Details

Harmful Algal Blooms


Harmful Algal Blooms

A Compendium Desk Reference
1. Aufl.

von: Sandra E. Shumway, JoAnn M. Burkholder, Steven L. Morton

256,99 €

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 17.05.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9781118994696
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 696

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Beschreibungen

<p><i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference</i> provides basic information on harmful algal blooms (HAB) and references for individuals in need of technical information when faced with unexpected or unknown harmful algal events. Chapters in this volume will provide readers with information on causes of HAB, successful management and monitoring programs, control, prevention, and mitigation strategies, economic consequences of HAB, associated risks to human health, impacts of HAB on food webs and ecosystems, and detailed information on the most common HAB species.   </p> <p><i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference</i> will be an invaluable resource to managers, newcomers to the field, those who do not have easy or affordable access to scientific literature, and individuals who simply do not know where to begin searching for the information needed, especially when faced with novel and unexpected HAB events. </p> <p>Edited by three of the world's leading harmful algal bloom researchers and with contributions from leading experts, <i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference </i>will be a key source of information for this increasingly important topic.</p>
<p>List of Contributors xvii</p> <p>Acknowledgments xxi</p> <p>Introduction xxiii</p> <p><b>1 Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms 1<br /></b><i>Patricia M. Glibert and JoAnn M. Burkholder</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 “Getting There”: The Classic Perspective on Introduced Species and Links to Cultural Eutrophication 2</p> <p>1.2.1 Introduced Species 2</p> <p>1.2.2 Anthropogenically Introduced Nutrients 3</p> <p>1.3 “Being There”: Blooms and Why They Succeed 5</p> <p>1.3.1 Nutrient-Related HAB 5</p> <p>1.3.2 Resource Ratios, Nutrient Stoichiometry, and Optimal Nutrient Ratios 6</p> <p>1.3.3 Diversity in Use of Forms of Nitrogen 9</p> <p>1.3.4 Toxicity 10</p> <p>1.3.5 Mixotrophy: Use of “Packaged” and Dissolved Particulate Nutrients 12</p> <p>1.3.6 Other Adaptations 13</p> <p>1.4 “Staying There”: Links to Physical Structure and Climate 14</p> <p>1.4.1 Physical Structure: Large-Scale and Small-Scale Natural Hydrological Features 14</p> <p>1.4.2 Physical Dynamics: Anthropogenic Hydrological Changes 15</p> <p>1.4.3 Reinforcing Feedbacks 16</p> <p>1.4.3.1 Trophic Disruptions 16</p> <p>1.4.3.2 Biogeochemical Alterations 17</p> <p>1.4.4 Climate Change 18</p> <p>1.5 Conclusions 20</p> <p>Acknowledgments 21</p> <p>References 21</p> <p><b>2 Detection and Surveillance of Harmful Algal Bloom Species and Toxins 39<br /></b><i>Gregory J. Doucette, Linda K. Medlin, Pearse McCarron, and Philipp Hess</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 39</p> <p>2.2 Organism Detection 41</p> <p>2.2.1 Visual/Optical 41</p> <p>2.2.1.1 Light Microscopy (LM)/Utermöhl’s 41</p> <p>2.2.1.2 Light Microscopy/Flow Cytometry 41</p> <p>2.2.1.3 <i>In Vivo</i> Fluorometry 42</p> <p>2.2.1.4 Spectral Absorbance/Spectroradiometry 43</p> <p>2.2.2 Molecular 43</p> <p>2.2.2.1 Whole Cell Format 44</p> <p>2.2.2.2 Cell-Free Format 47</p> <p>2.3 Toxin Detection 51</p> <p>2.3.1 <i>In Vivo</i> Assays 53</p> <p>2.3.1.1 Rat Bioassay 58</p> <p>2.3.1.2 Mouse Bioassay 58</p> <p>2.3.2 <i>In Vitro</i> Assays 59</p> <p>2.3.2.1 Functional Assays 60</p> <p>2.3.2.2 Structural Assays 66</p> <p>2.3.2.3 Biosensors 71</p> <p>2.3.3 Analytical Techniques 72</p> <p>2.3.3.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Optical Detection (UV or FLD) 73</p> <p>2.3.3.2 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) 75</p> <p>2.3.3.3 Other Analytical Methods: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF), and Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI) 78</p> <p>2.3.3.4 Perspectives 79</p> <p>2.4 Autonomous, In Situ Technologies 80</p> <p>2.4.1 Environmental Sample Processor (McLane Research Laboratories) 81</p> <p>2.4.2 Imaging Flow Cytobot (McLane Research Laboratories) 83</p> <p>2.4.3 Optical Phytoplankton Discriminator (aka BreveBuster; Mote Marine Laboratory) 84</p> <p>2.4.4 CytoBuoy (CytoBuoy b.v.) 85</p> <p>2.4.5 SPATT Passive Samplers 86</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 87</p> <p>Disclaimer 89</p> <p>References and Further Reading 89</p> <p><b>3 Modeling Marine Harmful Algal Blooms: Current Status and Future Prospects 115<br /></b><i>Kevin J. Flynn and Dennis J. McGillicuddy, Jr.</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 115</p> <p>3.2 Building Models to Describe Ecological Events 117</p> <p>3.3 Limitations to What Models Can Do, and Why 119</p> <p>3.3.1 Building Models 119</p> <p>3.3.2 Model Complexity 119</p> <p>3.3.3 The Need for Data 120</p> <p>3.3.4 Validating Models 121</p> <p>3.4 Modeling T-HAB and ED-HAB Events 121</p> <p>3.5 How Good Are Current HAB Models? 122</p> <p>3.6 Future Modeling of T-HAB and ED-HAB: Managing Expectations 128</p> <p>3.7 Improving Our Capabilities 129</p> <p>3.7.1 Changes in the Biological–Modeling Interface 129</p> <p>Acknowledgments 130</p> <p>References 130</p> <p><b>4 Harmful Algal Blooms and Shellfish 135<br /></b><i>Leila Basti, Hélène Hégaret, and Sandra E. Shumway</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 135</p> <p>4.2 Major Shellfish Poisonings 136</p> <p>4.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 136</p> <p>4.2.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 137</p> <p>4.2.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) 138</p> <p>4.2.4 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) 139</p> <p>4.2.5 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) 139</p> <p>4.3 Other Toxins: Pectenotoxins (PTX) and Yessotoxins (YTX) 140</p> <p>4.4 Emerging Shellfish Poisonings 141</p> <p>4.5 Toxin Uptake, Accumulation, and Depuration 142</p> <p>4.6 Shellfish Contamination in North America 143</p> <p>4.6.1 Bivalves 143</p> <p>4.6.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Contamination 143</p> <p>4.6.1.2 Diarrheic Shellfish Contamination 149</p> <p>4.6.1.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Contamination 150</p> <p>4.6.1.4 Amnesic Shellfish Contamination 151</p> <p>4.6.2 Gastropods 154</p> <p>4.6.3 Crustaceans 162</p> <p>4.7 Impacts on Shellfish 163</p> <p>4.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 164</p> <p>References and Further Reading 167</p> <p><b>5 Vulnerabilities of Marine Mammals to Harmful Algal Blooms 191<br /></b><i>Margaret H. Broadwater, Frances M. Van Dolah, and Spencer E. Fire</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 191</p> <p>5.2 Overview of Algal Toxins 192</p> <p>5.2.1 Brevetoxins 193</p> <p>5.2.2 Ciguatoxins 199</p> <p>5.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins 200</p> <p>5.2.4 Domoic Acid 201</p> <p>5.2.5 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins 206</p> <p>5.2.6 Other Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins 209</p> <p>5.3 Impacts of Algal Toxins Specific to Marine Mammals 210</p> <p>5.3.1 The Effects of Toxin Exposure Depend on Animal Physiology and Behavior 210</p> <p>5.3.2 Emerging Issues: Non-acute and Multiple Toxin Exposure 211</p> <p>5.3.3 Prospects for Managing Impacts of HAB 211</p> <p>5.4 Considerations for the Evaluation of HAB Toxins in Marine Mammals 212</p> <p>5.4.1 Sampling Marine Mammals for HAB Toxin Analysis 213</p> <p>5.4.2 Priority Needs for Investigating HAB Toxin Involvement in Marine Mammal Morbidity and Mortality 214</p> <p>Abbreviations 214</p> <p>References and Further Reading 215</p> <p><b>6 Interactions between Seabirds and Harmful Algal Blooms 223<br /></b><i>Corinne M. Gibble and Brian A. Hoover</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 223</p> <p>6.2 Historical Interactions between HAB and Seabirds 224</p> <p>6.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 224</p> <p>6.2.2 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) 227</p> <p>6.2.3 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning 228</p> <p>6.2.4 <i>Akashiwo sanguinea</i> 228</p> <p>6.2.5 Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 229</p> <p>6.2.6 CyanoHAB 230</p> <p>6.3 Improved Monitoring and Establishment of Causality 231</p> <p>6.3.1 Coordinating Monitoring and Pathology to Confirm Relationships between HAB and Seabird Mortality 231</p> <p>6.3.2 Seabirds as Biological Indicators 233</p> <p>6.4 Implications for Conservation 234</p> <p>References 235</p> <p><b>7 Food Web and Ecosystem Impacts of Harmful Algae 243<br /></b><i>JoAnn M. Burkholder, Sandra E. Shumway, and Patricia M. Glibert</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 243</p> <p>7.2 Approaches, Pitfalls, Progress, and Goals 277</p> <p>7.3 High-Biomass Algal Blooms 279</p> <p>7.4 Emerging Recognition of the Roles of Allelochemicals 282</p> <p>7.4.1 Microalgae 283</p> <p>7.4.2 Thalloid Macroalgae 285</p> <p>7.4.3 Filamentous Mat-Forming Macroalgae 287</p> <p>7.5 Toxigenic Algae in Aquatic Food Webs 287</p> <p>7.5.1 Toxic <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Blooms across North America 289</p> <p>7.5.2 Toxic <i>Prymnesium parvum</i> Blooms and Fish Communities in Two Texas Rivers 290</p> <p>7.5.3 Toxic <i>Pseudo-nitzschia</i> Blooms in Coastal Upwelling Areas 292</p> <p>7.5.4 Toxic <i>Alexandrium</i> Blooms in the Northeast 292</p> <p>7.5.5 Toxic <i>Karenia brevis</i> Blooms along the Florida Coast 293</p> <p>7.6 Ecosystem-Disruptive Algal Blooms 294</p> <p>7.7 Future Directions 295</p> <p>Appendix A: Scientific Names for Organisms Listed by Common Name in This Chapter, Also Indicating Species Affected by<i> Karenia brevis</i> (Kb) 297</p> <p>References and Further Reading 301</p> <p><b>8 Assessing the Economic Consequences of Harmful Algal Blooms: A Summary of Existing Literature, Research Methods, Data, and Information Gaps 337<br /></b><i>Charles M. Adams, Sherry L. Larkin, Porter Hoagland, and Brian Sancewich</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 337</p> <p>8.2 Overview 338</p> <p>8.3 Research Methodologies 338</p> <p>8.4 Sources and Types of Data 347</p> <p>8.5 Spatial and Temporal Scopes 348</p> <p>8.6 Nature of the Hazard 349</p> <p>8.7 Current Research Gaps 350</p> <p>8.8 Conclusion 351</p> <p>Acknowledgments 351</p> <p>References and Further Reading 351</p> <p><b>9 Public Health and Epidemiology 355<br /></b><i>Lynn M. Grattan, Joe Schumacker, Andrew Reich, and Sailor Holobaugh</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 355</p> <p>9.2 What Is Public Health and Epidemiology? 355</p> <p>9.3 HAB and Human Illness 356</p> <p>9.3.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 357</p> <p>9.3.1.1 Exposure 357</p> <p>9.3.1.2 Clinical Symptoms 361</p> <p>9.3.1.3 Treatment 361</p> <p>9.3.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) 361</p> <p>9.3.2.1 Exposure 361</p> <p>9.3.2.2 Clinical Syndrome 361</p> <p>9.3.2.3 Treatment 362</p> <p>9.3.3 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) 362</p> <p>9.3.3.1 Exposure 362</p> <p>9.3.3.2 Clinical Illness 363</p> <p>9.3.3.3 Treatment 363</p> <p>9.3.4 Brevetoxin Inhalation Syndrome (BIS) 363</p> <p>9.3.4.1 Exposure 363</p> <p>9.3.4.2 Clinical Illness 363</p> <p>9.3.4.3 Treatment 363</p> <p>9.3.5 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) 363</p> <p>9.3.5.1 Exposure 363</p> <p>9.3.5.2 Clinical Syndrome 364</p> <p>9.3.5.3 Treatment 364</p> <p>9.3.6 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) 364</p> <p>9.3.6.1 Exposure 364</p> <p>9.3.6.2 Clinical Illness 364</p> <p>9.3.6.3 Treatment 365</p> <p>9.3.7 Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) 365</p> <p>9.3.7.1 Exposure 365</p> <p>9.3.7.2 Clinical Syndrome 366</p> <p>9.3.7.3 Treatment 366</p> <p>9.3.8 Toxic Cyanobacteria 366</p> <p>9.3.8.1 Exposure 366</p> <p>9.3.8.2 Clinical Syndromes 366</p> <p>9.3.8.3 Treatment 366</p> <p>9.4 The HAB Manager’s Role in Preventing HAB-Related Illnesses 367</p> <p>9.4.1 HAB Management Exemplars 367</p> <p>9.4.2 The Native American Perspective from Washington State, USA: Domoic Acid and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins 367</p> <p>9.4.2.1 Background 367</p> <p>9.4.2.2 Tribal Capacity and Inclusion 369</p> <p>9.4.2.3 Lessons Learned 369</p> <p>9.4.3 The Florida Department of Health Perspective 369</p> <p>9.4.3.1 Harmful Algal Blooms 370</p> <p>9.5 HAB-Related Stressors and Human Resilience 370</p> <p>9.6 Conclusion 371</p> <p>References and Further Reading 371</p> <p><b>10 Marine Biotoxin and Harmful Algae Monitoring and Management 377<br /></b><i>Gregg W. Langlois and Steve L. Morton</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 377</p> <p>10.2 Identifying Sampling Program Needs 383</p> <p>10.3 Developing a Sampling Program for Shellfish Monitoring 384</p> <p>10.3.1 Shellfish Sampling Stations 384</p> <p>10.3.2 Monitoring Shellfish Toxicity 386</p> <p>10.4 Developing a Sampling Program for Phytoplankton Monitoring 388</p> <p>10.4.1 Phytoplankton Sampling Stations 388</p> <p>10.4.2 Monitoring Phytoplankton 389</p> <p>10.5 Monitoring Other Fisheries 394</p> <p>10.6 Novel Approaches and Advanced Tools to Enhance Monitoring Programs 396</p> <p>10.6.1 Diversifying Program Participation: Volunteer Monitors 396</p> <p>10.6.2 Field Testing for Toxins: PSP and ASP 399</p> <p>10.6.3 Screening Tests for Toxins: DSP and PSP 401</p> <p>10.6.4 SPATT 401</p> <p>10.6.5 Oceanographic Data 402</p> <p>10.7 Management Considerations 408</p> <p>10.7.1 Commercial Shellfish 408</p> <p>10.7.2 Recreational Shellfishing 411</p> <p>10.8 Phytoplankton Sampling Protocol Examples 413</p> <p>10.9 HAB Forecasting Links 413</p> <p>Acknowledgments 413</p> <p>References and Further Reading 413</p> <p><b>11 Harmful Algal Bloom Education and Outreach 419<br /></b><i>Mare Timmons, Mary Sweeney-Reeves, and Steve L. Morton</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 419</p> <p>11.2 K–12 Education 426</p> <p>11.3 Web-Based and Distance Learning Education 427</p> <p>11.4 Citizen Science 428</p> <p>11.4.1 Contributions of Citizen Science 429</p> <p>11.4.2 Connecting Citizen Science to Ocean Learning 431</p> <p>11.4.2.1 Safety 431</p> <p>11.4.2.2 Training Sessions 431</p> <p>11.5 Conclusion 432</p> <p>References and Further Reading 432</p> <p><b>12 Prevention, Control, and Mitigation of Harmful Algal Bloom Impacts on Fish, Shellfish, and Human Consumers 435<br /></b><i>Kevin G. Sellner and J.E. (Jack) Rensel</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 435</p> <p>12.2 HAB Prevention 435</p> <p>12.2.1 Aquaculture Site Selection or Relocation 435</p> <p>12.2.2 Nutrient Load Reductions 436</p> <p>12.2.3 Phytoplankton Mixing, Increasing Turbulence, and Decreasing Residence Times (Mostly Freshwater Systems) 440</p> <p>12.2.4 Reducing HA Introductions 441</p> <p>12.3 Preventing and Reducing HAB Impacts on Shellfish and Fish 442</p> <p>12.3.1 Preventing Human and Animal Exposures 442</p> <p>12.3.1.1 Shellfish and Finfish Monitoring 442</p> <p>12.3.1.2 Depuration and Detoxification 444</p> <p>12.3.1.3 Food Processing 444</p> <p>12.3.1.4 Cooking 445</p> <p>12.3.1.5 Aerosols 445</p> <p>12.3.1.6 Medical Treatments 445</p> <p>12.4 HAB Controls 445</p> <p>12.4.1 Protections 445</p> <p>12.4.2 Biomass Removal 446</p> <p>12.4.3 Capping 446</p> <p>12.4.4 Nutrient Trapping in Sediments 446</p> <p>12.4.5 Reductions of Algal Resting Stages (Cysts) 446</p> <p>12.5 Mitigation of HAB 447</p> <p>12.5.1 Detection 447</p> <p>12.5.2 Chemical Additions 448</p> <p>12.5.3 Flocculation 451</p> <p>12.5.4 Barely Straw (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) 454</p> <p>12.5.5 Other Treatments 455</p> <p>12.5.5.1 UV Exposure 455</p> <p>12.5.5.2 Cavitation 455</p> <p>12.5.5.3 Ultrasound 455</p> <p>12.5.5.4 Electrolysis 456</p> <p>12.5.5.5 Hydraulics and Mixing 456</p> <p>12.5.5.6 Biological Controls 456</p> <p>12.6 Shellfish 458</p> <p>12.7 Fish Mariculture 459</p> <p>12.7.1 HAB Mitigation for Fish Mariculture 459</p> <p>12.7.2 Best Management Practices for Fish Mariculture Siting, Including HAB and Eutrophication Issues 460</p> <p>12.7.2.1 Local Land Use 460</p> <p>12.7.2.2 Plankton Monitoring and Water Quality Assessments 460</p> <p>12.7.2.3 Physical Hydrographic Considerations 461</p> <p>12.7.2.4 Vertical Mixing Considerations 461</p> <p>12.7.3 Mitigation of HAB at Fish Mariculture Facilities 461</p> <p>12.7.4 HAB Mitigation Methods for Fish Mariculture 462</p> <p>12.7.4.1 Feeding and Handling Practices 462</p> <p>12.8 Conclusions 470</p> <p>Acknowledgments 474</p> <p>References 474</p> <p>Further Reading 492</p> <p><b>13 Harmful Algae Introductions: Vectors of Transfer, Mitigation, and Management 493<br /></b><i>Shauna Murray and Gustaaf Hallegraeff</i></p> <p>13.1 Summary 493</p> <p>13.2 The Biogeographic Ranges of Harmful Algal Bloom Species 493</p> <p>13.3 Vectors of Transfer 494</p> <p>13.3.1 Natural Factors 494</p> <p>13.3.2 Ballast Water 494</p> <p>13.3.3 Translocation of Aquaculture Products 494</p> <p>13.4 Molecular Evidence for Introductions of New Species to a Region 494</p> <p>13.4.1 The Stalk-Forming Freshwater Fouling Diatom Didymosphenia geminata 495</p> <p>13.4.2 <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> and A.<i> minutum</i> in European and Japanese Waters 496</p> <p>13.4.3 <i>Gymnodinium catenatum</i> in Australia and Europe 497</p> <p>13.5 Prevention and Risk Reduction 498</p> <p>13.5.1 Code of Practice on Translocation with Aquaculture Products 498</p> <p>13.5.2 Warning for HAB in Ballast Water-Uptake Zones and When Translocating Aquaculture Products 498</p> <p>13.5.3 Ballast Water Management 498</p> <p>13.5.4 Other Precautionary Measures 500</p> <p>13.6 Emergency Treatment Options 501</p> <p>References 502</p> <p><b>14 Culture and Culture Collections 507<br /></b><i>Gary H. Wikfors and Steve L. Morton</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 507</p> <p>14.2 Step 1: Sampling the Environment 507</p> <p>14.3 Step 2: Processing a Field Sample in the Laboratory to Confirm Presence of the Target Organism 509</p> <p>14.4 Step 3: From Spark to Flame 511</p> <p>14.5 Step 4: Long-Term Perpetuation of HAB Cultures 511</p> <p>14.6 Epilogue 512</p> <p>Further Reading 513</p> <p><b>15 Harmful Macroalgal Blooms in a Changing World: Causes, Impacts, and Management 515<br /></b><i>Brian E. Lapointe, JoAnn M. Burkholder, and Kathryn L. Van Alstyne</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 515</p> <p>15.2 Freshwater and Other Inland Macroalgae 516</p> <p>15.3 Estuarine and Coastal Marine Macroalgae 519</p> <p>15.4 Influences on Bloom Development 525</p> <p>15.5 Nutrient Pollution 525</p> <p>15.5.1 Sources 525</p> <p>15.5.2 Indicators of Nutrient Pollution and Nutrient Sources 526</p> <p>15.6 Uptake/Adsorption of Other Contaminants 526</p> <p>15.7 Impacts on Human Health: Macroalgae as Substrata for Pathogens 527</p> <p>15.8 Non-native Invasions 528</p> <p>15.9 Ecological and Ecosystem-Level Impacts 529</p> <p>15.9.1 Regime Shifts 530</p> <p>15.9.2 Freshwater Macroalgal HAB 532</p> <p>15.9.2.1 Filamentous Cyanobacteria 532</p> <p>15.9.2.2 Filamentous Green Algae 533</p> <p>15.9.3 Estuarine and Coastal Marine HAB 534</p> <p>15.10 Effects of Blooms on the Chemistry of the Oceans and the Atmosphere 535</p> <p>15.10.1 Changes to Carbonate Chemistry and pH 535</p> <p>15.10.2 Release of Materials and Chemicals into Seawater 536</p> <p>15.10.3 Release of Volatile Compounds 537</p> <p>15.11 Management Strategies 537</p> <p>15.12 Economic Impacts 539</p> <p>15.13 Recycling Macroalgae Biomass 541</p> <p>15.14 Forecast 542</p> <p>References and Further Reading 542</p> <p><b>16 Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheets 561</b></p> <p><i>Alexandrium 563<br /></i><i>Allan D. Cembella</i></p> <p><i>Amphidomataceae 575<br /></i><i>Urban Tillmann</i></p> <p><i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> Hargraves et Sieburth & <i>Aureoumbra lagunensis</i> DeYoe et Stockwell – Brown Tides 583<br /><i>Christopher J. Gobler</i></p> <p><i>Ceratium furca</i> (Ehrenberg) Claparede & Lachmann 585<br /><i>Steve L. Morton</i></p> <p><i>Chattonella marina</i> 587<br /><i>Carmelo R. Tomas</i></p> <p><i>Cochlodinium</i> – Rust Tide 589<br /><i>Christopher J. Gobler</i></p> <p><i>Cyanobacteria 591<br /></i>JoAnn M. Burkholder, Christopher J. Gobler, and Judith M. O’Neil <br /><br /><i>Dinophysis 597<br /></i><i>Steve L. Morton</i></p> <p><i>Fibrocapsa japonica 599<br /></i><i>Carmelo R. Tomas</i></p> <p><i>Gambierdiscus 601<br /></i><i>Michael L. Parsons, Mindy L. Richlen, and Alison Robertson</i></p> <p><i>Gymnodinium catenatum 605<br /></i><i>Allan D. Cembella and Christine J. Band-Schmidt</i></p> <p><i>Heterosigma akashiwo 613<br /></i><i>Carmelo R. Tomas</i></p> <p><i>Karenia brevis</i> (Davis) Hansen et Moestrup – Florida Red Tide 615<br /><i>Larry E. Brand</i></p> <p><i>Ostreopsis 617<br /></i><i>Michael L. Parsons, Mindy L. Richlen, and Alison Robertson</i></p> <p><i>Pfiesteria piscicida</i> Steidinger & Burkholder and <i>Pfiesteria shumwayae</i> Glasgow & Burkholder 621<br /><i>JoAnn M. Burkholder and Harold G. Marshall</i></p> <p><i>Prorocentrum 625<br /></i><i>Patricia M. Glibert and JoAnn M. Burkholder</i></p> <p><i>Prymnesium parvum</i> (Carter) – “Golden Algae” 629<br /><i>Daniel L. Roelke and Schonna R. Manning</i></p> <p><i>Pseudo-nitzschia – seriata</i> group; <i>delicatissima</i> group 633<br /><i>Raphael Kudela</i></p> <p><i>Takayama 637<br /></i><i>Larry E. Brand</i></p> <p>Appendix 1 Websites That Routinely Distribute Bulletins on the Presence of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) for Public Health 639</p> <p>Appendix 2 State Agencies Providing Information and Updates on Toxic and Harmful Algal Blooms and Water Quality 641</p> <p>Appendix 3 List of General Web Resources 645</p> <p>Index 647</p> <p> </p>
<p><b>Sandra E. Shumway</b>, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA.</p> <p><b>JoAnn M. Burkholder</b>, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.</p> <p><b>Steven L. Morton</b>, NOAA National Ocean Service, Charleston, SC, USA.</p>
<p><i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference</i> provides basic information on harmful algal blooms (HAB) and references for individuals in need of technical information when faced with unexpected or unknown harmful algal events. Chapters in this volume will provide readers with information on causes of HAB, successful management and monitoring programs, control, prevention, and mitigation strategies, economic consequences of HAB, associated risks to human health, impacts of HAB on food webs and ecosystems, and detailed information on the most common HAB species.</p> <p><i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference</i> will be an invaluable resource to managers, newcomers to the field, those who do not have easy or affordable access to scientific literature, and individuals who simply do not know where to begin searching for the information needed, especially when faced with novel and unexpected HAB events.</p> <p>Edited by three of the world's leading harmful algal researchers and with contributions from leading experts, <i>Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference</i> will be a key source of information for this increasingly important topic.</p>

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