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<p><b>Preface xvii<br /> <br /> </b><b>Part I: LIGNOCELLULOSIC NATURAL POLYMERS BASED COMPOSITES<br /> <br /> </b><b>1 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: A Brief Overview 3<br /> </b><i>Manju Kumari Thakur, Aswinder Kumar Rana and Vijay Kumar Thakur<br /> <br /> </i>1.1 Introduction 3<br /> <br /> 1.2 Lignocellulosic Polymers: Source, Classification and Processing 4<br /> <br /> 1.3 Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers: Structure, Chemical Composition and  Properties 8<br /> <br /> 1.4 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Classification and Applications 10<br /> <br /> 1.5 Conclusions 13<br /> <br /> <b>2 Interfacial Adhesion in Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 17<br /> </b><i>E. Petinakis, L. Yu, G. Simon, X. Dai, Z. Chen and K. Dean<br /> <br /> </i>2.1 Introduction 17<br /> <br /> 2.2 PLA-Based Wood-Flour Composites 18<br /> <br /> 2.3 Optimizing Interfacial Adhesion in Wood-Polymer Composites 20<br /> <br /> 2.4 Evaluation of Interfacial Properties 30<br /> <br /> 2.5 Conclusions 34<br /> <br /> <b>3 Research on Cellulose-Based Polymer Composites in Southeast Asia 41<br /> </b><i>Riza Wirawan and S.M. Sapuan<br /> <br /> </i>3.1 Introduction 42<br /> <br /> 3.2 Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) 44<br /> <br /> 3.3 Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) 46<br /> <br /> 3.4 Durian (Durio Zibethinus) 49<br /> <br /> 3.5 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) 51<br /> <br /> 3.6 Summary 57<br /> <br /> <b>4 Hybrid Vegetable/Glass Fiber Composites 63<br /> </b><i>Sandro C. Amico, Jose R. M. d’Almeida, Laura H. de Carvalhoand Maria O. H. Cioffi<br /> <br /> </i>4.1 Introduction 63<br /> <br /> 4.2 Vegetable Fiber/Glass Fiber Thermoplastic Composites 67<br /> <br /> 4.3 Intra-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 69<br /> <br /> 4.4 Inter-Laminate Vegetable Fiber/glass Fiber Thermoset Composites 71<br /> <br /> 4.5 Concluding Remarks 75<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 76<br /> <br /> References 76<br /> <br /> <b>5 Flax-Based Reinforcement Requirements for Obtaining Structural and Complex Shape Lignocellulosic Polymer Composite Parts 83<br /> </b><i>Pierre Ouagne and Damien Soulat<br /> <br /> </i>5.1 Introduction 84<br /> <br /> 5.2 Experimental Procedures 86<br /> <br /> 5.3 Results and Discussion 90<br /> <br /> 5.4 Discussions 97<br /> <br /> 5.5 Conclusions 98<br /> <br /> <b>6 Typical Brazilian Lignocellulosic Natural Fibers as Reinforcement of Thermosetting and Thermoplastics Matrices 103<br /> </b><i>Patrícia C. Miléo, Rosineide M. Leão, Sandra M. Luz, George J. M. Rocha and Adilson R. Gonçalves<br /> <br /> </i>6.1 Introduction 104<br /> <br /> 6.2 Experimental 105<br /> <br /> 6.3 Results and Discussion 110<br /> <br /> 6.4 Conclusions 122<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 123<br /> <br /> <b>7 Cellulose-Based Starch Composites: Structure and Properties 125<br /> </b><i>Carmen-Alice Teacã, Ruxanda Bodîrlãu and Iuliana Spiridon<br /> <br /> </i>7.1 Introduction 125<br /> <br /> 7.2 Starch and Cellulose Biobased Polymers for Composite Formulations 126<br /> <br /> 7.3 Chemical Modification of Starch 127<br /> <br /> 7.4 Cellulose-Based Starch Composites 129<br /> <br /> 7.5 Conclusions/Perspectives 139<br /> <br /> <b>8 Spectroscopy Analysis and Applications of Rice Husk and Gluten Husk Using Computational Chemistry 147<br /> </b><i>Norma-Aurea Rangel-Vazquez, Virginia Hernandez-Montoya and Adrian Bonilla-Petriciolet<br /> <br /> </i>8.1 Introduction 148<br /> <br /> 8.2 Methodology 160<br /> <br /> 8.3 Results and Discussions 161<br /> <br /> 8.4 Conclusions 171<br /> <br /> <b>9 Oil Palm Fiber Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 175<br /> </b><i>S. Shinoj and R. Visvanathan<br /> <br /> </i>9.1 Introduction 176<br /> <br /> 9.2 Oil Palm Fiber 177<br /> <br /> 9.3 Oil Palm Fiber Composites 184<br /> <br /> 9.4 Conclusions 208<br /> <br /> <b>10 Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites: Processing, Characterization and Properties 213<br /> </b><i>Bryan L. S. Sipião, Lais Souza Reis, Rayane de Lima Moura Paiva, Maria Rosa Capri and Daniella R. Mulinari<br /> <br /> </i>10.1 Introduction 213<br /> <br /> 10.2 Palm Fibers 214<br /> <br /> 10.3 Pineapple Fibers 220<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 227<br /> <br /> <b>Part II: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED COMPOSITES<br /> <br /> </b><b>11 Agro-Residual Fibers as Potential Reinforcement Elements for Biocomposites 233<br /> </b><i>Nazire Deniz Yilmaz<br /> <br /> </i>11.1 Introduction 233<br /> <br /> 11.2 Fiber Sources 235<br /> <br /> 11.3 Fiber Extraction methods 239<br /> <br /> 11.4 Classification of Plant Fibers 246<br /> <br /> 11.5 Properties of Plant Fibers 247<br /> <br /> 11.6. Properties of Agro-Based Fibers 249<br /> <br /> 11.7 Modification of Agro-Based Fibers 258<br /> <br /> 11.8 Conclusion 266<br /> <br /> <b>12 Surface Modification Strategies for Cellulosic Fibers 271<br /> </b><i>Inderdeep Singh, Pramendra Kumar Bajpai<br /> <br /> </i>12.1 Introduction 271<br /> <br /> 12.2 Special Treatments during Primary Processing 273<br /> <br /> 12.3 Other Chemical Treatments 277<br /> <br /> 12.4 Conclusions 278<br /> <br /> <b>13 Effect of Chemical Functionalization on Functional Properties of Cellulosic</b> <b>Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 281<br /> </b><i>Ashvinder Kumar Rana, Amar Singh Singha, Manju Kumari Thakur and Vijay Kumar Thakur<br /> <br /> </i>13.1 Introduction 282<br /> <br /> 13.2 Chemical Functionalization of Cellulosic Fibers 283<br /> <br /> 13.3 Results and Discussion 284<br /> <br /> 13.4 Conclusion 297<br /> <br /> <b>14 Chemical Modification and Properties of Cellulose-Based Polymer Composites 301<br /> </b><i>Md. Saiful Islam, Mahbub Hasan and Mansor Hj. Ahmad @ Ayob<br /> <br /> </i>14.1 Introduction 302<br /> <br /> 14.2 Alkali Treatment 303<br /> <br /> 14.3 Benzene Diazonium Salt Treatment  306<br /> <br /> 14.4 o-hydroxybenzene Diazonium Salt Treatment 310<br /> <br /> 14.5 Succinic Anhydride Treatment 313<br /> <br /> 14.6 Acrylonitrile Treatment 317<br /> <br /> 14.7 Maleic Anhydride Treatment 318<br /> <br /> 14.8 Nanoclay Treatment 318<br /> <br /> 14.9 Some other Chemical Treatment with Natural Fibers 320<br /> <br /> 14.10 Conclusions 321<br /> <br /> <b>Part III: PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES    325<br /> <br /> </b><b>15 Weathering of Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites 327<br /> </b><i>Asim Shahzad and D. H. Isaac<br /> <br /> </i>15.1 Introduction 328<br /> <br /> 15.2 UV Radiation 330<br /> <br /> 15.3 Moisture 335<br /> <br /> 15.4 Testing of Weathering Properties 342<br /> <br /> 15.5 Studies on Weathering of LPCs 345<br /> <br /> 15.6 Conclusions 362<br /> <br /> <b>16 Effect of Layering Pattern on the Physical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Luffa/Coir Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Novolac Hybrid Composites 369<br /> </b><i>Sudhir Kumar Saw, Gautam Sarkhel and Arup Choudhury<br /> <br /> </i>16.1 Introduction 369<br /> <br /> 16.2 Experimental 373<br /> <br /> 16.3. Characterization of ENR-Based Luffa/Coir Hybrid Composites 374<br /> <br /> 16.4 Results and Discussion 376<br /> <br /> 16.5 Conclusions 383<br /> <br /> Acknowledgements 383<br /> <br /> <b>17 Fracture Mechanism of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCS): Observation and Analysis 385<br /> </b><i>Fatemeh Alavi, Amir Hossein Behravesh and Majid Mirzaei<br /> <br /> </i>17.1 Introduction 385<br /> <br /> 17.2 Fracture Mechanism 396<br /> <br /> 17.3 Toughness Characterization 398<br /> <br /> 17.4 Fracture Observation 400<br /> <br /> 17.5 Fracture Analysis 402<br /> <br /> 17.6 Conclusion 409<br /> <br /> <b>18 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites under Different Operating Environments 417<br /> </b><i>Inderdeep Singh, Kishore Debnath and Akshay Dvivedi<br /> <br /> </i>18.1 Introduction 417<br /> <br /> 18.2 Classification and Structure of Natural Fibers 419<br /> <br /> 18.3 Moisture Absorption Behavior of Biocomposites 421<br /> <br /> 18.4 Mechanical Characterization of Biocomposites in a Humid Environment 423<br /> <br /> 18.5 Oil Absorption Behavior and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 424<br /> <br /> 18.6 UV-Irradiation and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties of Biocomposites 425<br /> <br /> 18.7 Mechanical Behavior of Biocomposites Subjected to Thermal Loading 426<br /> <br /> 18.8 Biodegradation Behavior and Mechanical Characterization of Soil Buried Biocomposites 428<br /> <br /> 18.9 Conclusions 429<br /> <br /> <b>Part IV: APPLICATIONS OF CELLULOSE/ POLYMER COMPOSITES 433<br /> <br /> </b><b>19 Cellulose Composites for Construction Applications 435<br /> </b><i>Catalina Gómez Hoyos and Analía Vazquez<br /> <br /> </i>19.1 Polymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 435<br /> <br /> 19.2 Portland Cement Matrix Reinforced with Natural Fibers for Construction Applications 440<br /> <br /> <b>20 Jute: An Interesting Lignocellulosic Fiber for New Generation Applications 453<br /> </b><i>Murshid Iman and Tarun K. Maji<br /> <br /> </i>20.1 Introduction 453<br /> <br /> 20.2 Reinforcing Biofibers 455<br /> <br /> 20.3 Biodegradable Polymers 465<br /> <br /> 20.4 Jute-Reinforced Biocomposites 466<br /> <br /> 20.5 Applications 468<br /> <br /> 20.6 Concluding Remarks 468<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 469<br /> <br /> <b>21 Cellulose-Based Polymers for Packaging Applications 477<br /> </b><i>Behjat Tajeddin<br /> <br /> </i>21.1 Introduction 477<br /> <br /> 21.2 Cellulose as a Polymeric Biomaterial 481<br /> <br /> 21.3 Cellulose as Coatings and Films Material 490<br /> <br /> 21.4 Nanocellulose or Cellulose Nanocomposites 492<br /> <br /> 21.5 Quality Control Tests 493<br /> <br /> 21.6 Conclusions 495<br /> <br /> <b>22 Applications of Kenaf-Lignocellulosic Fiber in Polymer Blends 499<br /> </b><i>Norshahida Sarifuddin and Hanafi Ismail<br /> <br /> </i>22.1 Introduction 499<br /> <br /> 22.2 Natural Fibers 500<br /> <br /> 22.3 Kenaf: Malaysian Cultivation 505<br /> <br /> 22.4 Kenaf Fibers and Composites 508<br /> <br /> 22.5 Kenaf Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)/Thermoplastic Sago Starch (TPSS) Blends 509<br /> <br /> 22.6 The Effects of Kenaf Fiber Treatment on the Properties of LDPE/TPSS Blends 512<br /> <br /> 22.7 Outlook and Future Trends 517<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement 517<br /> <br /> <b>23 Application of Natural Fiber as Reinforcement in Recycled Polypropylene Biocomposites 523<br /> </b><i>Sanjay K Nayak and Gajendra Dixit<br /> <br /> </i>23.1 Introduction 523<br /> <br /> 23.2 Recycled Polypropylene (RPP) – A matrix for Natural Fiber Composites 533<br /> <br /> 23.3 Natural Fiber-Based Composites – An Overview 534<br /> <br /> 23.4 Conclusion 545<br /> <br /> Index 551</p>

<p><b>Vijay Kumar Thakur</b>, Ph.D. is a staff scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineeringat Washington State University, U.S.A. He is editorial board member of several international journals including A<i>dvanced Chemistry Letters</i>, <i>Lignocelluloses</i>, <i>Drug Inventions Today</i> (Elsevier), <i>International Journal of Energy Engineering</i>, <i>Journal of Textile Science & Engineering</i> (U.S.A).<br />He also member of scientific bodies around the world. His former appointments include as a research scientist in Temasek Laboratories at Nanyang Technological University Singapore, visiting research fellow in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Lhu-Taiwan and post-doctorate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Iowa State University, USA.<br />In his academic career, he published more than 100 research articles, patent and conference proceedings in the field of polymers and materials science. He has published ten books and twenty-five book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers and materials science with numerous publishers. He has extensive expertise in the synthesis of natural and synthetic polymers, nano-materials, nanocomposites, biocomposites, graft copolymers, high performance capacitors and electrochromic materials.</p>

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