<p>About the Authors xvii</p> <p>Preface to the First Edition xxi</p> <p>Preface to the Second Edition xxv</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p>1.1 Sustainable Transportation 2</p> <p>1.1.1 Population, Energy, and Transportation 3</p> <p>1.1.2 Environment 4</p> <p>1.1.3 Economic Growth 7</p> <p>1.1.4 New Fuel Economy Requirement 7</p> <p>1.2 A Brief History of HEVs 7</p> <p>1.3 Why EVs Emerged and Failed in the 1990s, and What We Can Learn 10</p> <p>1.4 Architectures of HEVs 11</p> <p>1.4.1 Series HEVs 12</p> <p>1.4.2 Parallel HEVs 13</p> <p>1.4.3 Series–Parallel HEVs 14</p> <p>1.4.4 Complex HEVs 15</p> <p>1.4.5 Diesel Hybrids 15</p> <p>1.4.6 Other Approaches to Vehicle Hybridization 16</p> <p>1.4.7 Hybridization Ratio 16</p> <p>1.5 Interdisciplinary Nature of HEVs 17</p> <p>1.6 State of the Art of HEVs 17</p> <p>1.6.1 Toyota Prius 21</p> <p>1.6.2 The Honda Civic 21</p> <p>1.6.3 The Ford Escape 21</p> <p>1.6.4 The Two?]Mode Hybrid 21</p> <p>1.7 Challenges and Key Technology of HEVs 24</p> <p>1.8 The Invisible Hand–Government Support 25</p> <p>1.9 Latest Development in EV and HEV, China’s Surge in EV Sales 27</p> <p>References 29</p> <p><b>2 Concept of Hybridization of the Automobile 31</b></p> <p>2.1 Vehicle Basics 31</p> <p>2.1.1 Constituents of a Conventional Vehicle 31</p> <p>2.1.2 Vehicle and Propulsion Load 31</p> <p>2.1.3 Drive Cycles and Drive Terrain 34</p> <p>2.2 Basics of the EV 36</p> <p>2.2.1 Why EV? 36</p> <p>2.2.2 Constituents of an EV 36</p> <p>2.2.3 Vehicle and Propulsion Loads 38</p> <p>2.3 Basics of the HEV 39</p> <p>2.3.1 Why HEV? 39</p> <p>2.3.2 Constituents of an HEV 40</p> <p>2.4 Basics of Plug?]In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 40</p> <p>2.4.1 Why PHEV? 40</p> <p>2.4.2 Constituents of a PHEV 41</p> <p>2.4.3 Comparison of HEV and PHEV 42</p> <p>2.5 Basics of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) 42</p> <p>2.5.1 Why FCV? 42</p> <p>2.5.2 Constituents of a FCV 43</p> <p>2.5.3 Some Issues Related to Fuel Cells 43</p> <p>Reference 43</p> <p><b>3 HEV Fundamentals 45</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 45</p> <p>3.2 Vehicle Model 46</p> <p>3.3 Vehicle Performance 49</p> <p>3.4 EV Powertrain Component Sizing 52</p> <p>3.5 Series Hybrid Vehicle 55</p> <p>3.6 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle 60</p> <p>3.6.1 Electrically Peaking Hybrid Concept 61</p> <p>3.6.2 ICE Characteristics 66</p> <p>3.6.3 Gradability Requirement 66</p> <p>3.6.4 Selection of Gear Ratio from ICE to Wheel 67</p> <p>3.7 Wheel Slip Dynamics 68</p> <p>References 71</p> <p><b>4 Advanced HEV Architectures and Dynamics of HEV Powertrain 73</b></p> <p>4.1 Principle of Planetary Gears 73</p> <p>4.2 Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid Powertrain 76</p> <p>4.3 GM Two?]Mode Hybrid Transmission 80</p> <p>4.3.1 Operating Principle of the Two?]Mode Powertrain 80</p> <p>4.3.2 Mode 0: Vehicle Launch and Backup 81</p> <p>4.3.3 Mode 1: Low Range 82</p> <p>4.3.4 Mode 2: High Range 83</p> <p>4.3.5 Mode 3: Regenerative Braking 84</p> <p>4.3.6 Transition between Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 84</p> <p>4.4 Dual?]Clutch Hybrid Transmissions 87</p> <p>4.4.1 Conventional DCT Technology 87</p> <p>4.4.2 Gear Shift Schedule 87</p> <p>4.4.3 DCT?]Based Hybrid Powertrain 88</p> <p>4.4.4 Operation of DCT?]Based Hybrid Powertrain 90</p> <p>4.4.4.1 Motor?]Alone Mode 90</p> <p>4.4.4.2 Combined Mode 90</p> <p>4.4.4.3 Engine?]Alone Mode 90</p> <p>4.4.4.4 Regenerative Braking Mode 90</p> <p>4.4.4.5 Power Split Mode 91</p> <p>4.4.4.6 Standstill Charge Mode 91</p> <p>4.4.4.7 Series Hybrid Mode 92</p> <p>4.5 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang et al. 92</p> <p>4.5.1 Motor?]Alone Mode 92</p> <p>4.5.2 Combined Power Mode 93</p> <p>4.5.3 Engine?]Alone Mode 94</p> <p>4.5.4 Electric CVT Mode 94</p> <p>4.5.5 Energy Recovery Mode 94</p> <p>4.5.6 Standstill Mode 94</p> <p>4.6 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission 95</p> <p>4.7 Timken Two?]Mode Hybrid Transmission 96</p> <p>4.7.1 Mode 0: Launch and Reverse 96</p> <p>4.7.2 Mode 1: Low?]Speed Operation 97</p> <p>4.7.3 Mode 2: High?]Speed Operation 97</p> <p>4.7.4 Mode 4: Series Operating Mode 97</p> <p>4.7.5 Mode Transition 98</p> <p>4.8 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission 99</p> <p>4.9 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism 100</p> <p>4.10 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, E?]Four?]Wheel Drive 102</p> <p>4.11 CAMRY Hybrid 103</p> <p>4.12 Chevy Volt Powertrain 104</p> <p>4.13 Non?]Ideal Gears in the Planetary System 106</p> <p>4.14 Dynamics of the Transmission 107</p> <p>4.15 Conclusions 108</p> <p>References 108</p> <p><b>5 Plug?]In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 111</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction to PHEVs 111</p> <p>5.1.1 PHEVs and EREVs 111</p> <p>5.1.2 Blended PHEVs 112</p> <p>5.1.3 Why PHEV? 112</p> <p>5.1.4 Electricity for PHEV Use 114</p> <p>5.2 PHEV Architectures 115</p> <p>5.3 Equivalent Electric Range of Blended PHEVs 115</p> <p>5.4 Fuel Economy of PHEVs 116</p> <p>5.4.1 Well?]to?]Wheel Efficiency 116</p> <p>5.4.2 PHEV Fuel Economy 117</p> <p>5.4.3 Utility Factor 118</p> <p>5.5 Power Management of PHEVs 119</p> <p>5.6 PHEV Design and Component Sizing 121</p> <p>5.7 Component Sizing of EREVs 122</p> <p>5.8 Component Sizing of Blended PHEVs 123</p> <p>5.9 HEV to PHEV Conversions 123</p> <p>5.9.1 Replacing the Existing Battery Pack 123</p> <p>5.9.2 Adding an Extra Battery Pack 125</p> <p>5.9.3 Converting Conventional Vehicles to PHEVs 126</p> <p>5.10 Other Topics on PHEVs 126</p> <p>5.10.1 End?]of?]Life Battery for Electric Power Grid Support 126</p> <p>5.10.2 Cold Start Emissions Reduction in PHEVs 126</p> <p>5.10.3 Cold Weather/Hot Weather Performance Enhancement in PHEVs 127</p> <p>5.10.4 PHEV Maintenance 127</p> <p>5.10.5 Safety of PHEVs 128</p> <p>5.11 Vehicle?]to?]Grid Technology 129</p> <p>5.11.1 PHEV Battery Charging 129</p> <p>5.11.2 Impact of G2V 131</p> <p>5.11.3 The Concept of V2G 135</p> <p>5.11.4 Advantages of V2G 136</p> <p>5.11.5 Case Studies of V2G 137</p> <p>5.12 Conclusion 140</p> <p>References 140</p> <p><b>6 Special Hybrid Vehicles 143</b></p> <p>6.1 Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles 143</p> <p>6.1.1 Regenerative Braking in HHVs 146</p> <p>6.2 Off?]Road HEVs 148</p> <p>6.2.1 Hybrid Excavators 151</p> <p>6.2.2 Hybrid Excavator Design Considerations 157</p> <p>6.3 Diesel HEVs 163</p> <p>6.4 Electric or Hybrid Ships, Aircraft, and Locomotives 164</p> <p>6.4.1 Ships 164</p> <p>6.4.2 Aircraft 167</p> <p>6.4.3 Locomotives 170</p> <p>6.5 Other Industrial Utility Application Vehicles 172</p> <p>References 173</p> <p>Further Reading 174</p> <p><b>7 HEV Applications for Military Vehicles 175</b></p> <p>7.1 Why HEVs Can Be Beneficial for Military Applications 175</p> <p>7.2 Ground Vehicle Applications 176</p> <p>7.2.1 Architecture – Series, Parallel, Complex 176</p> <p>7.2.2 Vehicles that Are of Most Benefit 178</p> <p>7.3 Non?]Ground?]Vehicle Military Applications 180</p> <p>7.3.1 Electromagnetic Launchers 181</p> <p>7.3.2 Hybrid?]Powered Ships 181</p> <p>7.3.3 Aircraft Applications 183</p> <p>7.3.4 Dismounted Soldier Applications 183</p> <p>7.4 Ruggedness Issues 185</p> <p>References 186</p> <p>Further Reading 187</p> <p><b>8 Diagnostics, Prognostics, Reliability, EMC, and Other Topics </b><b>Related to HEVs 189</b></p> <p>8.1 Diagnostics and Prognostics in HEVs and EVs 189</p> <p>8.1.1 Onboard Diagnostics 189</p> <p>8.1.2 Prognostics Issues 192</p> <p>8.2 Reliability of HEVs 195</p> <p>8.2.1 Analyzing the Reliability of HEV Architectures 196</p> <p>8.2.2 Reliability and Graceful Degradation 199</p> <p>8.2.3 Software Reliability Issues 201</p> <p>8.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Issues 203</p> <p>8.4 Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH), Electromechanical, and Other Issues 205</p> <p>8.5 End?]of?]Life Issues 207</p> <p>References 208</p> <p>Further Reading 209</p> <p><b>9 Power Electronics in HEVs 211</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 211</p> <p>9.2 Principles of Power Electronics 212</p> <p>9.3 Rectifiers Used in HEVs 214</p> <p>9.3.1 Ideal Rectifier 214</p> <p>9.3.2 Practical Rectifier 215</p> <p>9.3.3 Single?]Phase Rectifier 216</p> <p>9.3.4 Voltage Ripple 218</p> <p>9.4 Buck Converter Used in HEVs 221</p> <p>9.4.1 Operating Principle 221</p> <p>9.4.2 Nonlinear Model 222</p> <p>9.5 Non?]Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 223</p> <p>9.5.1 Operating Principle 223</p> <p>9.5.2 Maintaining Constant Torque Range and Power Capability 225</p> <p>9.5.3 Reducing Current Ripple in the Battery 226</p> <p>9.5.4 Regenerative Braking 228</p> <p>9.6 Voltage Source Inverter 229</p> <p>9.7 Current Source Inverter 229</p> <p>9.8 Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 231</p> <p>9.8.1 Basic Principle and Steady State Operations 231</p> <p>9.8.1.1 Heavy Load Conditions 232</p> <p>9.8.1.2 Light Load Condition 234</p> <p>9.8.1.3 Output Voltage 234</p> <p>9.8.1.4 Output Power 236</p> <p>9.8.2 Voltage Ripple 236</p> <p>9.9 PWM Rectifier in HEVs 242</p> <p>9.9.1 Rectifier Operation of Inverter 242</p> <p>9.10 EV and PHEV Battery Chargers 243</p> <p>9.10.1 Forward/Flyback Converters 244</p> <p>9.10.2 Half?]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245</p> <p>9.10.3 Full?]Bridge DC–DC Converter 245</p> <p>9.10.4 Power Factor Correction Stage 246</p> <p>9.10.4.1 Decreasing Impact on the Grid 246</p> <p>9.10.4.2 Decreasing the Impact on the Switches 247</p> <p>9.10.5 Bidirectional Battery Chargers 247</p> <p>9.10.6 Other Charger Topologies 249</p> <p>9.10.7 Contactless Charging 249</p> <p>9.10.8 Wireless Charging 250</p> <p>9.11 Modeling and Simulation of HEV Power Electronics 251</p> <p>9.11.1 Device?]Level Simulation 251</p> <p>9.11.2 System?]Level Model 252</p> <p>9.12 Emerging Power Electronics Devices 253</p> <p>9.13 Circuit Packaging 254</p> <p>9.14 Thermal Management of HEV Power Electronics 254</p> <p>9.15 Conclusions 257</p> <p>References 257</p> <p><b>10 Electric Machines and Drives in HEVs 261</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 261</p> <p>10.2 Induction Motor Drives 262</p> <p>10.2.1 Principle of Induction Motors 262</p> <p>10.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 265</p> <p>10.2.3 Speed Control of Induction Machine 267</p> <p>10.2.4 Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors 269</p> <p>10.2.5 Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine 270</p> <p>10.2.6 Additional Loss in Induction Motors Due to PWM Supply 271</p> <p>10.2.7 Field?]Oriented Control of Induction Machine 278</p> <p>10.3 Permanent Magnet Motor Drives 287</p> <p>10.3.1 Basic Configuration of PM Motors 287</p> <p>10.3.2 Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors 290</p> <p>10.3.3 Magnetic Circuit Analysis of IPM Motors 295</p> <p>10.3.3.1 Unsaturated Motor 300</p> <p>10.3.3.2 Saturated Motor 301</p> <p>10.3.3.3 Operation under Load 303</p> <p>10.3.3.4 Flux Concentration 303</p> <p>10.3.4 Sizing of Magnets in PM Motors 304</p> <p>10.3.4.1 Input Power 306</p> <p>10.3.4.2 Direct?]Axis Armature Reaction Factor 306</p> <p>10.3.4.3 Magnetic Usage Ratio and Flux Leakage Coefficient 306</p> <p>10.3.4.4 Maximum Armature Current 307</p> <p>10.3.4.5 Inner Power Angle 307</p> <p>10.3.5 Eddy Current Losses in the Magnets of PM Machines 308</p> <p>10.4 Switched Reluctance Motors 310</p> <p>10.5 Doubly Salient Permanent Magnet Machines 311</p> <p>10.6 Design and Sizing of Traction Motors 315</p> <p>10.6.1 Selection of A and B 315</p> <p>10.6.2 Speed Rating of the Traction Motor 316</p> <p>10.6.3 Determination of the Inner Power 316</p> <p>10.7 Thermal Analysis and Modeling of Traction Motors 316</p> <p>10.7.1 The Thermal Resistance of the Air Gap, Rag 317</p> <p>10.7.2 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Rotor Core, Rrs 318</p> <p>10.7.3 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Poles, Rmr 319</p> <p>10.7.4 The Thermal Resistance of the Shaft, Rshf 319</p> <p>10.7.5 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of Stator Teeth, Rst 320</p> <p>10.7.6 The Radial Conduction Thermal Resistance of the Stator Yoke, Rsy 320</p> <p>10.7.7 The Conduction Thermal Resistance between the Windings and Stator, Rws 320</p> <p>10.7.8 Convective Thermal Resistance Between Windings External to the Stator and Adjoining Air, Rwa 321</p> <p>10.8 Conclusions 323</p> <p>References 323</p> <p><b>11 Electric Energy Sources and Storage Devices 333</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 333</p> <p>11.2 Characterization of Batteries 335</p> <p>11.2.1 Battery Capacity 335</p> <p>11.2.2 Energy Stored in a Battery 335</p> <p>11.2.3 State of Charge in Battery (SOC) and Measurement of SOC 335</p> <p>11.2.3.1 SOC Determination 336</p> <p>11.2.3.2 Direct measurement 336</p> <p>11.2.3.3 Amp?]hr Based Measurement 337</p> <p>11.2.3.4 Some Better Methods 337</p> <p>11.2.3.5 Initialization Process 338</p> <p>11.2.4 Depth of Discharge (DOD) of a Battery 339</p> <p>11.2.5 Specific Power and Energy Density 339</p> <p>11.2.6 Ampere?]Hour (Charge and Discharge) Efficiency 339</p> <p>11.2.7 Number of Deep Cycles and Battery Life 340</p> <p>11.2.8 Some Practical Issues About Batteries and Battery Life 341</p> <p>11.2.8.1 Acronyms and Definitions 344</p> <p>11.2.8.2 State of Health Issue in Batteries 348</p> <p>11.2.8.3 Two?]Pulse Load Method to Evaluate State of Health of a Battery [4, 6] 349</p> <p>11.2.8.4 Battery Management Implementation 352</p> <p>11.2.8.5 What to Do with All the Above Information 353</p> <p>11.3 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies 355</p> <p>11.3.1 Lead Acid Battery 355</p> <p>11.3.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Battery 356</p> <p>11.3.3 Lithium?]Ion Battery 356</p> <p>11.4 Ultracapacitors 356</p> <p>11.5 Electric Circuit Model for Batteries and Ultracapacitors 358</p> <p>11.5.1 Battery Modeling 358</p> <p>11.5.2 Electric Circuit Models for Ultracapacitors 359</p> <p>11.6 Flywheel Energy Storage System 361</p> <p>11.7 Fuel Cell Based Hybrid Vehicular Systems 364</p> <p>11.7.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 364</p> <p>11.7.1.1 Types of Fuel Cells 364</p> <p>11.7.2 System Level Applications 364</p> <p>11.7.3 Fuel Cell Modeling 366</p> <p>11.8 Summary and Discussion 368</p> <p>References 369</p> <p>Further Reading 369</p> <p><b>12 Battery Modeling 371</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 371</p> <p>12.2 Modeling of Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 372</p> <p>12.2.1 Chemistry of an NiMH Battery 372</p> <p>12.3 Modeling of Lithium?]Ion (Li?]Ion) Battery 374</p> <p>12.3.1 Chemistry in Li?]Ion Battery 374</p> <p>12.4 Parameter Estimation for Battery Models 375</p> <p>12.5 Example Case of Using Battery Model in an EV System 377</p> <p>12.6 Summary and Observations on Modeling</p> <p>and Simulation for Batteries 382</p> <p>References 383</p> <p>Further Reading 383</p> <p><b>13 EV and PHEV Battery Charger Design 385</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 385</p> <p>13.2 Main Features of the LLC Resonant Charger 387</p> <p>13.2.1 Analysis in the Time Domain 387</p> <p>13.2.2 Operation Modes and Distribution Analysis 389</p> <p>13.3 Design Considerations for an LLC Converter for a PHEV Battery Charger 393</p> <p>13.4 Charging Trajectory Design 396</p> <p>13.4.1 Key Design Parameters 396</p> <p>13.4.2 Design Constraints 399</p> <p>13.5 Design Procedures 401</p> <p>13.6 Experimental Results 401</p> <p>13.7 Conclusions 407</p> <p>References 407</p> <p><b>14 Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 409</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 409</p> <p>14.2 Fundamentals of Vehicle System Modeling 410</p> <p>14.3 HEV Modeling Using ADVISOR 412</p> <p>14.4 HEV Modeling Using PSAT 416</p> <p>14.5 Physics?]Based Modeling 416</p> <p>14.5.1 RCF Modeling Technique 417</p> <p>14.5.2 Hybrid Powertrain Modeling 418</p> <p>14.5.3 Modeling of a DC Machine 418</p> <p>14.5.4 Modeling of DC–DC Boost Converter 419</p> <p>14.5.5 Modeling of Vehicle Dynamics 420</p> <p>14.5.6 Wheel Slip Model 421</p> <p>14.6 Bond Graph and Other Modeling Techniques 424</p> <p>14.6.1 Bond Graph Modeling for HEVs 424</p> <p>14.6.2 HEV Modeling Using PSIM 425</p> <p>14.6.3 HEV Modeling Using Simplorer and V?]Elph 427</p> <p>14.7 Consideration of Numerical Integration Methods 428</p> <p>14.8 Conclusion 428</p> <p>References 428</p> <p><b>15 HEV Component Sizing and Design Optimization 433</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 433</p> <p>15.2 Global Optimization Algorithms for HEV Design 434</p> <p>15.2.1 DIRECT 434</p> <p>15.2.2 Simulated Annealing 438</p> <p>15.2.2.1 Algorithm Description 438</p> <p>15.2.2.2 Tunable Parameters 439</p> <p>15.2.2.3 Flow Chart 440</p> <p>15.2.3 Genetic Algorithms 441</p> <p>15.2.3.1 Flow Chart 441</p> <p>15.2.3.2 Operators and Selection Method 441</p> <p>15.2.3.3 Tunable Parameters 443</p> <p>15.2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 443</p> <p>15.2.4.1 Algorithm Description 443</p> <p>15.2.4.2 Flow Chart 444</p> <p>15.2.5 Advantages/Disadvantages of Different Optimization Algorithms 444</p> <p>15.2.5.1 DIRECT 444</p> <p>15.2.5.2 SA 445</p> <p>15.2.5.3 GA 445</p> <p>15.2.5.4 PSO 446</p> <p>15.3 Model?]in?]the?]Loop Design Optimization Process 446</p> <p>15.4 Parallel HEV Design Optimization Example 447</p> <p>15.5 Series HEV Design Optimization Example 452</p> <p>15.5.1 Control Framework of a Series HEV Powertrain 454</p> <p>15.5.2 Series HEV Parameter Optimization 454</p> <p>15.5.3 Optimization Results 456</p> <p>15.6 Conclusion 459</p> <p>References 459</p> <p><b>16 Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications 461</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 461</p> <p>16.2 Fundamental Theory 464</p> <p>16.3 Magnetic Coupler Design 468</p> <p>16.3.1 Coupler for Stationary Charging 469</p> <p>16.3.2 Coupler for Dynamic Charging 471</p> <p>16.4 Compensation Network 473</p> <p>16.5 Power Electronics Converters and Power Control 475</p> <p>16.6 Methods of Study 477</p> <p>16.7 Additional Discussion 479</p> <p>16.7.1 Safety Concerns 479</p> <p>16.7.2 Vehicle to Grid Benefits 481</p> <p>16.7.3 Wireless Communications 481</p> <p>16.7.4 Cost 481</p> <p>16.8 A Double?]Sided LCC Compensation Topology and its Parameter Design 482</p> <p>16.8.1 The Double?]Sided LCC Compensation Topology 482</p> <p>16.8.2 Parameter Tuning for Zero Voltage Switching 486</p> <p>16.8.3 Parameter Design 491</p> <p>16.8.4 Simulation and Experiment Results 495</p> <p>16.8.4.1 Simulation Results 495</p> <p>16.8.4.2 Experimental Results 497</p> <p>16.9 An LCLC Based Wireless Charger Using Capacitive Power Transfer Principle 502</p> <p>16.9.1 Circuit Topology Design 504</p> <p>16.9.2 Capacitance Analysis 506</p> <p>16.9.3 A 2.4 kW CPT System Design 506</p> <p>16.9.4 Experiment 507</p> <p>16.10 Summary 511</p> <p>References 511</p> <p><b>17 Vehicular Power Control Strategy and Energy Management 521</b></p> <p>17.1 A Generic Framework, Definition, and Needs 521</p> <p>17.2 Methodology to Implement 523</p> <p>17.2.1 Methodologies for Optimization 528</p> <p>17.2.2 Cost Function Optimization 531</p> <p>17.3 Benefits of Energy Management 536</p> <p>References 536</p> <p>Further Reading 537</p> <p><b>18 Commercialization and Standardization of HEV Technology and Future Transportation 539</b></p> <p>18.1 What Is Commercialization and Why Is It Important for HEVs? 539</p> <p>18.2 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Enablers of Commercialization 539</p> <p>18.3 Standardization and Commercialization 540</p> <p>18.4 Commercialization Issues and Effects on Various Types of Vehicles 541</p> <p>18.5 Commercialization of HEVs for Trucks and Off?]Road Applications 542</p> <p>18.6 Commercialization and Future of HEVs and Transportation 543</p> <p>Further Reading 543</p> <p><b>19 A Holistic Perspective on Vehicle Electrification 545</b></p> <p>19.1 Vehicle Electrification – What Does it Involve? 545</p> <p>19.2 To What Extent Should Vehicles Be Electrified? 545</p> <p>19.3 What Other Industries Are Involved or Affected in Vehicle Electrification? 547</p> <p>19.4 A More Complete Picture Towards Vehicle Electrification 548</p> <p>19.5 The Ultimate Issue: To Electrify Vehicles or Not? 551</p> <p>Further Reading 553</p> <p>Index 555</p>