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Introduction to Modern Virology


Introduction to Modern Virology


7. Aufl.

von: Nigel J. Dimmock, Andrew J. Easton, Keith N. Leppard

52,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 28.12.2015
ISBN/EAN: 9781119094524
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 544

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Beschreibungen

<p>Praised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, <i>Introduction to Modern Virology</i> has been a successful student text for over 30 years. It provides a broad introduction to virology, which includes the nature of viruses, the interaction of viruses with their hosts and the consequences of those interactions that lead to the diseases we see.  This new edition contains a number of important changes and innovations including:</p> <ul> <li>The consideration of immunology now covers two chapters, one on innate immunity and the other on adaptive immunity, reflecting the explosion in knowledge of viral interactions with these systems. </li> <li>The coverage of vaccines and antivirals has been expanded and separated into two new chapters to reflect the importance of these approaches to prevention and treatment. </li> <li>Virus infections in humans are considered in more detail with new chapters on viral hepatitis, influenza, vector-borne diseases, and exotic and emerging viral infections, complementing an updated chapter on HIV.  </li> <li>The final section includes three new chapters on the broader aspects of the influence of viruses on our lives, focussing on the economic impact of virus infections, the ways we can use viruses in clinical and other spheres, and the impact that viruses have on the planet and almost every aspect of our lives.</li> </ul> <p>A good basic understanding of viruses is important for generalists and specialists alike. The aim of this book is to make such understanding as accessible as possible, allowing students across the biosciences spectrum to improve their knowledge of these fascinating entities.</p>
<p>Preface xvii</p> <p>About the companion website xix</p> <p><b>Part I The Nature of Viruses 1</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Towards a definition of a virus 3</b></p> <p>1.1 Discovery of viruses 4</p> <p>1.2 Multiplication of viruses 5</p> <p>1.3 The virus multiplication cycle 6</p> <p>1.4 Viruses can be defined in chemical terms 7</p> <p>1.5 Multiplication of bacterial and animal viruses is fundamentally similar 10</p> <p>1.6 Viruses can be manipulated genetically 11</p> <p>1.7 Properties of viruses 11</p> <p>1.8 Origin of viruses 12</p> <p>Key points 12</p> <p>Further reading 12</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 The structure of virus particles 13</b></p> <p>2.1 Virus particles are constructed from subunits 13</p> <p>2.2 The structure of filamentous viruses and nucleoproteins 14</p> <p>2.3 The structure is of isometric virus particles 15</p> <p>2.4 Enveloped (membrane-bound) virus particles 24</p> <p>2.5 Virus particles with head-tail morphology 27</p> <p>2.6 Frequency of occurrence of different virus particle morphologies 28</p> <p>2.7 Principles of disassemply: virus particles are metastable 28</p> <p>Key points 29</p> <p>Further reading 29</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Classification of viruses 30</b></p> <p>3.1 Classification on the basis of disease 30</p> <p>3.2 Classification on the basis of host organism 31</p> <p>3.3 Classification on the basis of virus particle morphology 31</p> <p>3.4 Classification on the basis of viral nucleic acids 32</p> <p>3.5 Classification on the basis of taxonomy 34</p> <p>3.6 Satellites, viroids and prions 35</p> <p>Key points 37</p> <p>Further reading 38</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 The evolution of viruses 39</b></p> <p>4.1 Mechanisms of virus evolution 40</p> <p>4.2 The potential for rapid evolution: mutation and quasispecies 40</p> <p>4.3 Rapid evolution: recombination 43</p> <p>4.4 Rapid evolution: reassortment 43</p> <p>4.5 Evolution to find a host, and subsequent co-evolution with the host 46</p> <p>Key points 51</p> <p>Questions 51</p> <p>Further reading 51</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Techniques for studying viruses 52</b></p> <p>5.1 Culturing wild virus isolates 52</p> <p>5.2 Enumeration of viruses 54</p> <p>5.3 Measuring infectious virus titres 55</p> <p>5.4 Measuring physical virus titres 57</p> <p>5.5 Detecting virus in a sample 58</p> <p>5.6 Understanding virus replication cycles 62</p> <p>5.7 Viral genetics and reverse genetics 63</p> <p>5.8 Systems-level virology 63</p> <p>Key points 65</p> <p>Questions 65</p> <p>Further reading 65</p> <p><b>Part II Virus Growth in Cells 67</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 6 The process of infection: I. Virus attachment and entry into cells 69</b></p> <p>6.1 Infection of animal cells: the nature and importance of receptors 69</p> <p>6.2 Infection of animal cells: enveloped viruses 73</p> <p>6.3 Infection of animal cells: non-enveloped viruses 78</p> <p>6.4 Infection of plant cells 80</p> <p>6.5 Infection of bacteria 81</p> <p>6.6 Infection of cells: post-entry events 82</p> <p>6.7 Virus entry: cell culture and the whole organism 84</p> <p>Key points 84</p> <p>Questions 84</p> <p>Further reading 85</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 The process of infection: IIA. The replication of viral DNA 86</b></p> <p>7.1 The universal mechanism of DNA synthesis 87</p> <p>7.2 Replication of circular double-stranded DNA genomes 90</p> <p>7.3 Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that can form circles 93</p> <p>7.4 Replication of linear double-stranded DNA genomes that do not circularize 96</p> <p>7.5 Replication of single-stranded circular DNA genomes 100</p> <p>7.6 Replication of single-stranded linear DNA genomes 100</p> <p>7.7 Dependency versus autonomy among DNA viruses 103</p> <p>Key points 103</p> <p>Questions 103</p> <p>Further reading 103</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 The process of infection: IIB. Genome replication in RNA viruses 105</b></p> <p>8.1 Nature and diversity of RNA virus genomes 106</p> <p>8.2 Regulatory elements for RNA virus genome synthesis 106</p> <p>8.3 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 3 viruses 111</p> <p>8.4 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 4 viruses 111</p> <p>8.5 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore class 5 viruses 115</p> <p>8.6 Synthesis of the RNA genome of viroids and hepatitis delta virus 118</p> <p>Key points 119</p> <p>Questions 119</p> <p>Further reading 119</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 The process of infection: IIC. The replication of RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate and vice versa 121</b></p> <p>9.1 The retrovirus replication cycle 122</p> <p>9.2 Discovery of reverse transcription 122</p> <p>9.3 Retroviral reverse transcriptase 123</p> <p>9.4 Mechanism of retroviral reverse transcription 125</p> <p>9.5 Integration of retroviral DNA into cell DNA 128</p> <p>9.6 Production of retrovirus progeny genomes 130</p> <p>9.7 Spumaviruses: retrovirus with unusual features 131</p> <p>9.8 The hepadnavirus replication cycle 131</p> <p>9.9 Mechanism of hepadnavirus reverse transcription 131</p> <p>9.10 Comparing reverse transcribing viruses 134</p> <p>Key points 134</p> <p>Questions 134</p> <p>Further reading 135</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 The process of infection: IIIA. Gene expression in DNA viruses and reverse-transcribing viruses 136</b></p> <p>10.1 The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore classes 1, 2, 6 and 7 137</p> <p>10.2 Polyomaviruses 138</p> <p>10.3 Papillomaviruses 142</p> <p>10.4 Adenoviruses 144</p> <p>10.5 Herpesviruses 147</p> <p>10.6 Poxviruses 149</p> <p>10.7 Parvoviruses 149</p> <p>10.8 Retroviruses 150</p> <p>10.9 Hepadnaviruses 153</p> <p>10.10 DNA bacteriophages 154</p> <p>Key points 154</p> <p>Questions 155</p> <p>Further reading 155</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 The process of infection: IIIB. Gene expression and its regulation in RNA viruses 156</b></p> <p>11.1 The RNA viruses: Baltimore classes 3, 4 and 5 157</p> <p>11.2 Reoviruses 158</p> <p>11.3 Picornaviruses 163</p> <p>11.4 Alphaviruses 164</p> <p>11.5 Coronaviruses 166</p> <p>11.6 Negative sense RNA viruses with segmented genomes 169</p> <p>11.7 Orthomyxoviruses 169</p> <p>11.8 Arenaviruses 173</p> <p>11.9 Negative sense RNA viruses with non-segmented, single stranded genomes: rhabdoviruses and paramyxoviruses 174</p> <p>Key points 177</p> <p>Questions 178</p> <p>Further reading 178</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 The process of infection: IV. The assembly of viruses 179</b></p> <p>12.1 Self-assembly from mature virion components 180</p> <p>12.2 Assembly of viruses with a helical structure 180</p> <p>12.3 Assembly of viruses with an isometric structure 184</p> <p>12.4 Assembly of complex viruses 187</p> <p>12.5 Sequence-dependent and -independent packaging of virus DNA in virus particles 189</p> <p>12.6 The assembly of enveloped viruses 190</p> <p>12.7 Segmented virus genomes: the acquisition of multiple nucleic acid molecules 194</p> <p>12.8 Maturation of virus particles 195</p> <p>Key points 196</p> <p>Questions 197</p> <p>Further reading 197</p> <p><b>Part III Virus Interactions with the Whole Organism 199</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Innate and intrinsic immunity 201</b></p> <p>13.1 Innate immune responses in vertebrates – discovery of interferon 202</p> <p>13.2 Induction of type 1 interferon responses 203</p> <p>13.3 Virus countermeasures to innate immunity 207</p> <p>13.4 TRIM proteins and immunity 209</p> <p>13.5 Intrinsic resistance to viruses in vertebrates 210</p> <p>13.6 Innate and intrinsic immunity and the outcome of infection 212</p> <p>13.7 RNAi is an important antiviral mechanism in invertebrates and plants 212</p> <p>13.8 Detecting and signalling infection in invertebrates and plants 214</p> <p>13.9 Virus resistance mechanisms in bacteria and archaea 215</p> <p>Key points 216</p> <p>Questions 217</p> <p>References 217</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 The adaptive immune response 218</b></p> <p>14.1 General features of the adaptive immune system 219</p> <p>14.2 Cell-mediated immunity 221</p> <p>14.3 Antibody-mediated humoral immunity 226</p> <p>14.4 Virus evasion of adaptive immunity 232</p> <p>14.5 Age and adaptive immunity 233</p> <p>14.6 Interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems 233</p> <p>Key points 234</p> <p>Questions 236</p> <p>Further reading 236</p> <p><b>Chapter 15 Interactions between animal viruses and cells 237</b></p> <p>15.1 Acutely cytopathogenic infections 238</p> <p>15.2 Persistent infections 238</p> <p>15.3 Latent infections 241</p> <p>15.4 Transforming infections 243</p> <p>15.5 Abortive infections 243</p> <p>15.6 Null infections 244</p> <p>15.7 How do animal viruses kill cells? 244</p> <p>Key points 246</p> <p>Questions 247</p> <p>Further reading 247</p> <p><b>Chapter 16 Animal virus–host interactions 248</b></p> <p>16.1 Cause and effect: Koch’s postulates 248</p> <p>16.2 A classification of virus–host interactions 249</p> <p>16.3 Acute infections 252</p> <p>16.4 Subclinical infections 253</p> <p>16.5 Persistent and chronic infections 254</p> <p>16.6 Latent infections 256</p> <p>16.7 Slowly progressive diseases 257</p> <p>16.8 Virus-induced tumours 258</p> <p>Key points 259</p> <p>Questions 260</p> <p>Further reading 260</p> <p><b>Chapter 17 Mechanisms in virus latency 261</b></p> <p>17.1 The latent interaction of virus and host 261</p> <p>17.2 Gene expression and the lytic and lysogenic life of bacteriophage λ 263</p> <p>17.3 Herpes simplex virus latency 270</p> <p>17.4 Epstein-Barr virus latency 274</p> <p>17.5 Latency in other herpesviruses 275</p> <p>17.6 HIV-1 latency 277</p> <p>Key points 277</p> <p>Questions 278</p> <p>Further reading 278</p> <p><b>Chapter 18 Transmission of viruses 279</b></p> <p>18.1 Virus transmission cycles 279</p> <p>18.2 Barriers to transmission 281</p> <p>18.3 Routes of horizontal transmission in animals 282</p> <p>18.4 Vertical transmission 285</p> <p>18.5 Vector-borne viruses and zoonotic transmission 287</p> <p>18.6 Epidemiology of virus infections 289</p> <p>18.7 Sustaining infection in populations 290</p> <p>Key points 291</p> <p>Questions 291</p> <p>Further reading 291</p> <p><b>Part IV Viruses and Human Disease 293</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 19 Human viral disease: an overview 295</b></p> <p>19.1 A survey of human viral pathogens 295</p> <p>19.2 Factors affecting the relative incidence of viral disease 297</p> <p>19.3 Factors determining the nature and severity of viral disease 299</p> <p>19.4 Common signs and symptoms of viral infection 301</p> <p>19.5 Acute viral infection 1: gastrointestinal infections 302</p> <p>19.6 Acute viral infection 2: respiratory infections 304</p> <p>19.7 Acute viral infection 3: systemic spread 306</p> <p>19.8 Acute viral disease: conclusions 306</p> <p>Key points 307</p> <p>Questions 308</p> <p>Further reading 308</p> <p><b>Chapter 20 Influenza virus infection 309</b></p> <p>20.1 The origins of human influenza viruses 309</p> <p>20.2 Influenza virus replication 315</p> <p>20.3 Influenza virus infection and disease 316</p> <p>20.4 Virus determinants of disease 321</p> <p>20.5 Host factors in influenza virus disease 322</p> <p>20.6 The immune response and influenza virus 323</p> <p>20.7 Anti-influenza treatment 324</p> <p>Key points 325</p> <p>Questions 326</p> <p>Further reading 326</p> <p><b>Chapter 21 HIV and AIDS 327</b></p> <p>21.1 Origins and spread of the HIV pandemic 327</p> <p>21.2 Molecular biology of HIV 330</p> <p>21.3 HIV transmission and tropism 338</p> <p>21.4 Course of HIV infection: pathogenesis and disease 339</p> <p>21.5 Immunological abnormalities during HIV infection 342</p> <p>21.6 Prevention and control of HIV infection 343</p> <p>Key points 345</p> <p>Questions 346</p> <p>Further reading 346</p> <p><b>Chapter 22 Viral hepatitis 347</b></p> <p>22.1 The signs and symptoms of hepatitis 347</p> <p>22.2 Hepatitis A virus infections 349</p> <p>22.3 Hepatitis E virus infections 350</p> <p>22.4 Hepatitis B virus infections 352</p> <p>22.5 Hepatitis D virus infections 355</p> <p>22.6 Hepatitis C virus infections 356</p> <p>Key points 359</p> <p>Questions 361</p> <p>Further reading 361</p> <p><b>Chapter 23 Vector-borne infections 362</b></p> <p>23.1 Arboviruses and their hosts 362</p> <p>23.2 Yellow fever virus 363</p> <p>23.3 Dengue virus 367</p> <p>23.4 Chikungunya virus 369</p> <p>23.5 West Nile virus in the USA 372</p> <p>Key points 375</p> <p>Questions 375</p> <p>Further reading 375</p> <p><b>Chapter 24 Exotic and emerging viral infections 376</b></p> <p>24.1 Ebola and Marburg viruses: emerging filoviruses 377</p> <p>24.2 Hendra and Nipah viruses: emerging paramyxoviruses 381</p> <p>24.3 SARS and MERS: emerging coronaviruses 383</p> <p>24.4 Predicting the future: clues from analysis of the genomes of previously unknown viruses 386</p> <p>Key points 386</p> <p>Questions 386</p> <p>Further reading 387</p> <p><b>Chapter 25 Carcinogenesis and tumour viruses 388</b></p> <p>25.1 Immortalization, transformation and tumourigenesis 389</p> <p>25.2 Oncogenic viruses 390</p> <p>25.3 Polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses and adenoviruses: the small DNA tumour viruses as experimental models 394</p> <p>25.4 Papillomaviruses and human cancer 398</p> <p>25.5 Polyomaviruses and human cancer 399</p> <p>25.6 Herpesvirus involvement in human cancers 400</p> <p>25.7 Retroviruses as experimental model tumour viruses 402</p> <p>25.8 Retroviruses and naturally-occurring tumours 404</p> <p>25.9 Hepatitis viruses and liver cancer 405</p> <p>25.10 Prospects for the control of virus-associated cancers 406</p> <p>Key points 407</p> <p>Questions 408</p> <p>Further reading 408</p> <p><b>Chapter 26 Vaccines and immunotherapy: the prevention of virus diseases 409</b></p> <p>26.1 The principles of vaccination 411</p> <p>26.2 Whole virus vaccines 412</p> <p>26.3 Advantages, disadvantages and difficulties associated with whole virus vaccines 415</p> <p>26.4 Subunit vaccines 420</p> <p>26.5 Advantages, disadvantages and difficulties associated with subunit vaccines 421</p> <p>26.6 Considerations for the generation and use of vaccines 422</p> <p>26.7 Adverse reactions and clinical complications with vaccines 423</p> <p>26.8 Eradication of virus diseases by vaccination 425</p> <p>26.9 Immunotherapy for virus infections 428</p> <p>26.10 Adverse reactions and clinical complications with immunotherapy 429</p> <p>Key points 429</p> <p>Questions 430</p> <p>Further reading 430</p> <p><b>Chapter 27 Antiviral therapy 431</b></p> <p>27.1 Scope and limitations of antiviral therapy 431</p> <p>27.2 Antiviral therapy for herpesvirus infections 432</p> <p>27.3 Antiviral therapy for influenza virus infections 434</p> <p>27.4 Antiviral therapy for HIV infections 435</p> <p>27.5 Antiviral therapy for hepatitis virus infections 439</p> <p>27.6 Therapy for other virus infections 440</p> <p>Key Points 441</p> <p>Questions 441</p> <p>Further Reading 442</p> <p><b>Chapter 28 Prion diseases 443</b></p> <p>28.1 The spectrum of prion diseases 443</p> <p>28.2 The prion hypothesis 444</p> <p>28.3 The aetiology of prion diseases 447</p> <p>28.4 Prion disease pathogenesis 448</p> <p>28.5 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 451</p> <p>28.6 BSE and the emergence of variant CJD 453</p> <p>28.7 Concerns about variant CJD in the future 454</p> <p>28.8 Unresolved issues 455</p> <p>Key points 456</p> <p>Questions 456</p> <p>Further reading 456</p> <p><b>Part V Virology – The Wider Context 459</b></p> <p><b>Chapter 29 The economic impact of viruses 461</b></p> <p>29.1 The economics of virus infections of humans 462</p> <p>29.2 The economics of virus infections of animals 464</p> <p>29.3 The economics of virus infections of plants 466</p> <p>29.4 The Netherlands tulip market crash 469</p> <p>Key points 470</p> <p>Further reading 470</p> <p><b>Chapter 30 Recombinant viruses: making viruses work for us 472</b></p> <p>30.1 Recombinant viruses as vaccines 473</p> <p>30.2 Recombinant viruses for gene therapy 474</p> <p>30.3 Retroviral vectors for gene therapy 476</p> <p>30.4 Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy 478</p> <p>30.5 Parvovirus vectors for gene therapy 480</p> <p>30.6 Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy 480</p> <p>30.7 Recombinant viruses in the laboratory 482</p> <p>Key points 482</p> <p>Questions 482</p> <p>Further reading 483</p> <p><b>Chapter 31 Viruses: shaping the planet 484</b></p> <p>31.1 Virus infections can give a host an evolutionary advantage 484</p> <p>31.2 Endogenous retroviruses and host biology 485</p> <p>31.3 Bacteriophage can be pathogenicity determinants for their hosts 488</p> <p>31.4 Cyanophage impacts on carbon fixation and oceanic ecosystems 488</p> <p>31.5 Virology and society: for good or ill 489</p> <p>Key points 490</p> <p>Questions 490</p> <p>Further reading 490</p> <p>Index 491</p>
<p><strong>Nigel Dimmock</strong> is an internationally acclaimed virologist who has spent the major part of his career at the University of Warwick where he is an emeritus Professor. His main research interests are influenza virus and antiviral strategies. <p><strong>Andrew Easton</strong> is a Professor of Virology at the University of Warwick. His research focuses on the molecular biology and pathogenesis of respiratory viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus and the control of translation of virus mRNA. <p><strong>Keith Leppard</strong> is an Associate Professor (Reader) at the University of Warwick. His research focuses on adenoviruses: their replication, the effects of viral proteins on the host cell, and on the development of the virus as a gene delivery vehicle.

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