<p>Acknowledgements xvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>Reference 2</p> <p><b>2 Gamete Quality and BroodstockManagement in Temperate Fish 3</b><br /><i>HerveMigaud, Gordon Bell, Elsa Cabrita, Brendan McAndrew, Andrew Davie, Julien Bobe, Maria Paz Herráez and Manuel Carrillo</i></p> <p>Introduction 3</p> <p>Egg and Sperm Quality and Assessment 4</p> <p>Egg Quality 4</p> <p>Sperm Quality 6</p> <p>Germ Cell Preservation 8</p> <p>Eggs 8</p> <p>Sperm Storage and Management 8</p> <p>Other Sources of Germplasm: Undifferentiated Germ Cells and Surrogate</p> <p>Production 9</p> <p>Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 10</p> <p>Broodstock Nutrition 11</p> <p>Background 11</p> <p>Salmonids 11</p> <p>Bass, Bream and Related Sparids 13</p> <p>Atlantic Cod 15</p> <p>Flatfish 15</p> <p>Carp 17</p> <p>Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 17</p> <p>Applications of Genetics and Genomics to Broodstock Management 17</p> <p>General Considerations and New Advances 17</p> <p>Selective Breeding Programmes 18</p> <p>Genetic Markers 22</p> <p>Functional Genomics 23</p> <p>Chromosome Set Manipulation 24</p> <p>Gene Transfer Technologies 26</p> <p>Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 27</p> <p>Broodstock Environmental and Hormonal Manipulations 27</p> <p>General Concepts 27</p> <p>Entrainment of Reproduction: Proximate Factors 28</p> <p>Photoperiod Regimes Used in Aquaculture 30</p> <p>Temperature as an Ultimate Factor 31</p> <p>Spawning Induction Techniques 32</p> <p>Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 35</p> <p>Overall Conclusions 35</p> <p>Acknowledgements 38</p> <p>References 38</p> <p><b>3 Feeding Behaviour and Digestive Physiology in Larval Fish: Current Knowledge, and Gaps and Bottlenecks in Research 55<br /></b><i>Ivar Rønnestad, Manuel Yúfera, Bernd Ueberschär, Laura Ribeiro, Øystein Sæle and Clara Boglione</i></p> <p>Introduction 55</p> <p>Feeding Behaviour and Appetite 56</p> <p>Detection 56</p> <p>Capture and Ingestion 59</p> <p>Feeding Rhythms 61</p> <p>Neuroendocrine Control of Appetite and Ingestion 61</p> <p>Adaptation of Feeding Protocols to the Feeding Behaviour 63</p> <p>Digestive Physiology 63</p> <p>Ontogeny and Plasticity of the Digestive System 63</p> <p>Accessory Digestive Organs 66</p> <p>IntestinalModelling and Remodelling 67</p> <p>Digestion: An Overview 69</p> <p>Digestion of Proteins and Peptides 70</p> <p>Pancreatic Enzymes 70</p> <p>Enzymes in the Mucosal Layer 75</p> <p>Exogenous Enzymes 75</p> <p>Absorption 76</p> <p>Free Amino Acids 76</p> <p>Peptides 77</p> <p>Whole Proteins 78</p> <p>General Protein-Processing Capacity 79</p> <p>Gut Transit Rate Versus Dietary Protein Utilization 80</p> <p>Lipids 82</p> <p>Preintestinal Digestion of Lipids 82</p> <p>Intestinal Lipid Digestion 83</p> <p>Overall Processing Capacity for Lipids 85</p> <p>Digestion of Carbohydrates 86</p> <p>Regulatory Systems of Digestion 87</p> <p>Gastrointestinal Tract Hormones 89</p> <p>Other Gastrointestinal Tract Hormones 92</p> <p>Enteric Nervous Systems 92</p> <p>Future Research Strategies for Studies in Feeding Behaviour and Digestive</p> <p>Physiology to Advance Larval Rearing of Marine Fish 93</p> <p>Acknowledgements 96</p> <p>References 96</p> <p><b>4 Fish Larval Nutrition and Feed Formulation: Knowledge Gaps and Bottlenecks for Advances in Larval Rearing 123</b><br /><i>Kristin Hamre, Manuel Yúfera, Ivar Rønnestad, Clara Boglione, Luis E. C. Conceição and Marisol Izquierdo</i></p> <p>Introduction 123</p> <p>Larval Nutrition 124</p> <p>What are the Larval Nutrient Requirements? 124</p> <p>Direct Measurements of Larval Requirements, for Example</p> <p>Dose–Response 125</p> <p>Macronutrients 125</p> <p>Protein and Amino Acids 126</p> <p>Lipid Class Composition 127</p> <p>Essential Fatty Acids 129</p> <p>Vitamins 132</p> <p>Minerals 133</p> <p>Indirect Measurements 134</p> <p>Nutrient Utilization during the Yolk Sac Period 134</p> <p>Amino Acids 135</p> <p>Lipids 136</p> <p>Vitamins 137</p> <p>Nutrient Composition of Copepods 138</p> <p>Larval Body Composition 142</p> <p>Tracer Studies 143</p> <p>Extrapolation from Juveniles 145</p> <p>Feed Formulation 147</p> <p>Live Feed Enrichment 147</p> <p>Basic Levels of Nutrients in Rotifers and Artemia 147</p> <p>Opportunities and Limitations in Enrichment of Live Feed 150</p> <p>Formulated Diets 153</p> <p>General Characteristics of Formulated Larval Diets 153</p> <p>Types of Formulated Microdiets 154</p> <p>Technical Limitations 155</p> <p>Microdiet Formulation and Nutrition Experiments 156</p> <p>Gaps and Bottlenecks in Obtaining Knowledge on Nutritional Requirements of Marine Fish Larvae 157</p> <p>Acknowledgements 158</p> <p>References 158</p> <p><b>5 What Determines Growth Potential and Juvenile Quality of Farmed Fish Species? 177<br /></b><i>Luísa M.P. Valente, Katerina A. Moutou, Luis E.C. Conceição, Sofia Engrola, Jorge M.O. Fernandes and Ian A. Johnston</i></p> <p>Introduction 177</p> <p>Development of SkeletalMuscle 178</p> <p>Embryonic, Larval and JuvenileMuscle Growth:The Origin and</p> <p>Regulation of Myogenic Progenitor Cell Activity 178</p> <p>Control of Muscle Mass 185</p> <p>Protein Synthesis 185</p> <p>Protein Degradation 186</p> <p>Genetics of Muscle Growth 187</p> <p>Environmental Factors and Growth 193</p> <p>Seawater Temperature 193</p> <p>Nutrition 194</p> <p>Available Methodology to Assess Growth and Quality 195</p> <p>Histology, Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry 196</p> <p>In situ Hybridization 196</p> <p>Real-time PCR 197</p> <p>Microarrays 197</p> <p>Transcriptome Analysis and Genome Editing 198</p> <p>Proteomics 200</p> <p>Cell Culture 200</p> <p>Tracer Studies 201</p> <p>Concluding Remarks 201</p> <p>Acknowledgements 202</p> <p>References 202</p> <p><b>6 Skeletal Anomalies in Reared European Fish Larvae and Juveniles. Part 1: Normal and Anomalous Skeletogenic Processes 219<br /></b><i>Clara Boglione, Paulo Gavaia, Giorgos Koumoundouros, Enric Gisbert, Mari Moren, Stéphanie Fontagné and Paul EckhardWitten</i></p> <p>Introduction 219</p> <p>Plasticity, Ontogenesis, Remodelling and Resorption of Skeletal Elements in Teleost Fish 225</p> <p>Teleost Skeletal Tissues 225</p> <p>The Notochord 227</p> <p>Regulatory Mechanisms of Skeletal Tissues in Fish 228</p> <p>Bone Formation and the Replacement of the Cartilaginous Anlage 228</p> <p>Endochondral Ossification 229</p> <p>Perichondral Ossification 230</p> <p>Parachondral Ossification 231</p> <p>Intramembranous Ossification 231</p> <p>Modulation and Transformation 233</p> <p>Dedifferentiation, Transdifferentiation and Metaplasia 233</p> <p>Late Events in Teleost Skeletal Tissue Modelling and Remodelling 235</p> <p>Bone Resorption and Remodelling 236</p> <p>Osteocytic Osteolysis 237</p> <p>Main Gaps in Scientific Knowledge and Further Research Needs 237</p> <p>Acknowledgements 238</p> <p>References 239</p> <p><b>7 Skeletal Anomalies in Reared European Fish Larvae and Juveniles. Part 2:Main </b><b>Typologies, Occurrences and Causative Factors 255<br /></b><i>Clara Boglione, Enric Gisbert, Paulo Gavaia, Paul E.Witten, Mori Moren, Stéphanie</i> Fontagné and Giorgos Koumoundouros</p> <p>Introduction 255</p> <p>Early Developmental Anomalies 257</p> <p>Vertebral Column Anomalies 261</p> <p>Non-salmonid Group 262</p> <p>Salmonid Group 265</p> <p>Vertebrae Anomalies 266</p> <p>Non-salmonid Group 267</p> <p>Salmonid Group 268</p> <p>Anomalies of the Fins 269</p> <p>Skull Anomalies 271</p> <p>Effects of Skeletal Anomalies on Fish Biological Performance 273</p> <p>Causative Factors of Skeletal Anomalies in Reared Fish 274</p> <p>Genetic Factors 274</p> <p>Non-genetic Factors: Nutrition 277</p> <p>Proteins and Amino Acids 278</p> <p>Lipids and Fatty Acids 279</p> <p>Vitamins 283</p> <p>Minerals 294</p> <p>Non-genetic Factors: Miscellaneous 297</p> <p>SortingMethods 301</p> <p>Elements of Solutions 301</p> <p>Main Gaps in Scientific Knowledge and Further Research Needs 304</p> <p>Acknowledgements 306</p> <p>References 306</p> <p><b>8 Microbiology and Immunology of Fish Larvae 331<br /></b><i>Olav Vadstein, Øivind Bergh, François-Joel Gatesoupe, Jorge Galindo-Villegas, Victoriano Mulero, Simona Picchietti, Giuseppe Scapigliati, Pavlos Makridis, Yngvar Olsen, Kristof Dierckens, Tom Defoirdt, Nico Boon, Peter de Schryver and Peter Bossier</i></p> <p>Introduction 331</p> <p>The Microbial Environment of Fish Larvae 332</p> <p>Methodological Aspects of Microbial Community Characterization 334</p> <p>Pathogens and Challenge Models 338</p> <p>Immunology of Fish Larvae 339</p> <p>Evolutionary Aspects of Innate Immunity in Fish 339</p> <p>Physical Barriers, the First Line of Defence 340</p> <p>Professional Phagocytes and other Myeloid Cells 340</p> <p>Signalling in Pattern Recognition 341</p> <p>PRRs Specificity in Fish 342</p> <p>Toll-like Receptors 342</p> <p>TLRs in Larval Fish 343</p> <p>Inflammatory Cytokines and Antimicrobial Responses 343</p> <p>Insiders of Immunity in Teleost Fish: The Mast Cells 344</p> <p>Mast Cell Antimicrobial Peptides: The Piscidins 345</p> <p>The Ontogeny of the Adaptive Immune System 346</p> <p>Maternal Transfer of IgM 346</p> <p>Development of T-cells and T-cell-associated Molecules 347</p> <p>Steering Larval Microbial Communities to the Benefit of the Host 349</p> <p>Microbial Contributions to Larval Nutrition and Physiology 349</p> <p>Steering the Microbial Community Composition and/or Activity 352</p> <p>Steering Microbial Community Composition 352</p> <p>Steering Microbial Activity 353</p> <p>Acknowledgements 354</p> <p>References 354</p> <p><b>9 Fantastically Plastic: Fish Larvae Equipped for a NewWorld 371</b><br /><i>Karin Pittman, Manuel Yúfera, Michail Pavlidis, Audrey J. Geffen,William Koven, Laura Ribeiro, José L. Zambonino-Infante and Amos Tandler</i></p> <p>Introduction 371</p> <p>Mediating Environment – Structural Basis of Plasticity 375</p> <p>Pineal 375</p> <p>Thalamus/Hypothalamus 378</p> <p>The Pituitary 379</p> <p>Thyroid andThyroactive Compounds 380</p> <p>The Adrenals (Early Development of the Adrenocortical and Chromaffin</p> <p>Tissues (‘Adrenals‘) in Fish) 381</p> <p>The Gonads 382</p> <p>The Acoustic-Lateralis System 385</p> <p>Structure of the Otolith System and its Components 385</p> <p>Otolith Formation 385</p> <p>Otolith Growth – Biomineralization and Control 386</p> <p>Osmoregulation System 387</p> <p>Functional Plasticity – Interactions Between the Internal and External</p> <p>Environment Which Define the Phenotype 387</p> <p>Sex Differentiation 387</p> <p>Implication of TH in Metamorphic Processes 390</p> <p>Thyroid Hormone and Metamorphic Transformations 390</p> <p>Thyroid Hormone Response Genes in the Intestine 391</p> <p>Environmental Iodine as a TH Precursor 392</p> <p>Dietary Iodine and the Superiority of Natural Larval Zooplankton</p> <p>Prey 393</p> <p>Does Dietary Iodine, as a TH Precursor, Drive Metamorphosis? 394</p> <p>The Cortisol Stress Response 395</p> <p>Profile of Whole-Body Cortisol Concentrations During Early Ontogeny 395</p> <p>Onset of the Cortisol Stress Response 396</p> <p>Digestive Tract Development and Remodelling 398</p> <p>Pigmentation 399</p> <p>Consequences of External Factors 403</p> <p>Environmental Information Content of the Otoliths 403</p> <p>Adapting to Salinity 405</p> <p>Effects of Temperature 406</p> <p>Common Effects of Temperature inMetabolic Rates 406</p> <p>Effects on Spawning and Embryonic Development 407</p> <p>Effects on Muscle and Skeletal Development 407</p> <p>Effect of Dietary Factors 409</p> <p>Consequences on Skeletal Structures and Anatomy 409</p> <p>Consequences on Metabolic Pathways 411</p> <p>Consequences on Cardiovascular Performance 412</p> <p>Consequences on Reproduction 413</p> <p>Integrating the Effect of External Factors 413</p> <p>Conclusions 415</p> <p>Acknowledgements 418</p> <p>References 418</p> <p><b>10 Quality Descriptors and Predictors in Farmed Marine Fish Larvae and Juveniles 443</b><br /><i>Giorgos Koumoundouros, Enric Gisbert, Ignacio Fernandez, Elsa Cabrita, </i><i>Jorge Galindo-Villegas and Luis Conceição</i></p> <p>Introduction 443</p> <p>Morphology and Malformations 444</p> <p>Biochemical and Molecular Biomarkers of Bone Formation and</p> <p>Remodelling 447</p> <p>Markers for Cell Differentiation and Proliferation 447</p> <p>Markers of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Mineralization and</p> <p>Resorption 448</p> <p>Biomarkers of Bone Resorption 448</p> <p>Mineralization Ontogenesis and Mineral Content of Skeletal</p> <p>Structures 449</p> <p>Conclusions and Future Trends 449</p> <p>Nutritional Condition 452</p> <p>Growth Potential 455</p> <p>Immunology and Microbiology 456</p> <p>Sperm and Oocyte Quality as Predictor of Fertilizing Capacity 459</p> <p>Conclusions and Perspectives 461</p> <p>References 463</p> <p><b>11 Conclusions 473</b></p> <p>Broodstock and Egg Quality 474</p> <p>Microbiology, Immunology and Larval Health 475</p> <p>Feeding Biology and Digestive Function 475</p> <p>Nutritional Requirements 476</p> <p>Growth Potential and Dispersion 477</p> <p>Skeletal Deformities and Other Abnormalities 477</p> <p>Quality Indicators and Predictors 478</p> <p>Index 483</p>