1 Gold 294</p> <p>15.2.2 Silver 296</p> <p>15.2.3 Copper, Nickel, and Alumina 296</p> <p>15.2.4 Metal Oxides 297</p> <p>15.3 Conductive Polymers 298</p> <p>15.3.1 Polyaniline 299</p> <p>15.3.2 Polypyrrole 300</p> <p>15.3.3 Prussian Blue 301</p> <p>15.3.4 Pedot 302</p> <p>15.4 Carbon Nanomaterials 302</p> <p>15.4.1 Graphene Oxide 302</p> <p>15.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 304</p> <p>15.5 Future Outlooks and Conclusions 308</p> <p>References 308</p> <p><b>16 Electrochromics for Printed Displays and Smart Windows 317<br /> </b><i>Pooi See Lee, Guofa Cai, Alice L.-S. Eh, and Peter Darmawan</i></p> <p>16.1 Overview on Electrochromics 317</p> <p>16.1.1 Electrochromics for Green Buildings 318</p> <p>16.1.2 Electrochromics for Displays 320</p> <p>16.1.2.1 Solution Processing of Electrochromics 322</p> <p>16.1.2.2 Printing Techniques in Electrochromics 324</p> <p>16.2 Screen Printing 324</p> <p>16.3 Inkjet Printing 326</p> <p>16.4 Flexographic Printing 329</p> <p>16.5 Roll-to-Roll Printing 329</p> <p>16.6 Other Printing Methods 329</p> <p>16.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 330</p> <p>References 332</p> <p>Index 341</p>