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Military Laser Technology for Defense

Technology for Revolutionizing 21st Century Warfare
1. Aufl.

von: Alastair D. McAulay
81,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	01.03.2011
ISBN/EAN:	9781118019535
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	336

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Titelbeschreibung

Recent advances in ultra-high-power lasers, including the free-electron laser, and impressive airborne demonstrations of laser weapons systems, such as the airborne laser, have shown the enormous potential of laser technology to revolutionize 21st century warfare. Military Laser Technology for Defense, includes only unclassified or declassified information. The book focuses on military applications that involve propagation of light through the atmosphere and provides basic relevant background technology. It describ<a id="_GoBack" name="_GoBack"></a>es high-power lasers and masers, including the free-electron laser. Further, Military Laser Technology for Defense addresses how laser technology can effectively mitigate six of the most pressing military threats of the 21st century: attack by missiles, terrorists, chemical and biological weapons, as well as difficulty in imaging in bad weather and threats from directed beam weapons and future nuclear weapons. The author believes that laser technology will revolutionize warfare in the 21st century.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv About The Author xvii I Optics Technology for Defense Systems 1 1 Optical Rays 3 1.1 Paraxial Optics 4 1.2 Geometric or Ray Optics 5 1.2.1 Fermat’s Principle 5 1.2.2 Fermat’s Principle Proves Snell’s Law for Refraction 5 1.2.3 Limits of Geometric Optics or Ray Theory 6 1.2.4 Fermat’s Principle Derives Ray Equation 6 1.2.5 Useful Applications of the Ray Equation 8 1.2.6 Matrix Representation for Geometric Optics 9 1.3 Optics for Launching and Receiving Beams 10 1.3.1 Imaging with a Single Thin Lens 10 1.3.2 Beam Expanders 13 1.3.3 Beam Compressors 14 1.3.4 Telescopes 14 1.3.5 Microscopes 17 1.3.6 Spatial Filters 18 2 Gaussian Beams and Polarization 20 2.1 Gaussian Beams 20 2.1.1 Description of Gaussian Beams 21 2.1.2 Gaussian Beam with ABCD Law 24 2.1.3 Forming and Receiving Gaussian Beams with Lenses 26 2.2 Polarization 29 2.2.1 Wave Plates or Phase Retarders 31 2.2.2 Stokes Parameters 33 2.2.3 Poincaré Sphere 34 2.2.4 Finding Point on Poincaré Sphere and Elliptical Polarization from Stokes Parameters 35 2.2.5 Controlling Polarization 36 3 Optical Diffraction 38 3.1 Introduction to Diffraction 38 3.1.1 Description of Diffraction 39 3.1.2 Review of Fourier Transforms 40 3.2 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms 42 3.2.1 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms in Time 42 3.2.2 Uncertainty Principle for Fourier Transforms in Space 45 3.3 Scalar Diffraction 47 3.3.1 Preliminaries: Green’s Function and Theorem 48 3.3.2 Field at a Point due to Field on a Boundary 48 3.3.3 Diffraction from an Aperture 50 3.3.4 Fresnel Approximation 51 3.3.5 Fraunhofer Approximation 54 3.3.6 Role of Numerical Computation 56 3.4 Diffraction-Limited Imaging 56 3.4.1 Intuitive Effect of Aperture in Imaging System 56 3.4.2 Computing the Diffraction Effect of a Lens Aperture on Imaging 57 4 Diffractive Optical Elements 61 4.1 Applications of DOEs 62 4.2 Diffraction Gratings 62 4.2.1 Bending Light with Diffraction Gratings and Grating Equation 63 4.2.2 Cosinusoidal Grating 64 4.2.3 Performance of Grating 66 4.3 Zone Plate Design and Simulation 67 4.3.1 Appearance and Focusing of Zone Plate 67 4.3.2 Zone Plate Computation for Design and Simulation 68 4.4 Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm for Design of DOEs 73 4.4.1 Goal of Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm 73 4.4.2 Inverse Problem for Diffractive Optical Elements 73 4.4.3 Gerchberg–Saxton Algorithm for Forward Computation 74 4.4.4 Gerchberg–Saxton Inverse Algorithm for Designing a Phase-Only Filter or DOE 74 5 Propagation and Compensation for Atmospheric Turbulence 77 5.1 Statistics Involved 78 5.1.1 Ergodicity 79 5.1.2 Locally Homogeneous Random Field Structure Function 80 5.1.3 Spatial Power Spectrum of Structure Function 80 5.2 Optical Turbulence in the Atmosphere 82 5.2.1 Kolmogorov’s Energy Cascade Theory 83 5.2.2 Power Spectrum Models for Refractive Index in Optical Turbulence 85 5.2.3 Atmospheric Temporal Statistics 86 5.2.4 Long-Distance Turbulence Models 86 5.3 Adaptive Optics 86 5.3.1 Devices and Systems for Adaptive Optics 86 5.4 Computation of Laser Light Through Atmospheric Turbulence 89 5.4.1 Layered Model of Propagation Through Turbulent Atmosphere 90 5.4.2 Generation of Kolmogorov Phase Screens by the Spectral Method 92 5.4.3 Generation of Kolmogorov Phase Screens from Covariance Using Structure Functions 94 6 Optical Interferometers and Oscillators 99 6.1 Optical Interferometers 100 6.1.1 Michelson Interferometer 101 6.1.2 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 105 6.1.3 Optical Fiber Sagnac Interferometer 108 6.2 Fabry–Perot Resonators 109 6.2.1 Fabry–Perot Principles and Equations 110 6.2.2 Fabry–Perot Equations 110 6.2.3 Piezoelectric Tuning of Fabry–Perot Tuners 116 6.3 Thin-Film Interferometric Filters and Dielectric Mirrors 116 6.3.1 Applications for Thin Films 117 6.3.2 Forward Computation Through Thin-Film Layers with Matrix Method 118 6.3.3 Inverse Problem of Computing Parameters for Layers 122 II Laser Technology for Defense Systems 125 7 Principles for Bound Electron State Lasers 127 7.1 Laser Generation of Bound Electron State Coherent Radiation 128 7.1.1 Advantages of Coherent Light from a Laser 128 7.1.2 Basic Light–Matter Interaction Theory for Generating Coherent Light 129 7.2 Semiconductor Laser Diodes 133 7.2.1 p–n Junction 133 7.2.2 Semiconductor Laser Diode Gain 136 7.2.3 Semiconductor Laser Dynamics 139 7.2.4 Semiconductor Arrays for High Power 140 7.3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 140 8 Power Lasers 143 8.1 Characteristics 144 8.1.1 Wavelength 144 8.1.2 Beam Quality 144 8.1.3 Power 145 8.1.4 Methods of Pumping 146 8.1.5 Materials for Use with High-Power Lasers 147 8.2 Solid-State Lasers 148 8.2.1 Principles of Solid-State Lasers 148 8.2.2 Frequency Doubling in Solid State Lasers 150 8.3 Powerful Gas Lasers 158 8.3.1 Gas Dynamic Carbon Dioxide Power Lasers 158 8.3.2 COIL System 160 9 Pulsed High Peak Power Lasers 165 9.1 Situations in which Pulsed Lasers may be Preferable 165 9.2 Mode-Locked Lasers 167 9.2.1 Mode-Locking Lasers 167 9.2.2 Methods of Implementing Mode Locking 169 9.3 Q-Switched Lasers 170 9.4 Space and Time Focusing of Laser Light 171 9.4.1 Space Focusing with Arrays and Beamforming 171 9.4.2 Concentrating Light Simultaneously in Time and Space 173 10 Ultrahigh-Power Cyclotron Masers/Lasers 177 10.1 Introduction to Cyclotron or Gyro Lasers and Masers 178 10.1.1 Stimulated Emission in an Electron Cyclotron 178 10.2 Gyrotron-Type Lasers and Masers 179 10.2.1 Principles of Electron Cyclotron Oscillators and Amplifiers 180 10.2.2 Gyrotron Operating Point and Structure 182 10.3 Vircator Impulse Source 184 10.3.1 Rationale for Considering the Vircator 184 10.3.2 Structure and Operation of Vircator 184 10.3.3 Selecting Frequency of Microwave Emission from a Vircator 186 10.3.4 Marx Generator 186 10.3.5 Demonstration Unit of Marx Generator Driving a Vircator 188 11 Free-Electron Laser/Maser 191 11.1 Significance and Principles of Free-Electron Laser/Maser 192 11.1.1 Significance of Free-Electron Laser/Maser 192 11.1.2 Principles of Free-Electron Laser/Maser 192 11.2 Explanation of Free-Electron Laser Operation 193 11.2.1 Wavelength Versatility for Free-Electron Laser 194 11.2.2 Electron Bunching for Stimulated Emission in Free-Electron Laser 197 11.3 Description of High- and Low-Power Demonstrations 199 11.3.1 Proposed Airborne Free-Electron Laser 199 11.3.2 Demonstration of Low-Power System for Free-Electron Maser at 8–12 GHz 200 11.3.3 Achieving Low Frequencies with FELs 200 11.3.4 Range of Tuning 203 11.3.5 Design of Magnetic Wiggler 203 III Applications to Protect Against Military Threats 205 12 Laser Protection from Missiles 207 12.1 Protecting from Missiles and Nuclear-Tipped ICBMs 208 12.1.1 Introducing Lasers to Protect from Missiles 208 12.1.2 Protecting from Nuclear-Tipped ICBMs 209 12.2 The Airborne Laser Program for Protecting from ICBMs 212 12.2.1 Lasers in Airborne Laser 212 12.2.2 Incorporating Adaptive Optics for Main Beam Cleanup into Airborne Laser 213 12.2.3 Incorporating Adaptive Optics to Compensate for Atmospheric Turbulence in ABL 215 12.2.4 Illuminating Lasers for Selecting Target Aim Point 215 12.2.5 Nose Turret 217 12.2.6 Challenges Encountered in the ABL Program 217 12.2.7 Modeling Adaptive Optics and Tracking for Airborne Laser 219 12.3 Protecting from Homing Missiles 223 12.3.1 Threat to Aircraft from Homing Missiles 223 12.3.2 Overview of On-Aircraft Laser Countermeasure System 224 12.3.3 Operation of Countermeasure Subsystems 227 12.3.4 Protecting Aircraft from Ground-Based Missiles 228 12.4 Protecting Assets from Missiles 228 13 Laser to Address Threat of New Nuclear Weapons 231 13.1 Laser Solution to Nuclear Weapons Threat 231 13.1.1 Main Purpose of U.S. and International Efforts 231 13.1.2 Benefits of Massive Laser Project 232 13.1.3 About the NIF Laser 232 13.2 Description of National Infrastructure Laser 233 13.2.1 Structure of the NIF Laser 233 14 Protecting Assets from Directed Energy Lasers 237 14.1 Laser Characteristics Estimated by Laser Warning Device 238 14.2 Laser Warning Devices 239 14.2.1 Grating for Simultaneously Estimating Direction and Frequency 240 14.2.2 Lens for Estimating Direction Only 242 14.2.3 Fizeau Interferometer 243 14.2.4 Integrated Array Waveguide Grating Optic Chip for Spectrum Analysis 245 14.2.5 Design of AWG for Laser Weapons 249 15 Lidar Protects from Chemical/Biological Weapons 251 15.1 Introduction to Lidar and Military Applications 252 15.1.1 Other Military Applications for Lidar 252 15.2 Description of Typical Lidar System 253 15.2.1 Laser 253 15.2.2 Cassegrain Transmit/Receive Antennas 254 15.2.3 Receiver Optics and Detector 254 15.2.4 Lidar Equation 255 15.3 Spectrometers 257 15.3.1 Fabry–Perot-Based Laboratory Optical Spectrum Analyzer 258 15.3.2 Diffraction-Based Spectrometer 258 15.3.3 Grating Operation in Spectrometer 260 15.3.4 Grating Efficiency 261 15.4 Spectroscopic Lidar Senses Chemical Weapons 262 15.4.1 Transmission Detection of Chemical and Biological Materials 262 15.4.2 Scattering Detection of Chemical and Bacteriological Weapons Using Lidar 263 16 94 GHz Radar Detects/Tracks/Identifies Objects in Bad Weather 265 16.1 Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation Through Atmosphere 266 16.2 High-Resolution Inclement Weather 94 GHz Radar 267 16.2.1 94 GHz Radar System Description 267 16.2.2 Gyroklystron with Quasi-Optical Resonator 269 16.2.3 Overmoded Low 94 GHz Loss Transmission Line from Gyroklystron to Antenna 271 16.2.4 Quasi-Optical Duplexer 272 16.2.5 Antenna 273 16.2.6 Data Processing and Performance 273 16.3 Applications, Monitoring Space, High Doppler, and Low Sea Elevation 274 16.3.1 Monitoring Satellites in Low Earth Orbit 274 16.3.2 Problem of Detecting and Tracking Lower Earth Orbit Debris 275 16.3.3 Doppler Detection and Identification 276 16.3.4 Low Elevation Radar at Sea 276 17 Protecting from Terrorists with W-Band 277 17.1 Nonlethal Crowd Control with Active Denial System 278 17.2 Body Scanning for Hidden Weapons 279 17.3 Inspecting Unopened Packages 282 17.3.1 Principles for Proposed Unopened Package Inspection 283 17.4 Destruction and Protection of Electronics 284 17.4.1 Interfering or Destroying Enemy Electronics 285 17.4.2 Protecting Electronics from Electromagnetic Destruction 286 Bibliography 289 Index 299

Autorenportrait

ALASTAIR D. McAULAY, PHD, is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Lehigh University.Previously he was NCR professor and chairman of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Wright State University and program manager in the Central Research Laboratories of Texas Instruments. He has published more than 150 papers and his book Optical Computer Architectures, published by Wiley in 1991, has been used for courses around the world and reprinted several times. Contact the author at www.linkedin.com/in/alastairmcaulay

Back cover copy

A timely survey of current and proposed laser system technology for warfare With the rapidly changing nature of conflict today, laser system development has benefited from a new focus and urgency. Because laser beams can project energy over kilometers in microseconds—fast enough to eliminate most countermeasure responses—laser technology seems ideal for defense against modern weapons. Military Laser Technology for Defense: Technology for Revolutionizing 21st Century Warfare highlights recent advances in high-power lasers and impressive airborne demonstrations of laser weapons that show the enormous potential of laser technology to revolutionize twenty-first-century warfare. Including only unclassified or declassified information, the book focuses on military applications that involve propagation of laser beams through the atmosphere. Chapters cover: <ul> <li>Optical technology, including optical beams, interferometers, diffraction and propagation of laser light in the atmosphere <li>Laser technology including efficient ultra-high power lasers, such as the free-electron laser, that will have a major impact on future warfare <li>How laser technology can effectively mitigate six of the most pressing military threats of the twenty-first century including missiles, future nuclear weapons, directed beam weapons, chemical and biological attack, and terrorists, as well as imaging challenges in bad weather</li> </ul> Understanding these threats and their associated laser protection systems is critical for allocating resources because a balance is required between maintaining a strong economy, an effective infrastructure, and a capable military defense. Military Laser Technology for Defense will provide scientists, engineers, military planners, academic researchers and students with a comprehensive reference for the design and development of new laser systems and for strategic planning.