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Gas Hydrates 2

Geoscience Issues and Potential Industrial Applications
2. Aufl.

von: Livio Ruffine, Daniel Broseta, Arnaud Desmedt
139,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	16.04.2018
ISBN/EAN:	9781119522416
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	288

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Gas hydrates in their natural environment and for potential industrial applications (Volume 2).

Preface xi Livio RUFFINE, Daniel BROSETA and Arnaud DESMEDT Part 1 Field study and laboratory experiments of hydrate-bearing sediments 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Livio RUFFINE Chapter 1 Water Column Acoustics:Remote Detection of Gas Seeps 11 Carla SCALABRIN and Stéphanie DUPRÉ 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Principle of the measurement 14 1.2.1 Instrumentations 14 1.2.2 Qualitative and quantitative measurements 14 1.3 Bibliography 18 Chapter 2 Geophysical Approach 21 Bruno MARSSET 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Overview 21 2.3 Seismic processing 23 2.3.1 Positioning phase 23 2.3.2 Preprocessing phase 24 2.3.3 Processing phase 25 2.4 Example of gas hydrate exploration: the SYSIF instrument 28 2.5 Bibliography 29 Chapter 3 Hydrate Seismic Detection 31 Stephan KER 3.1 Wave velocities of hydrate-bearing sediments 32 3.1.1 Empirical equations 32 3.1.2 Effective medium theories 33 3.2 Bibliography 34 Chapter 4 Geomorphology of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Pockmark 37 Vincent RIBOULOT 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Generalities about pockmarks 38 4.3 Impact of gas hydrate on seafloor deformation 39 4.4 Morphological evolution of gas hydrate pockmarks 42 4.5 Distinction between gas hydrate-bearing and gas hydrate-free pockmarks 44 4.6 Bibliography 45 Chapter 5 Geotechnics 49 Sébastien GARZIGLIA 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 The Penfeld system 50 5.2.1 Piezocone and acoustic soundings in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 52 5.3 Bibliography 54 Chapter 6 Geochemistry 57 Livio RUFFINE, Sandrine CHÉRON, Emmanuel PONZEVERA, Christophe BRANDILY,Patrice WOERTHER, Vivien GUYADER, Audrey BOISSIER, Jean-Pierre DONVAL and Germain BAYON 6.1 Introduction 57 6.2 Sampling geological materials from hydrate-bearing sediment 58 6.2.1 The Calypso corer 58 6.2.2 Sampling of sediments, carbonates and pore fluids from the Calypso corer 62 6.3 Analyses 65 6.3.1 Sediment and carbonate 65 6.3.2 Gases 75 6.3.3 Pore water 78 6.4 Bibliography 82 Chapter 7 Benthic Ecosystem Study 85 Karine OLU, Laurent TOFFIN and Christophe BRANDILY 7.1 Microbial ecology in hydrate-bearing sediments 85 7.1.1 Study sites containing hydrate-bearing sediments 85 7.1.2 Sampling strategy for microbiology study of hydrate-bearing sediments 86 7.1.3 Laboratory analyses 87 7.2 Macrobial ecology studies at cold seeps 91 7.2.1 Mapping biogenic habitats 93 7.2.2 Chemical characterization of biogenic habitats 97 7.2.3 Sampling in biogenic habitats 103 7.2.4 Fauna 106 7.2.5 Symbiosis studies 110 7.3 Bibliography 111 Chapter 8 Physicochemical Properties of Gas Hydrate-bearing Sediments 121 Ludovic LEGOIX, Elke KOSSEL, Christian DEUSNER, Livio RUFFINE and Matthias HAECKEL 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Gas hydrate formation and dissociation 124 8.3 Fluid transport in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 128 8.4 Thermal and electrical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments 133 8.5 Distribution and occurrence of gas hydrates in sediments 137 8.6 Experimental investigation of dynamic processes in gas hydrate-bearing sediments 139 8.7 Bibliography 149 Chapter 9 Small-scale Laboratory Studies of Key Geotechnical Properties which are Not Possible to Measure from In Situ Deployed Technologies 165 Sébastien GARZIGLIA 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Influence of gas hydrates on the stiffness and strength properties of sediments 166 9.2.1 Elastic or small-strain stiffness properties 166 9.2.2 Large-strain stiffness and strength properties 168 9.2.3 Geotechnical consequences of gas hydrate destabilization 170 9.3 Bibliography 172 Part 2 Modeling of Gas Hydrate-bearing Sediments and Case Studies 177 Chapter 10 Geomechanical Aspects 179 Assaf KLAR and Shun UCHIDA 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Geomechanical characteristics 179 10.3 Constitutive models for continuum mechanics frameworks 181 10.3.1 Stress–strain formulation for hydrate-bearing sediments 183 10.3.2 DEM representation 191 10.4 Coupled formulation 195 10.5 Numerical simulations of the Nankai 2013 gas production test 202 10.5.1 The Nankai gas production test overview 202 10.5.2 Modeling procedure 203 10.5.3 History matching of the 2013 Nankai production test 210 10.5.4 Thermo–hydro–mechanical studies during the 2013 Nankai gas production test 211 10.6 Concluding remarks 213 10.7 Bibliography 214 Chapter 11 Geochemical Aspects 219 Wei-Li HONG and Malgorzata PESZYNSKA 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Basic principles 220 11.2.1 Transport in the aqueous phase by advection and diffusion 220 11.2.2 Numerical scheme for the advection–diffusion problem 222 11.2.3 Transport of methane in aqueous phase in the presence of gas hydrate phase 223 11.2.4 Transport of methane and salt species, with hydrate presence 225 11.3 Model framework 226 11.4 Model validation and sensitivity tests 230 11.5 Model application 230 11.6 Concluding remarks 239 11.7 Acknowledgments 239 11.8 Bibliography 239 Part 3 Geoscience and Industrial Applications 243 Chapter 12 Biogeochemical Dynamics of the Giant Pockmark Regab 245 Alexis DE PRUNELÉ, Karine OLU, Livio RUFFINE, Hélène ONDRÉAS,Jean-Claude CAPRAIS, Germain BAYON, Anne-Sophie ALIX, Julie Le BRUCHEC and Louis GÉLI 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Location of the pockmark 246 12.2.1 The pockmark Regab: hydrocarbon emission and morphology 247 12.3 Megafauna distribution on Regab pockmark in relation to fluid chemistry 250 12.3.1 Megafauna distribution on the Regab pockmark 250 12.3.2 Mytilid habitats 252 12.3.3 Bacterial mat habitat 255 12.3.4 Vesicomyid habitats 258 12.4 General conclusion on the megafauna distribution on the Regab pockmark in relation to fluid chemistry 263 12.5 Bibliography 264 Chapter 13 Roles of Gas Hydrates for CO2 Geological Storage Purposes 267 André BURNOL 13.1 Introduction 267 13.2 Hydrate trapping of CO2 in subsurfaces (onshore, offshore and deep offshore cases) 269 13.2.1 Case of migration of CO2 within the overburden 269 13.2.2 Case of natural gas hydrates exploitation using CO2 injection 270 13.2.3 Role of mixed gas hydrates in the “deep offshore” CO2 storage option 272 13.3 CO2 deep offshore storage capacity in the French and Spanish EEZs 276 13.4 Summary and prospects 281 13.5 Bibliography 281 Chapter 14 Hydrate-Based Removal of CO2 from CH4 + CO2 Gas Streams 285 Daniel BROSETA, Christophe DICHARRY and Jean-Philippe TORRÉ 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Laboratory experiments of gas capture and separation by means of gas hydrates 290 14.2.1 Batch experiments 292 14.2.2 Semibatch experiments 295 14.2.3 Continuous separation experiments 295 14.3 Metrics of CO2 separation 295 14.4 Results from experiments of CO2 removal from CO2/CH4 gas mixtures 300 14.4.1 Pure water and water with surfactant additives 300 14.4.2 THF and other sII hydrate-forming additives 301 14.4.3 TBAB, TBPB and other semiclathrate-forming additives 303 14.5 Routes to enhance the removal of CO2 from CO2/CH4 gas mixtures 307 14.6 Concluding remarks 309 14.7 Bibliography 309 Chapter 15 Use of Hydrates for Cold Storage and Distribution in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Applications 315 Anthony DELAHAYE, Laurence FOURNAISON and Didier DALMAZZONE 15.1 Introduction 315 15.2 Hydrate systems for cool storage and distribution 317 15.2.1 Refrigerant gas hydrate applied to cool storage 317 15.2.2 CO2 hydrates applied to cool storage and distribution 318 15.2.3 Quaternary salt hydrates for cool storage and distribution 319 15.2.4 Other hydrates applied to cool storage and distribution 320 15.3 Criteria for use of hydrates in refrigeration 321 15.3.1 Thermodynamic criterion 322 15.3.2 Flow criterion 325 15.3.3 Thermal criterion 331 15.3.4 Kinetic criterion 332 15.3.5 Energy criterion 334 15.4 Hydrate applications in refrigeration and air conditioning 335 15.4.1 Slurry generation methods 335 15.4.2 Examples of hydrate-based refrigeration systems 336 15.5 Conclusion 341 15.6 Bibliography 342 List of Authors 359 Index 363