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Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances


Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances


1. Aufl.

von: Donald L. J. Quicke

79,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 02.08.2017
ISBN/EAN: 9781118931523
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 576

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Beschreibungen

<p>Deals with all aspects of adaptive resemblance</p> <ul> <li>Full colour</li> <li>Covers everything from classic examples of Batesian, Mullerian, aggressive and sexual mimicries through to human behavioural and microbial molecular deceptions</li> <li>Highlights areas where additonal work or specific exeprimentation could be fruitful</li> <li>Includes, animals, plants, micro-organisms and humans</li> </ul>
<p>Preface, xiii</p> <p>A comment on statistics, xv</p> <p>A comment on scientific names, xvi</p> <p>Acknowledgements, xvii</p> <p><b>1 INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MIMICRY SYSTEMS, 1</b></p> <p>A brief history, 2</p> <p>On definitions of ‘mimicry’ and adaptive resemblance, 3</p> <p>The concept of ‘adaptive resemblance’, 8</p> <p>The classification of mimicry systems, 9</p> <p>Wickler’s system, 9</p> <p>Vane‐Wright’s system, 10</p> <p>Georges Pasteur (1930–2015), 11</p> <p>Other approaches, 13</p> <p>Endler, 13</p> <p>Zabka & Tembrock, 13</p> <p>Maran, 14</p> <p>Mimicry as demonstration of evolution, 14</p> <p><b>2 CAMOUFLAGE: CRYPSIS AND DISRUPTIVE COLOURATION IN ANIMALS, 19</b></p> <p>Introduction, 20</p> <p>Distinguishing crypsis from masquerade, 20</p> <p>Crypsis examples, 24</p> <p>Countershading, 24</p> <p>Experimental tests of concealment by countershading, 27</p> <p>Bioluminescent counter‐illumination, 28</p> <p>Background matching, 29</p> <p>Visual sensitivity of predators, 30</p> <p>To make a perfect match or compromise, 31</p> <p>Colour polymorphism, 32</p> <p>Seasonal colour polymorphism, 32</p> <p>Butterfly pupal colour polymorphism, 32</p> <p>Winter pelage: pelts and plumage, 35</p> <p>Melanism, 37</p> <p>Industrial melanism, 37</p> <p>Fire melanism, 40</p> <p>Background selection, 41</p> <p>Orientation and positioning, 43</p> <p>Transparency, 45</p> <p>Reflectance and silvering, 47</p> <p>Adaptive colour change, 49</p> <p>Caterpillars and food plant colouration, 50</p> <p>Daily and medium‐paced changes, 54</p> <p>Rapid colour change, 56</p> <p>Chameleons, 56</p> <p>Cephalopod chromatophores and dermal papillae, 57</p> <p>Bird eggs and their backgrounds, 58</p> <p>Disguising your eyes, 61</p> <p>Disruptive and distractive markings, 61</p> <p>Edge‐intercepting patches, 61</p> <p>Distractive markings, 63</p> <p>Zebra stripes and tsetse flies, 66</p> <p>Stripes and motion dazzle – more zebras, kraits and tigers, 69</p> <p>Computer graphics experiments with human subjects, 69</p> <p>Observations on real animals, 69</p> <p>Comparative analysis, 71</p> <p>Dual signals, 72</p> <p>Protective crypsis in non‐visual modalities, 73</p> <p>Apostatic and antiapostatic selection, 73</p> <p>Search images, 74</p> <p>Experimental tests of search image, 76</p> <p>Gestalt perception, 76</p> <p>Effect of cryptic prey variability, 77</p> <p>Reflexive selection and aspect diversity, 77</p> <p>Searching for cryptic prey – mathematical models, 80</p> <p>Ontogenetic changes and crypsis, 81</p> <p>Hiding the evidence, 82</p> <p>Petiole clipping by caterpillars, 82</p> <p>Exogenous crypsis, 82</p> <p>Military camouflage and masquerade, 85</p> <p><b>3 CAMOUFLAGE: MASQUERADE, 87</b></p> <p>Introduction, 88</p> <p>Classic examples, 88</p> <p>Twigs as models, 88</p> <p>Leaves (alive or dead) as models, 88</p> <p>Bird dropping resemblances, 89</p> <p>Spider web stabilimenta, 93</p> <p>Tubeworms, etc., 94</p> <p>Experimental tests of survival value of masquerade, 94</p> <p>Ontogenetic changes and masquerade, 97</p> <p>Thanatosis (death feigning), 97</p> <p>Feign or flee? The trade‐offs of thanatosis, 100</p> <p>Other aspects of death mimicry, 100</p> <p>Seedless seeds and seedless fruit, 100</p> <p><b>4 APOSEMATISM AND ITS EVOLUTION, 103</b></p> <p>Introduction, 104</p> <p>Initial evolution of aposematism, 108</p> <p>Associations of unpalatable experience with place, 109</p> <p>Mathematical models and ideas of warning colouration evolution, 112</p> <p>Kin selection models, 112</p> <p>Green beard selection, 112</p> <p>Family selection models, 113</p> <p>Individual selection models, 113</p> <p>Spatial models and metapopulations, 116</p> <p>Handicap and signal honesty, 117</p> <p>Early warnings – reflex bleeding, vomiting and other noxious secretions, 120</p> <p>Longevity of aposematic protected taxa, 121</p> <p>Macroevolutionary consequences, 121</p> <p>Experimental studies, 121</p> <p>Tough aposematic prey and individual selection, 121</p> <p>Pyrazine and other early warnings, 123</p> <p>Learning and memorability, 124</p> <p>Strength of obnoxiousness, 126</p> <p>Is the nature of the protective compound important?, 126</p> <p>Neophobia and the role of novelty, 127</p> <p>Innate responses of predators, 130</p> <p>Aposematism and gregariousness, 132</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis of aposematism and gregariousness, 134</p> <p>Behaviour of protected aposematic animals, 135</p> <p>Of birds and butterflies, 135</p> <p>Evolution of sluggishness, 139</p> <p>Origins of protective compounds, 140</p> <p>Plant‐derived toxins, 140</p> <p>Cardiac glycosides, 141</p> <p>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 144</p> <p>De novo synthesis of protective compounds, 145</p> <p>Obtaining toxins from animal sources, 147</p> <p>Costs of chemical defence, 149</p> <p>Aposematism with non‐chemical defence, 150</p> <p>Escape speed and low profitability, 150</p> <p>Parasitoids and aposematic insects, 152</p> <p>Diversity of aposematic forms, 152</p> <p>Egg load assessment, 154</p> <p>Proof of aposematism, 154</p> <p>Bioluminescence as a warning signal, 155</p> <p>Warning sounds, 155</p> <p>Warning colouration in mammals, 157</p> <p>Weapon advertisement, 158</p> <p>Mutualistic aposematism, 160</p> <p>Aposematism induced by a parasite, 161</p> <p>Aposematic commensalism, 161</p> <p>Polymorphism and geographic variation in aposematic species, 161</p> <p>Aposematism in plants, 163</p> <p>Synergistic selection of unpalatability in plants, 165</p> <p>Aposematism in fungi, 166</p> <p>Why are some unpalatable organisms aposematic and others not?, 167</p> <p><b>5 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. I. MATHEMATICAL MODELS, 171</b></p> <p>Introduction, 172</p> <p>Properties of models, rewards, learning rates and numerical relationships, 172</p> <p>Simple models and their limitations, 173</p> <p>Muller’s original model, 173</p> <p>Simple models of Batesian and Mullerian mimicry, 173</p> <p>Are Batesian and Mullerian mimicry different?, 174</p> <p>An information theory model, 176</p> <p>Monte‐Carlo simulations, 177</p> <p>More refined models – time, learning, forgetting and sampling, 180</p> <p>Importance of alternative prey, 181</p> <p>Signal detection theory, 181</p> <p>Genetic and evolutionary models, 182</p> <p>Coevolutionary chases, 185</p> <p>Models involving population dynamics, 185</p> <p>Neural networks and evolution of Batesian mimicry, 188</p> <p>Automimicry in Batesian/Mullerian mimicry, 188</p> <p>Predator’s dilemma with potentially harmful prey, 190</p> <p><b>6 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS, 191</b></p> <p>Introduction, 192</p> <p>Experimental tests of mimetic advantage, 192</p> <p>How similar do mimics need to be?, 194</p> <p>Is a two‐step process necessary?, 198</p> <p>Relative abundances of models and mimics in nature, 198</p> <p>Sex‐limited mimicries and mimetic load, 198</p> <p>Mimetic load, 203</p> <p>Apostatic selection and Batesian mimicry, 204</p> <p>Mullerian mimicry and unequal defence, 204</p> <p>Imperfect (satyric) mimicry, 206</p> <p><b>7 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. III. BATESIAN AND MULLERIAN EXAMPLES, 213</b></p> <p>Introduction, 214</p> <p>Types of model, 214</p> <p>Mimicry of slow flight in butterflies, 214</p> <p>The Batesian/Mullerian spectrum, 215</p> <p>Famous butterflies: ecology, genetics and supergenes, 216</p> <p><i>Heliconius</i>, 216</p> <p>Hybrid zones, 217</p> <p>Wing pattern genetics, 219</p> <p>Modelling polymorphism, 220</p> <p><i>Danaus</i> and <i>Hypolimnas</i>, 220</p> <p><i>Papilio dardanus</i>, 221</p> <p><i>Papilio glaucus</i>, 223</p> <p><i>Papilio memnon</i>, 223</p> <p>Supergenes and their origins, 223</p> <p>Mimicry between caterpillars, 224</p> <p>Some specific types of model among insects, 225</p> <p>Wasp (and bee) mimicry, 225</p> <p>How to look like a wasp, 228</p> <p>Time of appearance of aculeate mimics, 228</p> <p>Pseudostings and pseudostinging behaviour, 230</p> <p>Wasmannian (or ant) mimicry, 231</p> <p>Ant mimicry as defence against predation, 231</p> <p>Ant mimicry by spiders, 234</p> <p>Spiders that feed on ants, 236</p> <p>How to look like an ant or an ant carrying something?, 236</p> <p>Myrmecomorphy by caterpillars, 237</p> <p>Ant chemical mimicry by parasitoid wasps, 237</p> <p>Protective mimicries among vertebrates, 239</p> <p>Fish, 239</p> <p>Batesian mimicry among fish, 239</p> <p>Mullerian mimicry among fish, 239</p> <p>Batesian and Mullerian mimicry among terrestrial vertebrates, 239</p> <p>The coral snake problem – Emsleyan (or Mertensian) mimicry, 240</p> <p>Other snakes, zig‐zag markings and head shape, 244</p> <p>Mimicry of invertebrates by terrestrial vertebrates, 246</p> <p>Inaccurate (satyric) mimics, 248</p> <p>Mimicry of model behaviour, 249</p> <p><i>Aide mémoire</i> mimicry, 250</p> <p>Batesian–Poultonian (predator) mimicry, 251</p> <p>Mimicry within predator–prey and host–parasite systems, 253</p> <p>Bluff and appearing larger than you are, 253</p> <p>Collective mimicry including an aggressive mimicry, 255</p> <p>Jamming, 255</p> <p>Man as model – the case of the samurai crab, 258</p> <p><b>8 ANTI‐PREDATOR MIMICRY. ATTACK DEFLECTION, SCHOOLING, ETC., 259</b></p> <p>Introduction, 260</p> <p>Attack deflection devices, 260</p> <p>Eyespots, 260</p> <p>Experimental tests of importance of eyespot features, 262</p> <p>Eyespots in butterflies, 266</p> <p>Wing marginal eyespots, 267</p> <p>Eyes with sparkles, 267</p> <p>Eyespots on caterpillars, 269</p> <p>Importance of eyespot conspicuousness, 269</p> <p>Eyespots and fish, 269</p> <p>Not just an eyespot but a whole head, winking and other enhancements, 271</p> <p>Reverse mimicry, 271</p> <p>Insects, 271</p> <p>Reverse mimicry in flight, 275</p> <p>Reverse mimicry in terrestrial vertebrates, 275</p> <p>Other deflectors, 277</p> <p>Injury feigning in nesting birds, 277</p> <p>Tail‐shedding (urotomy) in lizards and snakes, 277</p> <p>Flash and startle colouration, 280</p> <p>Intimidating displays and bizarre mimicries, 283</p> <p>Schooling, flocking and predator confusion, 284</p> <p>‘Social’ mimicry in birds and fish, 286</p> <p>Alarm call mimicry for protection, 287</p> <p><b>9 ANTI‐HERBIVORY DECEPTIONS, 289</b></p> <p>Introduction, 290</p> <p>Crypsis as protection in plants, 290</p> <p>Leaf mottling and variegation for crypsis, 291</p> <p>Mistletoes and lianas, 293</p> <p>Fruit masquerade by leaves, 294</p> <p>Protective Batesian and Mullerian mimicry in plants, 295</p> <p>False indicators of damage or likely future damage, 296</p> <p>Conspicuousness of leafmines, 297</p> <p>Dark central florets in some Apiaceae, 297</p> <p>Mimicry of silk or fungal hyphae, 299</p> <p>Insect egg mimics, 299</p> <p>Defensive aphid and caterpillar mimicry in plants, 300</p> <p>Aphid deterrence by alarm pheromone mimicry, 300</p> <p>Ant mimicry in plants, 301</p> <p>Of orchids and bees, 301</p> <p>Carrion mimicry as defence, 302</p> <p>Algae and corals, 302</p> <p>Plant galls, 302</p> <p>Experimental evidence for plant aposematism and Batesian mimetic potential in plants, 302</p> <p><b>10 AGGRESSIVE DECEPTIONS, 305</b></p> <p>Introduction, 306</p> <p>Cryptic versus alluring features, 307</p> <p>Crypsis and masquerade by predators, 307</p> <p>Stealth, 307</p> <p>Shadowing, 308</p> <p>Seasonal polymorphisms in predators, 308</p> <p>Why seabirds are black and white (and grey), 309</p> <p>Chemical crypsis by a predatory fish, 309</p> <p>Alluring mimicries, 310</p> <p>Flower mimicry, 312</p> <p>Rain mimicry, 315</p> <p>Physical lures, 315</p> <p>Angling fish, 315</p> <p>Caudal (and tongue) lures in reptiles, 317</p> <p>Caudal lure in a dragonfly, 318</p> <p>Death feigning as a lure, 318</p> <p>Other prey and food mimicry, 319</p> <p>The case of the German cockroach, 319</p> <p>Wolves in sheeps’ clothing, 319</p> <p>Vulture‐like hawks, 319</p> <p>Cleaner fish and their mimics, 320</p> <p>Mingling with an innocuous crowd, 322</p> <p>Duping by mimicry of competitors, 323</p> <p>Seeming to be conspecific, 324</p> <p>Getting close, 325</p> <p>Appearing to be a potential mate, 325</p> <p>Pheromone lures, 326</p> <p>Mimicking danger as a flushing device, 328</p> <p>Human use of aggressive mimicry, 328</p> <p>Cuckoldry, inquilines and brood parasitism, 329</p> <p>Cuckoldry in birds, 329</p> <p>Gentes and ‘cuckoo’ eggs, 332</p> <p>Cues for egg rejection, 335</p> <p>Mimicry by chicks – genetic and substantive differences, 338</p> <p>Cuckoo chick appearance, 338</p> <p>Begging calls, 339</p> <p>Cuckoo and host coevolution, 340</p> <p>Mimicry between adult cuckoos and their hosts, 340</p> <p>Hawk mimicry by adult cuckoos, 340</p> <p>Mimicry of harmless birds by adult cuckoos, 342</p> <p>Brood parasitism and inquilinism in social insects, 342</p> <p>Cuckoo bees and cuckoo wasps, 342</p> <p>Kleptoparasites of bees, 346</p> <p>Myrmecophily, 346</p> <p>Acquired chemical mimicry in social parasites and inquilines, 346</p> <p>Brood‐parasitic and slave‐making ants, 348</p> <p>Chemical mimicry and ant and termite inquilines, 349</p> <p>A brood‐parasitic aphid, 349</p> <p>Ants and aphid trophallaxis, 349</p> <p>Aphidiine parasitoids of ant‐attended aphids, 350</p> <p>Does aggressive mimicry occur in plants?, 350</p> <p><b>11 SEXUAL MIMICRIES IN ANIMALS (INCLUDING HUMANS), 353</b></p> <p>Introduction, 354</p> <p>Mimicking the opposite sex, 354</p> <p>Female mimicry by males, 354</p> <p>Avoiding aggression from competing males, 357</p> <p>Mate guarding through distracting other males, 357</p> <p>Androchromatism and male mimicry by females, 358</p> <p>Egg dummies on fish, 360</p> <p>Food dummies and sex, 362</p> <p>Mimicry by sperm‐dependent all‐female lineages, 363</p> <p>Female genital mimicry in a female, 363</p> <p>Energy‐saving cheating for sex, 364</p> <p>Behavioural deceptions in higher vertebrates, 364</p> <p>Polygynous birds, 364</p> <p>Deceptive use of alarm calls and paternity protection, 365</p> <p>Female–female mounting behaviour in mammals and birds, 365</p> <p>Mimicry in humans, 367</p> <p>Make‐up, clothes and silicone, 367</p> <p>Cryptic oestrus in humans, 368</p> <p>Flirting in humans, 368</p> <p><b>12 REPRODUCTIVE MIMICRIES IN PLANTS, 371</b></p> <p>Introduction, 372</p> <p>Pollinator deception, 372</p> <p>Pollinator sex pheromone mimicry, 376</p> <p>Food deception, 382</p> <p>Specific floral mimicry, 382</p> <p>Generalised floral mimicry, 386</p> <p>Mimicry of a fungus‐infected plant, 388</p> <p>Brood‐site/oviposition‐site deception, 388</p> <p>Shelter mimicry, 392</p> <p>Flower similarity over time, 392</p> <p>Flower automimicry – intraspecific food deception (bakerian mimicry), 393</p> <p>Mathematical modelling of sexual deception by plants, 394</p> <p>Pollinator guild syndromes, 394</p> <p>Bird‐pollinated systems, 394</p> <p><b>13 INTRA‐ AND INTERSPECIFIC COOPERATION, COMPETITION AND HIERARCHIES, 399</b></p> <p>Introduction, 400</p> <p>Remaining looking young, 400</p> <p>Delayed plumage maturation, 400</p> <p>Interspecific social dominance mimicry, 401</p> <p>Bird song and alarm call mimicry – deceptive acquisition of resources, 401</p> <p>Wicklerian mimicry – mimicry of opposite sex to reduce aggression, 403</p> <p>Female resemblance in male primates, 403</p> <p>Social appeasement by female mimicry in an insect, 404</p> <p>Hyperfemininity in prereproductive adolescent primates, 404</p> <p>Mimicry of male genitalia by females, 404</p> <p>The case of the spotted hyaena, 404</p> <p>Mimicry of male genitalia in other mammals, 404</p> <p>Phallic mimicry by males, 405</p> <p>Appetitive (foraging) mimicry, 406</p> <p>Appetitive mimicry and deceptive use of alarm calls, 406</p> <p>Beau Geste and seeming to be more than you are, 408</p> <p>Appearing older than you are, 408</p> <p>Weapon automimicry, 408</p> <p><b>14 ADAPTIVE RESEMBLANCES AND DISPERSAL: SEEDS, SPORES AND EGGS, 409</b></p> <p>Introduction, 410</p> <p>Fruit and seed dispersal by birds, 410</p> <p>Warningly coloured fruit, 414</p> <p>Fruit mimicry by seeds, 414</p> <p>Seed dispersal by humans, arable weeds and Vavilovian mimicry, 414</p> <p>Seed elaiosomes and their insect mimics, 415</p> <p>Mimicry by parasites to facilitate host finding, 415</p> <p>The trematode and the snail, 415</p> <p>The trematode and the fish, 416</p> <p>Pocketbook clams and fish, 416</p> <p>‘Termite balls’, 417</p> <p>Pseudoflowers, pseudo‐anthers and pseudo‐pollen, 417</p> <p>Truffles, 418</p> <p>Mimicry of dead flesh by fungi and mosses, 419</p> <p>Deception of dung beetles by fruit, 419</p> <p><b>15 MOLECULAR MIMICRY: PARASITES, PATHOGENS AND PLANTS, 421</b></p> <p>Introduction, 422</p> <p>Macro‐animal systems, 422</p> <p>Anemone fish, 422</p> <p>Parasitic helminthes, 422</p> <p>Platyhelminthes (Trematoda), 422</p> <p>Tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda), 423</p> <p>Parasitic nematodes, 423</p> <p>Parasitoid wasp eggs, 424</p> <p>Pathogenic fungi, 424</p> <p>Protista, 424</p> <p>Chagas’ disease, 424</p> <p>Microbial systems, 424</p> <p>Bacterial chemical mimicry and autoimmune responses, 424</p> <p><i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, 425</p> <p><i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>, 425</p> <p>Mimicry by plant‐pathogenic bacteria, 425</p> <p>Viruses, 425</p> <p>Plants, 425</p> <p>Sugar, toxin and satiation mimicry, 425</p> <p>Phytoecdysteroids – plant chemicals that mimicinsect moulting hormone, 427</p> <p>Plant oestrogens – phyto‐contraceptives, 427</p> <p>Extended glossary, 429</p> <p>References, 445</p> <p>Author index, 515</p> <p>General index, 533</p> <p>Taxonomic index, 539</p>
<p><b>Donald L.J. Quicke</b> retired in 2013 to live in Thailand where he is a Visiting Professor at Chulalongkorn University. Hestudied zoology at Oxford University where he became especially interested in mimicry. In 1976 he travelled to Kenya to experience tropical biodiversity and more of the diversity of life and his work there on insect coloration fertilised his interests as well as on parasitoid wasps, another of his many passions. From then on he kept abreast of the increasingly experimental and theoretical developments in the field even though his academic research took him in diverse other directions. Having now retired he has been able devote his time, in addition to bird watching and butterfly photography, to synthesising and extending his interest in this topic. <i>Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances</i> is the result of this work. </p> <p> </p>
<p><i>Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances</i> synthesises the wide range of adaptations of living organisms that are the result of natural selection favouring an appearance that resembles some other organism or inanimate object. The book covers a wide range of examples, most from animals and plants, but fungi, protists, bacteria and even viruses, are discussed, and even some human aspects are included to illustrate the enormous range of the topic. Many different modalities of resemblance are involved, such as behavour, coloration, shading, texture, bioluminescence, structure, chemistry and sound. The author explores the results of the growing number of experimental tests that have been conducted in the field, explaining key models and experimental set-ups in an accessible manner. <br /><br />The book is beautifully illustrated in full colour throughout with hundreds of photos of animals and plants, but also includes many graphs that illustrate research findings, and some mathematical equations and models that explore and explain the depths of evolution's complexities. <i>Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances</i>:<br /><br /></p> <ul> <li>Covers everthing including classic examples of animal and plant camouflage, the evolution of warning signals, Batesian, Müllerian, aggressive, and sexual mimicries</li> <li>Extends to some human behavioural and microbial molecular deceptions, plus many other topics</li> <li>Highlights areas where additional work or specific experimentation could be fruitful</li> <li>Includes over 500 images to aid understanding</li> </ul> This book is far more than a course text, for which it is ideal for levels ranging through undergraduate to graduate levels, it is the most comprehensive resource on this diverse subject area for many years. It is written in a way that can be understood easily by all readers including amateur natural history enthusiasts. <br /> <p> </p>

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