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<p>Preface xix</p> <p><b>1 Design and Manufacturing of High-Performance Green Composites Based on Renewable Materials 1</b><br /><i>Katharina Resch, Andrea Klein, Silvia Lloret Pertegás and Ralf Schledjewski</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Bio-Based Epoxy Matrix – State of the Art 3</p> <p>1.3 Curing of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins – an Ecological Approach 10</p> <p>1.4 Natural Fibers 12</p> <p>1.4.1 Mechanical Performance of Bast Fibers 12</p> <p>1.5 Processing Routes 14</p> <p>1.6 Applications and Requirements 17</p> <p>1.7 Concluding Remarks 18</p> <p>Acknowledgement 18</p> <p>References 18</p> <p><b>2 Manufacturing of High Performance Biomass-Based Polyesters by Rheological Approach 25</b><br /><i>Masayuki Yamaguchi</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 25</p> <p>2.2 Linear Viscoelastic Properties 26</p> <p>2.3 Enhancement of Crystallization Rate 32</p> <p>2.4 Rheological Modification for Marked Melt Elasticity 38</p> <p>2.5 Conclusion 44</p> <p>Acknowledgments 44</p> <p>References 45</p> <p><b>3 Design of Fibrous Composite Materials for Saving Energy 49</b><br /><i>Zuzana Murèinková, Vladimír Kompiš, Pavel Adamèík, Slavomír Dobroviè and Jaromír Murèinko</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 49</p> <p>3.2 Microtermomechanical Fiber Composites Behavior 54</p> <p>3.3 Industrial Applications — Case Studies 74</p> <p>3.4 Conclusions 87</p> <p>References 88</p> <p><b>4 Design and Manufacturing of Bio-Based Sandwich Structures 93</b><br /><i>Maya Jacob John</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 93</p> <p>4.2 Bio-Based Core Materials 95</p> <p>4.3 Manufacture of Sandwich Panels 99</p> <p>4.4 Recent Studies on Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 101</p> <p>4.5 Applications of Bio-Based Sandwich Panels 107</p> <p>4.6 Conclusions 108</p> <p>References 108</p> <p>Contents vii</p> <p><b>5 Design and Manufacture of Biodegradable Products from Renewable Resources 111</b><br /><i>Mahmoud M. Farag</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 111</p> <p>5.2 Materials and Processes for Biodegradable Composites 112</p> <p>5.3 Performance of Biodegradable Composites Under Service Conditions 116</p> <p>5.4 Case Studies 118</p> <p>References 129</p> <p><b>6 Manufacturing and Characterization of Quicklime (CaO) Filled ZA-27 Metal Alloy Composites for Single-Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing 133</b><br /><i>Amar Patnaik, I.K.Bhat and Swati Gangwar</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 133</p> <p>6.2 Experimental Details 134</p> <p>6.3 Result and Discussions 144</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions 154</p> <p>Acknowledgement 155</p> <p>References 155</p> <p><b>7 Manufacturing of Composites From Chicken Feathers and Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 159</b><br /><i>Diana Samantha Villarreal Lucio, José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Valeria Rivas-Orta, Nancy Patricia Díaz-Zavala, Ulises Páramo-García, Nohra Violeta Gallardo Rivas and María Yolanda Chávez Cinco</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 159</p> <p>7.2 Experimental 164</p> <p>7.3 Results and Discussion 165</p> <p>7.4 Conclusions 172</p> <p>Acknowledgments 172</p> <p>References 172</p> <p><b>8 Production of Porous Carbons from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gels: Applications 175</b><br /><i>Luciano Tamborini, Paula Militello, Cesar Barbero and Diego Acevedo</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 175</p> <p>8.2 Synthesis of Aerogels 178</p> <p>8.3 Polymeric Gels From Renewable Raw Materials 180</p> <p>8.4 Carbonization of Polymeric Resins 182</p> <p>8.5 Drying the Polymeric Gel 182</p> <p>8.6 Gel Stabilization 185</p> <p>8.7 Pyrolysis of R-F Resins 188</p> <p>8.8 Applications of the Gels 188</p> <p>8.9 Conclusions 191</p> <p>References 192</p> <p><b>9 Composites Using Agricultural Wastes 197</b><br /><i>Taha Ashour</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 197</p> <p>9.2 Natural Fibres Classification 200</p> <p>9.3 Types of Plant Fibres 201</p> <p>9.4 Composite Mechanical Properties 211</p> <p>9.5 Industry Process of Some Biocomposites Using Agricultural Wastes 217</p> <p>References 235</p> <p><b>10 Manufacturing of Rice Waste-Based Natural Fiber Polymer Composites from Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Matrices 241</b><br /><i>Altaf H. Basta, Houssni El-Saied and Mohamed S. Hassanen</i></p> <p>10.1 General Introduction 241</p> <p>10.2 Scope Survey of Agro-Based NFPC Composites 243</p> <p>10.3 Optimizing the Conditions for Production of High Performance Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 248</p> <p>Acknowledgment 258</p> <p>References 259</p> <p><b>11 Thermoplastic Polymeric Composites and Polymers: Their Potentialities in a Dialogue Between Art and Technology 263</b><br /><i>Thais H. Sydenstricker Flores-Sahagun, Nivaldo Rodrigues Carneiro and Danelia Lee Flores-Sahagun</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 263</p> <p>11.2 Organic Beauty in 1998 265</p> <p>11.3 Organic Beauty and Other Sculptures in 2014 268</p> <p>11.4 Laboratory Experiences 276</p> <p>11.5 Final Remarks 282</p> <p>Acknowledgments 285</p> <p>References 285</p> <p><b>12 Natural Fiber Reinforced PLA Composites: Effect of Shape of Fiber Elements on Properties of Composites 287</b><br /><i>Tibor Alpár, Gábor Markó and László Koroknai</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 287</p> <p>12.2 Natural Reinforcers 290</p> <p>12.3 Element Morphology 293</p> <p>12.4 Continuous Fiber Reinforced PLA Composite 305</p> <p>References 309</p> <p><b>13 Rigid Closed-Cell PUR Foams Containing Polyols Derived from Renewable Resources: The Effect of Polymer Composition, Foam Density, and Organoclay Filler on their Mechanical Properties 313</b><br /><i>M. Kirpluks, L. Stiebra, A. Trubaca-Boginska, U. Cabulis and J. Andersons</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>13.2 Experimental 318</p> <p>13.3 Modeling the Mechanical Properties of Foams 321</p> <p>13.4 Results and Discussion 325</p> <p>13.5 Conclusions 335</p> <p>Acknowledgement 336</p> <p>References 336</p> <p><b>14 Preparation and Application of the Composite From Alginate 341</b><br /><i>Zhou Zhiyu, Xiao Kecen and Chen Yu</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>14.2 Composites from Alginate and Natural Polymers 342</p> <p>14.3 Composites from Alginate and Synthetic Polymers 351</p> <p>14.4 Composites from Alginate and Biomacromolecules 356</p> <p>14.5 Composites from Alginate and Inorganic Components 359</p> <p>14.6 Composites from Alginate and Carbon Materials 364</p> <p>14.7 Composites from Alginate and Clays 366</p> <p>References 367</p> <p><b>15 Recent Developments in Biocomposites of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin 377</b><br /><i>G M Arifuzzaman Khan, Nazire Deniz Yilmaz and Kenan Yilmaz</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 377</p> <p>15.2 History of B. mori Silk 378</p> <p>15.3 Chemical Composition of B. mori Silk 379</p> <p>15.4 Properties of B. mori Silk 382</p> <p>15.5 Extraction of Silk Fibroin by Degumming Process 386</p> <p>15.6 Regenerated Fibroin Solution 388</p> <p>15.7 Silk Fibroin Hydrogels 389</p> <p>15.8 Methods of SF-based Biocomposite Production 389</p> <p>15.9 Silk Fibroin-Based Biocomposites 392</p> <p>15.10 Conclusion 400</p> <p>References 400</p> <p><b>16 Design and Manufacturing of Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Hybrid Composites 411</b><br /><i>Asim Shahzad and R. S. Choudhry</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 411</p> <p>16.2 Natural Fiber/Synthetic Fiber Hybrid Composites 421</p> <p>16.3 Applications and Future Outlook 440</p> <p>16.4 Conclusions 440</p> <p>References 441</p> <p><b>17 Natural Fibre Composite Strengthening Solution for Structural Beam Component for Enhanced Flexural Strength, as Alternatives to CFRP and GFRP Strengthening Techniques 449</b><br /><i>Tara Sen</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 449</p> <p>17.2 Materials 454</p> <p>17.3 Mechanical Characterization of Natural and Artificial Frp Composites 456</p> <p>17.4 RC Beam Strengthening Rechnique Using Natural and Artificial FRP Composite Systems 458</p> <p>17.5 Experimentation and Analysis of Results 461</p> <p>17.6 Conclusions 468</p> <p>References 470</p> <p><b>18 High Pressure Resin Transfer Moulding of Epoxy Resins from Renewable Sources 475</b><br /><i>Salvatore Mannino, Alberta Latteri, Giuseppe Saccullo, Rey Banatao, Stefan Pastine and Gianluca Cicala</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 475</p> <p>18.2 Experimental 480</p> <p>18.3 Results and Discussions 483</p> <p>18.4 Conclusions 487</p> <p>Acknowledgements 487</p> <p>References 487</p> <p><b>19 Cork-Based Structural Composites 489</b><br /><i>António Torres Marques, Paulo Nóvoa, Marcelo Moura and Albertino Arteiro</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction: Cork as a Sustainable Resource 489</p> <p>19.2 Cork as a Structural Material 490</p> <p>19.3 Fibers and Matrices 494</p> <p>19.4 Core Cork Sandwich Concepts 494</p> <p>19.5 Damage Tolerant Structures with Cork 509</p> <p>19.6 Processing Techniques 511</p> <p>19.7 Design Philosophy 511</p> <p>19.8 Conclusions and Challenges 512</p> <p>References 512</p> <p><b>20 The Use of Wheat Straw as an Agricultural Waste in Composites for Semi-Structural Applications 515</b><br /><i>Carlo Santulli</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 515</p> <p>20.2 Application of Wheat Straw in Composites 518</p> <p>20.3 Future Developments 524</p> <p>20.4 Conclusions 527</p> <p>References 528</p> <p><b>21 Design and Manufacturing of Sustainable Composites 533</b><br /><i>Alencar Bravo and Darli Vieira</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction to Ecological Composite Design 533</p> <p>21.2 Design Principles for a Sustainable Composite 557</p> <p>21.3 Summary of Available Composite Manufacturing Processes 569</p> <p>21.4 Techniques for Improving the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Composites 580</p> <p>Acronym List 589</p> <p>References 590</p>

<p><b>Vijay Kumar Thakur </b>is a Lecturer in the School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing Engineering, Cranfield University, UK. Previously he had been a Staff Scientist in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He spent his postdoctoral study in Materials Science & Engineering at Iowa State University, USA, and gained his PhD in Polymer Chemistry (2009) at the National Institute of Technology, India. He has published more than 90 SCI journal research articles in the field of polymers/materials science and holds one US patent. He has also published about 25 books and 33 book chapters on the advanced state-of-the-art of polymers/materials science with numerous publishers, including Wiley-Scrivener.</p> <p><b>Manju Kumar Thakur </b>has been working as an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the Division of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Sarkaghat Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India since 2010. She received her PhD in Polymer Chemistry from the Chemistry Department at Himachal Pradesh University. She has deep experience in the field of organic chemistry, biopolymers, composites/ nanocomposites, hydrogels, applications of hydrogels in the removal of toxic heavy metal ions, drug delivery etc. She has published more than 30 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 25 book chapters and co-authored five books all in the field of polymeric materials. <p><b>Michael R. Kessler </b>is a Professor and Director of the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, USA. He is an expert in the mechanics, processing, and characterization of polymer matrix composites and nanocomposites. His honours include the Army Research Office Young Investigator Award, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Young Investigator Award, the NSF CAREER Award, and the Elsevier Young Composites Researcher Award from the American Society for Composites. He has more than 150 journal articles and 5800 citations, holds 6 patents, published 5 books on the synthesis and characterization of polymer materials, and presented at least 200 talks at national and international meetings.

<p><b>This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry.</b></p> <p>The <i>Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials </i>comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. <p>Volume 2 is solely focused on the <i>Design and Manufacturing</i> of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Design and manufacturing of high performance green composites; manufacturing of high performance biomass-based polyesters by rheological approach; components design of fibrous composite materials; design and manufacturing of bio-based sandwich structures; design and manufacture of biodegradable products from renewable resources; manufacturing and characterization of quicklime filled metal alloy composites for single row deep groove ball bearing; manufacturing of composites from chicken feathers and poly (vinyl chloride); production of porous carbons from resorcinol-formaldehyde gels: applications; composites using agricultural wastes; manufacturing of rice wastes-based natural fiber polymer composites from thermosetting vs. thermoplastic matrices; thermoplastic polymeric composites; natural fiber reinforced PLA composites; rigid closed-cell PUR foams containing polyols derived from renewable resources; preparation and application of the composite from alginate; recent developments in biocomposites of bombyx mori silk fibroin; design and manufacturing of natural fiber/ synthetic fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites; natural fiber composite strengthening solution for structural beam component for enhanced flexural strength; high pressure resin transfer molding of epoxy resins from renewable sources; cork based structural composites; the use of wheat straw as an agricultural waste in composites for semi-structural applications and design/ manufacturing of sustainable composites. <p><b>Audience</b><BR>This valuable reference work will be read and consulted by researchers, engineers and students both in academia and industry who are working in the field of materials science especially polymer composites/technology. Composites from renewable materials have significant industrial applications especially in the automotive, marine, aerospace, construction, wind energy and consumer goods industries.

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