<p>List of Contributors xi</p> <p>Preface xv</p> <p>Acknowledgments xvii</p> <p><b>Section 1 Introduction to Biosensors, Recognition Elements, Biomarkers, and Nanomaterials 1</b></p> <p><b>1 General Introduction to Biosensors and Recognition Receptors 3<br /></b><i>Frank Davis and Zeynep Altintas</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction to Biosensors 3</p> <p>1.2 Enzyme‐ Based Biosensors 4</p> <p>1.3 DNA‐ and RNA‐Based Biosensors 5</p> <p>1.4 Antibody‐Based Biosensors 7</p> <p>1.5 Aptasensors 8</p> <p>1.6 Peptide‐Based Biosensors 10</p> <p>1.7 MIP‐Based Biosensor 11</p> <p>1.8 Conclusions 12</p> <p>References 13</p> <p><b>2 Biomarkers in Health Care 17<br /></b><i>Adama Marie Sesay, Pirkko Tervo, and Elisa Tikkanen</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 17</p> <p>2.2 Biomarkers 18</p> <p>2.2.1 Advantage and Utilization of Biomarkers 18</p> <p>2.2.2 Ideal Characteristics of Biomarkers 19</p> <p>2.3 Biological Samples and Biomarkers 20</p> <p>2.4 Personalized Health and Point‐of‐Care Technology 22</p> <p>2.5 Use of Biomarkers in Biosensing Technology 24</p> <p>2.6 Biomarkers in Disease Diagnosis 26</p> <p>2.7 Conclusions 29</p> <p>References 30</p> <p><b>3 The Use of Nanomaterials and Microfluidics in Medical Diagnostics 35<br /></b><i>Jon Ashley and Yi Sun</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 35</p> <p>3.2 Nanomaterials in Medical Diagnostics (Bottom‐Up Approach) 36</p> <p>3.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials 37</p> <p>3.2.2 Metallic Nanoparticles 39</p> <p>3.2.2.1 Quantum Dots 39</p> <p>3.2.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe2O3, FeO, and Fe3O4) 41</p> <p>3.2.2.3 Gold Nanoparticles 41</p> <p>3.2.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles 42</p> <p>3.2.2.5 Nanoshells 42</p> <p>3.2.2.6 Nanocages 43</p> <p>3.2.2.7 Nanowires 43</p> <p>3.2.3 Polymer‐Based Nanoparticles 44</p> <p>3.3 Application of Microfluidic Devices in Clinical Diagnostics (Top‐Down Approach) 45</p> <p>3.3.1 Unique Features of Microfluidic Devices 45</p> <p>3.3.2 Applications of Microfluidic Devices in Medical Diagnostics 46</p> <p>3.3.2.1 Types of Microfluidic POC Devices 47</p> <p>3.3.2.2 Benchtop Microfluidic Instruments 47</p> <p>3.3.2.3 Small, Lightweight Microfluidic Devices 49</p> <p>3.3.2.4 Simple Un‐instrumented Microfluidic Systems 50</p> <p>3.4 Integration of Microfluidics with Nanomaterials 52</p> <p>3.5 Future Perspectives of Nanomaterial and Microfluidic‐Based Diagnostics 53</p> <p>References 54</p> <p><b>Section 2 Biosensor Platforms for Disease Detection and Diagnostics 59</b></p> <p><b>4 SPR‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 61<br /></b><i>Zeynep Altintas and Wellington M. Fakanya</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 61</p> <p>4.2 Basic Theoretical Principles 63</p> <p>4.3 SPR Applications in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 66</p> <p>4.3.1 SPR Biosensors in Cancer Detection 66</p> <p>4.3.2 SPR Sensors in Cardiac Disease Detection 68</p> <p>4.3.3 SPR Sensors in Infectious Disease Detection 71</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions 72</p> <p>References 74</p> <p><b>5 Piezoelectric‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 77<br /></b><i>Zeynep Altintas and Noor Azlina Masdor</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>5.2 QCM Biosensors 78</p> <p>5.3 Disease Diagnosis Using QCM Biosensors 80</p> <p>5.3.1 Cancer Detection Using QCM Biosensors 82</p> <p>5.3.2 Cardiovascular System Disorder Detection Using Biosensors 85</p> <p>5.3.3 Pathogenic Disease Detection Using QCM Biosensors 88</p> <p>5.4 Conclusions 90</p> <p>References 91</p> <p><b>6 Electrochemical‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 95<br /></b><i>Andrea Ravalli and Giovanna Marrazza</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 95</p> <p>6.2 Electrochemical Biosensors: Definitions, Principles, and Classifications 96</p> <p>6.3 Biomarkers in Clinical Applications 102</p> <p>6.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for Tumor Markers 102</p> <p>6.3.2 Electrochemical Biosensors for Cardiac Markers 110</p> <p>6.3.3 Electrochemical Biosensors for Autoimmune Disease 115</p> <p>6.3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors for Autoimmune Infectious Disease 116</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions 118</p> <p>References 118</p> <p><b>7 MEMS‐Based Cell Counting Methods 125<br /></b><i>Mustafa Kangul, Eren Aydın, Furkan Gokce, Ozge Zorlu, Ebru Ozgur, and Haluk Kulah</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 125</p> <p>7.2 MEMS‐Based Cell Counting Methods 126</p> <p>7.2.1 Optical Cell Counting Methods 126</p> <p>7.2.1.1 Quantification of the Cells by Detecting Luminescence 127</p> <p>7.2.1.2 Quantification of the Cells via High‐Resolution Imaging Techniques 130</p> <p>7.3 Electrical and Electrochemical Cell Counting Methods 131</p> <p>7.3.1 Impedimetric Cell Quantification 133</p> <p>7.3.2 Voltammetric and Amperometric Cell Quantification 135</p> <p>7.4 Gravimetric Cell Counting Methods 136</p> <p>7.4.1 Deflection‐Based Cell Quantification 136</p> <p>7.4.2 Resonant‐Based Cell Quantification 138</p> <p>7.4.2.1 Theory of the Resonant‐Based Sensors 138</p> <p>7.4.2.2 Actuation and Sensing Methods of Resonators in MEMS Applications 140</p> <p>7.4.2.3 Resonator Structure Types Used for Cell Detection Applications 145</p> <p>7.5 Conclusion and Comments 149</p> <p>References 151</p> <p><b>8 Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Platforms for Disease Detection and Diagnosis 155<br /></b><i>Ziya Isiksacan, Mustafa Tahsin Guler, Ali Kalantarifard, Mohammad Asghari, and Caglar Elbuken</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 155</p> <p>8.2 Continuous Flow Platforms 156</p> <p>8.3 Paper‐Based LOC Platforms 161</p> <p>8.4 Droplet‐Based LOC Platforms 166</p> <p>8.5 Digital Microfluidic‐Based LOC Platforms 169</p> <p>8.6 CD‐Based LOC Platforms 172</p> <p>8.7 Wearable LOC Platforms 174</p> <p>8.8 Conclusion and Outlook 176</p> <p>References 177</p> <p>Section 3 Nanomaterial’s Applications in</p> <p>Biosensors and Diagnostics 183</p> <p><b>9 Applications of Quantum Dots in Biosensors and Diagnostics 185<br /></b><i>Zeynep Altintas, Frank Davis, and Frieder W. Scheller</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 185</p> <p>9.2 Quantum Dots: Optical Properties, Synthesis, and Surface Chemistry 186</p> <p>9.3 Biosensor Applications of QDs 187</p> <p>9.4 Other Biological Applications of QDs 191</p> <p>9.5 Water Solubility and Cytotoxicity 194</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion 196</p> <p>References 197</p> <p><b>10 Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Nanostructures in Biosensors and Diagnostics 201<br /></b><i>Deniz Aktas‐Uygun, Murat Uygun, and Sinan Akgol</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 201</p> <p>10.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymers 202</p> <p>10.3 Imprinting Approaches 204</p> <p>10.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanostructures 205</p> <p>10.5 MIP Biosensors in Medical Diagnosis 207</p> <p>10.6 Diagnostic Applications of MIP Nanostructures 210</p> <p>10.7 Conclusions 212</p> <p>References 213</p> <p><b>11 Smart Nanomaterials: Applications in Biosensors and Diagnostics 219<br /></b><i>Frank Davis, Flavio M. Shimizu, and Zeynep Altintas</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 219</p> <p>11.2 Metal Nanoparticles 221</p> <p>11.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 226</p> <p>11.4 Carbon Nanotubes 231</p> <p>11.5 Graphene 235</p> <p>11.6 Nanostructured Metal Oxides 242</p> <p>11.7 Nanostructured Hydrogels 247</p> <p>11.8 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 254</p> <p>11.9 Conclusions and Future Trends 260</p> <p>References 262</p> <p><b>12 Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Biosensors and Diagnostics 277<br /></b><i>Zeynep Altintas</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 277</p> <p>12.2 MNP‐Based Biosensors for Disease Detection 279</p> <p>12.3 MNPs in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 284</p> <p>12.4 Cellular Applications of MNPs in Biosensing, Imaging, and Therapy 289</p> <p>12.5 Conclusions 290</p> <p>References 291</p> <p><b>13 Graphene Applications in Biosensors and Diagnostics 297<br /></b><i>Adina Arvinte and Adama Marie Sesay</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 297</p> <p>13.2 Graphene and Biosensors 298</p> <p>13.2.1 Structure 298</p> <p>13.2.2 Preparation 299</p> <p>13.2.3 Properties 301</p> <p>13.2.4 Commercialization in the Field of Graphene Sensors 302</p> <p>13.2.5 Latest Developments in Graphene‐based Diagnosis 303</p> <p>13.3 Medical Applications of Graphene 303</p> <p>13.3.1 Electrochemical Graphene Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics 304</p> <p>13.3.1.1 Glucose Detection 304</p> <p>13.3.1.2 Cysteine Detection 307</p> <p>13.3.1.3 Cholesterol Detection 309</p> <p>13.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 310</p> <p>13.3.1.5 Glycated Hemoglobin 312</p> <p>13.3.1.6 Neurotransmitters 312</p> <p>13.3.1.7 Amyloid‐Beta Peptide 315</p> <p>13.3.2 Electrochemical Graphene Aptasensors 316</p> <p>13.3.2.1 Nucleic Acids 316</p> <p>13.3.2.2 Cancer Cell 318</p> <p>13.3.3 Optical Graphene Sensors for Medical Diagnostics 319</p> <p>13.4 Conclusions 322</p> <p>Acknowledgments 322</p> <p>References 322</p> <p><b>Section 4 Organ-Specific Health Care Applications for Disease Cases Using Biosensors 327</b></p> <p><b>14 Optical Biosensors and Applications to Drug Discovery for Cancer Cases 329<br /></b><i>Zeynep Altintas</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 329</p> <p>14.2 Biosensor Technology and Coupling Chemistries 332</p> <p>14.3 Optical Biosensors for Drug Discovery 335</p> <p>14.4 Computational Simulations and New Approaches for Drug–Receptor Interactions 341</p> <p>14.5 Conclusions 343</p> <p>References 344</p> <p><b>15 Biosensors for Detection of Anticancer Drug–DNA Interactions 349<br /></b><i>Arzum Erdem, Ece Eksin, and Ece Kesici</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 349</p> <p>15.2 Electrochemical Techniques 351</p> <p>15.3 Optical Techniques 356</p> <p>15.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique 358</p> <p>15.5 QCM Technique 360</p> <p>15.6 Conclusions 361</p> <p>Acknowledgments 361</p> <p>References 361</p> <p>Index</p>