<p>List of Contributors XI</p> <p>Preface XIII</p> <p>Acknowledgments XV</p> <p><b>1 Fuels and Combustion 1</b><br /><i>Bengt Johansson</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 The Options 1</p> <p>1.3 Spark Ignition 2</p> <p>1.3.1 Uncontrolled SI Combustion, Knock 3</p> <p>1.3.2 Autoignition of SI Engine Fuel 4</p> <p>1.3.3 Physical Properties of SI Engine Fuel 7</p> <p>1.4 Compression Ignition 7</p> <p>1.4.1 Autoignition of CI Engine Fuel 8</p> <p>1.4.2 Physical Properties of CI Engine Fuel 9</p> <p>1.5 Highly Diluted Autoignition, HCCI 9</p> <p>1.5.1 Autoignition of HCCI Engine Fuel 11</p> <p>1.5.2 Physical Properties of HCCI Engine Fuel 12</p> <p>1.5.3 HCCI Fuel Rating 14</p> <p>1.6 Other Combustion Concepts 14</p> <p>1.6.1 Spark-Assisted Compression Ignition, SACI 14</p> <p>1.6.1.1 Chemical Properties 16</p> <p>1.6.1.2 Physical Properties 16</p> <p>1.6.2 Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC 16</p> <p>1.6.2.1 Chemical Properties 17</p> <p>1.6.2.2 Physical Properties 18</p> <p>1.6.3 Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition, RCCI 18</p> <p>1.6.3.1 Chemical Properties 18</p> <p>1.6.3.2 Physical Properties 19</p> <p>1.6.4 Dual-Fuel Combustion 19</p> <p>1.6.4.1 Chemical Properties 21</p> <p>1.6.4.2 Physical Properties 21</p> <p>1.6.5 Prechamber SI Combustion 21</p> <p>1.6.5.1 Chemical Properties 23</p> <p>1.6.5.2 Physical Properties 23</p> <p>1.6.6 Diesel Pilot Combustion 23</p> <p>1.6.6.1 Chemical Properties 23</p> <p>1.6.6.2 Physical Properties 23</p> <p>1.7 Summary of Combustion Processes 25</p> <p>References 25</p> <p><b>2 Fuel Class Higher Alcohols 29</b><br /><i>S. Mani Sarathy</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction and Fuel Properties 29</p> <p>2.1.1 Physical–Chemical Fuel Properties 30</p> <p>2.1.2 Fundamental Combustion Properties 32</p> <p>2.2 Performance in Spark-Ignition Engines 34</p> <p>2.2.1 n-Butanol 38</p> <p>2.2.2 iso-Butanol 40</p> <p>2.2.3 n-Pentanol 40</p> <p>2.3 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 41</p> <p>2.3.1 n-Butanol 41</p> <p>2.3.2 iso-Butanol 47</p> <p>2.3.3 n-Pentanol 48</p> <p>2.3.4 n-Octanol 50</p> <p>2.4 Production Pathways 50</p> <p>2.4.1 n-Butanol 51</p> <p>2.4.2 n-Octanol 52</p> <p>2.5 Outlook 54</p> <p>2.6 Conclusions 54</p> <p>References 55</p> <p><b>3 Fuel Class Valerates 59</b><br /><i>Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle, Fabien Halter, Fabrice Foucher, Francesco Contino, Guillaume Dayma, and Philippe Dagaut</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction and Fuel Properties 59</p> <p>3.1.1 Origins of Valerate Molecules 59</p> <p>3.1.2 Valerates as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines 60</p> <p>3.1.3 Kinetic Properties of Valerate Fuels 62</p> <p>3.2 Performance in Spark-Ignition Engines 64</p> <p>3.2.1 Global Performance of SI Engine Fueled with Valerate Blend and Pure Valerates 65</p> <p>3.2.2 Specific Consumptions and Nonregulated Pollutant Emissions for Pure Valerates 68</p> <p>3.3 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 73</p> <p>3.4 Production Pathways 77</p> <p>3.5 Outlook 80</p> <p>3.6 Conclusions 81</p> <p>Acknowledgments 82</p> <p>Abbreviations 82</p> <p>References 82</p> <p><b>4 Butyl Ethers and Levulinates 87</b><br /><i>Florian Kremer and Stefan Pischinger</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction and Fuel Properties 87</p> <p>4.2 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 89</p> <p>4.2.1 DNBE 89</p> <p>4.2.2 Levulinates 92</p> <p>4.3 Production Pathways 98</p> <p>4.3.1 DNBE 98</p> <p>4.3.2 Levulinates 100</p> <p>4.4 Outlook 101</p> <p>4.5 Conclusions 102</p> <p>References 103</p> <p><b>5 A Comprehensive Review of 2,5-Dimethylfuran as a Biofuel Candidate 105</b><br /><i>Hongming Xu and Chongming Wang</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction to DMF 105</p> <p>5.2 Production Pathways 107</p> <p>5.3 Performance in Spark-Ignition Engines 112</p> <p>5.3.1 Direct Combustion Comparison 112</p> <p>5.3.2 Advanced Injection Strategies 117</p> <p>5.3.3 Gaseous Emissions 118</p> <p>5.3.4 PM and Soot Emissions 119</p> <p>5.4 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 122</p> <p>5.5 Outlook 124</p> <p>5.6 Conclusions 126</p> <p>Abbreviation and Notation 126</p> <p>References 127</p> <p><b>6 Furanoids 131</b><br /><i>Florian Kremer, Benedikt Heuser, and Stefan Pischinger</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction and Fuel Properties 131</p> <p>6.2 Performance in Spark-Ignition Engines 132</p> <p>6.2.1 2-MF 132</p> <p>6.2.2 2-MTHF 141</p> <p>6.3 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 145</p> <p>6.3.1 2-MTHF 145</p> <p>6.4 Production Pathways 150</p> <p>6.4.1 2-MF 150</p> <p>6.4.2 2-MTHF 151</p> <p>6.5 Outlook 154</p> <p>6.6 Conclusions 155</p> <p>References 155</p> <p><b>7 Benzenoids 159</b><br /><i>Michael Boot</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 159</p> <p>7.2 Overview of Neat Fuel properties 160</p> <p>7.3 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 160</p> <p>7.3.1 Anisole versus Higher Cetane Number Oxygenates 160</p> <p>7.3.2 Anisole, Benzyl Alcohol, and 2-Phenyl Ethanol 162</p> <p>7.3.3 2-Phenylethanol versus Cyclohexane Ethanol 165</p> <p>7.3.4 Anisole versus Ethanol 167</p> <p>7.3.5 Acetophenone, Benzyl Alcohol, and 2-Phenyl Ethanol 167</p> <p>7.3.6 Anisole in Combination with Di-n-Butyl Ether 167</p> <p>7.4 Performance in Spark-Ignition Engines 168</p> <p>7.4.1 Methyl Aryl Ethers 168</p> <p>7.4.2 Acetophenone, Benzyl Alcohol, and 2-Phenyl Ethanol 171</p> <p>7.4.3 Miscellaneous 172</p> <p>7.5 Production Pathways 174</p> <p>7.5.1 Hydrothermal Processing 175</p> <p>7.5.2 Solvolysis 178</p> <p>7.5.3 Catalytic Solvolysis 179</p> <p>7.6 Outlook and Conclusions 183</p> <p>7.6.1 Most Attractive Benzenoid Biofuel Candidates 183</p> <p>7.6.2 Economic Viability of Lignin-Based Benzenoid Biofuels 186</p> <p>References 186</p> <p><b>8 Biomass Pyrolysis Oils 189</b><br /><i>Robert L.McCormick, RobertM. Baldwin, Stephen Arbogast, Don Bellman, Dave Paynter, and Jim Wykowski</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction and Fuel Properties 189</p> <p>8.2 Performance Spark-Ignition Engines 192</p> <p>8.3 Performance in Compression-Ignition Engines 192</p> <p>8.4 Production Pathways from Pyrolysis Oil 194</p> <p>8.4.1 Upgrading Biomass Pyrolysis Oil 194</p> <p>8.4.2 Integrating Pyrolysis Oil into Standard Refineries 194</p> <p>8.4.3 Economic Challenges and Potential for Cost Savings 197</p> <p>8.4.4 Incentives for Relaxing the Bio-oil Refining Oxygen Constraint: A Base Case 198</p> <p>8.4.5 Performance of PUBO Blends in the Major Refinery Conversion/Upgrading Processes 200</p> <p>8.4.5.1 Hydrocracking 200</p> <p>8.4.5.2 Catalytic Cracking 201</p> <p>8.5 Outlook 202</p> <p>8.6 Conclusions 203</p> <p>References 203</p> <p>Index 209</p>