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<p>Introduction xxvii</p> <p>Assessment Test xxxii</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 History of Fiber Optics and Broadband Access 1</b></p> <p>Evolution of Light in Communication 2</p> <p>Early Forms of Light Communication 2</p> <p>The Quest for Data Transmission 3</p> <p>Evolution of Optical Fiber Manufacturing Technology 4</p> <p>Controlling the Course of Light 4</p> <p>Extending Fiber’s Reach 6</p> <p>Evolution of Optical Fiber Integration and Application 7</p> <p>Broadband since the Turn of the Century 8</p> <p>The Role of Fiber Optics in Broadband 9</p> <p>Broadband Speed and Access at the Turn of the Century and Today 9</p> <p>Summary 10</p> <p>Exam Essentials 11</p> <p>Review Questions 12</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 13</b></p> <p>Recognize the Refraction of Light 13</p> <p>Identify Total Internal Reflection 13</p> <p>Detect Crosstalk between Multiple Optical Fibers 14</p> <p>Recognize Attenuation in an Optical Fiber 14</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 15</b></p> <p>The Fiber-Optic Link 16</p> <p>Transmitter 17</p> <p>Receiver 17</p> <p>Optical Fibers 18</p> <p>Connectors 18</p> <p>Decibels (dB) 19</p> <p>Calculating dB Power Loss and Power Gain 20</p> <p>Expressing dB in Percentages 21</p> <p>The Rules of Thumb 24</p> <p>Absolute Power 25</p> <p>Summary 28</p> <p>Exam Essentials 28</p> <p>Review Questions 29</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 31</b></p> <p>Calculate the Decibel Value of a Gain or Loss in Power 31</p> <p>Calculate the Gain or Loss in Power from a Known Decibel Value 31</p> <p>Calculate the Gain or Loss in Power Using the dB Rules of Thumb 31</p> <p>Convert dBm to a Power Measurement 32</p> <p>Convert a Power Measurement to dBm 32</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Light 33</b></p> <p>Light as Electromagnetic Energy 34</p> <p>Wavelength and Frequency 35</p> <p>Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation 37</p> <p>The Electromagnetic Spectrum 38</p> <p>Refraction 41</p> <p>What Causes Refraction? 42</p> <p>Calculating the Index of Refraction 44</p> <p>Total Internal Reflection 45</p> <p>Fresnel Reflections 48</p> <p>Summary 49</p> <p>Exam Essentials 50</p> <p>Review Questions 51</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 54</b></p> <p>Convert Various Wavelengths to Corresponding Frequencies 54</p> <p>Convert Various Frequencies to Corresponding Wavelengths 54</p> <p>Calculate the Amount of Energy in a Photon Using Planck’s Constant 54</p> <p>Calculate the Speed of Light through a Transparent Medium Using Its Refractive Index 54</p> <p>Use Snell’s Law to Calculate the Critical Angle of Incidence 55</p> <p>Calculate the Loss in Decibels from a Fresnel Reflection 55</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 57</b></p> <p>Optical Fiber Components 58</p> <p>Core 59</p> <p>Cladding 59</p> <p>Coating 60</p> <p>Standards 61</p> <p>Materials 62</p> <p>Tensile Strength 65</p> <p>Manufacturing Optical Fiber 65</p> <p>Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) 67</p> <p>Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) 68</p> <p>Vapor Axial Deposition (VAD) 68</p> <p>Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (PCVD) 68</p> <p>Mode 69</p> <p>Calculating the Numerical Aperture and Modes 70</p> <p>Refractive Index Profiles 71</p> <p>Summary 75</p> <p>Exam Essentials 76</p> <p>Review Questions 77</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 80</b></p> <p>Select the Proper Optical Fiber Coating for a Harsh Environment 80</p> <p>Identify an Industry Standard that Defines the Specific Performance Characteristics on an Optical Fiber 80</p> <p>Identify an Optical Fiber from Its Refractive Index Profile 80</p> <p>Calculate the Numerical Aperture of an Optical Fiber 81</p> <p>Calculate the Number of Modes in an Optical Fiber 81</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Optical Fiber Characteristics 83</b></p> <p>It All Adds Up 85</p> <p>Dispersion 86</p> <p>Modal Dispersion 87</p> <p>Material Dispersion 88</p> <p>Waveguide Dispersion 89</p> <p>Chromatic Dispersion 89</p> <p>Polarization-Mode Dispersion 93</p> <p>How Dispersion Affects Bandwidth 94</p> <p>Attenuation 95</p> <p>Absorption 96</p> <p>Scattering 97</p> <p>Total Attenuation 97</p> <p>Bending Losses 98</p> <p>Microbends 99</p> <p>Macrobends 99</p> <p>Numerical Aperture 102</p> <p>Equilibrium Mode Distribution 104</p> <p>Fiber Specifications and Standards 105</p> <p>Revisions and Addendums 106</p> <p>Mirroring of Performance Specifications 106</p> <p>Premises Standards 107</p> <p>Single-Mode ITU Standards 110</p> <p>Multimode ITU and IEC Standards 116</p> <p>Specialty Optical Fibers 117</p> <p>Summary 118</p> <p>Exam Essentials 118</p> <p>Review Questions 119</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 123</b></p> <p>Calculate the Attenuation in dB for a Length of Optical Fiber 123</p> <p>Calculate the Usable Bandwidth for a Length of Optical Fiber 123</p> <p>Calculate the Total Macrobending Loss in a Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Cable 124</p> <p>Calculate the Total Macrobending Loss in a Multimode Fiber-Optic Cable 124</p> <p>Calculate the Acceptance Angle for an Optical Fiber 125</p> <p>Determine the Latest Published Revision of a Standard Using the Internet 126</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Safety 127</b></p> <p>Basic Safety 128</p> <p>Engineering Controls 129</p> <p>Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 129</p> <p>Good Work Habits 130</p> <p>Light Sources 130</p> <p>Federal Regulations and International Standards 131</p> <p>Laser Safety 137</p> <p>Handling Fiber 137</p> <p>Chemicals 139</p> <p>Isopropyl Alcohol 139</p> <p>Solvents 140</p> <p>Anaerobic Epoxy 141</p> <p>Site Safety 141</p> <p>Electrical 141</p> <p>Ladders 142</p> <p>Trenches 143</p> <p>Emergencies 143</p> <p>Injury 143</p> <p>Chemical Exposure 143</p> <p>Fire 144</p> <p>Summary 144</p> <p>Exam Essentials 144</p> <p>Review Questions 146</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 148</b></p> <p>Classify a Light Source Based on Optical Output Power and Wavelength 148</p> <p>Identify the Symptoms of Exposure to Solvents 148</p> <p>Calculate the Proper Distance the Base of a Ladder Should Be from a Wall 148</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Fiber-Optic Cables 149</b></p> <p>Basic Cable 151</p> <p>Cable Components 153</p> <p>Buffer 153</p> <p>Strength Members 157</p> <p>Jacket 158</p> <p>Cable Types 161</p> <p>Cordage 161</p> <p>Distribution Cable 162</p> <p>Breakout Cable 163</p> <p>Armored Cable 163</p> <p>Messenger Cable 164</p> <p>Ribbon Cable 166</p> <p>Submarine Cable 166</p> <p>Aerospace Cable 168</p> <p>Hybrid Cable 170</p> <p>Composite Cable 170</p> <p>Cable Duty Specifications 171</p> <p>Cable Termination Methods 172</p> <p>Fanout Kit 172</p> <p>Breakout Kit 172</p> <p>Blown Fiber 174</p> <p>NEC Provisions for Fiber-Optic Cables and Raceways 174</p> <p>NEC Fiber-Optic Cable Types 175</p> <p>Cable Markings and Codes 178</p> <p>External Markings 178</p> <p>Color Codes 179</p> <p>Cable Numbers 181</p> <p>Sequential Markings 182</p> <p>Bend Radius Specifications 183</p> <p>Summary 183</p> <p>Exam Essentials 183</p> <p>Review Questions 185</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 189</b></p> <p>Determine the Cable Type from the NEC Markings 189</p> <p>Identify the Fiber Number from the Color Code 189</p> <p>Determine the Fiber Number from the Cable Markings 190</p> <p>Identify the Optical Fiber Type from the Color Code 190</p> <p>Determine the Optical Fiber Type from the Cable Markings 191</p> <p>Determine the Cable Length Using Sequential Markings 191</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Splicing 193</b></p> <p>Why Splice? 194</p> <p>Splice Performance 194</p> <p>Intrinsic Factors 195</p> <p>Extrinsic Factors 200</p> <p>Splicing Safety 203</p> <p>Splicing Hazards 203</p> <p>Splicing Equipment 208</p> <p>Cleaning Materials 208</p> <p>Cleavers 211</p> <p>Mechanical Splice 214</p> <p>Fusion Splice 216</p> <p>Splicing Procedures 220</p> <p>Mechanical Splicing Procedure 220</p> <p>Fusion Splicing Procedure 225</p> <p>Splice Performance Requirements 236</p> <p>Summary 238</p> <p>Exam Essentials 238</p> <p>Review Questions 239</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 241</b></p> <p>Determine if the Splice Loss Is from an Intrinsic Factor 241</p> <p>Determine if the Splice Loss Is from an Extrinsic Factor 241</p> <p>Calculate the Potential Splice Loss from a Core Diameter Mismatch 241</p> <p>Troubleshoot a Fusion Splice 242</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Connectors 243</b></p> <p>The Fiber-Optic Connector 245</p> <p>Ferrule 246</p> <p>Cap 247</p> <p>Strain Relief 249</p> <p>Body 251</p> <p>Connection Performance 253</p> <p>Intrinsic Factors 253</p> <p>Extrinsic Factors 255</p> <p>Geometry 256</p> <p>Interferometer 259</p> <p>Connector Types 267</p> <p>Single-Fiber Contact Connectors 267</p> <p>Single-Fiber Noncontact Connectors 271</p> <p>Multiple-Fiber Contact Connectors 272</p> <p>Connector Termination 281</p> <p>Tools 282</p> <p>Epoxy 292</p> <p>Abrasives 293</p> <p>Hand Polishing 295</p> <p>Assembling the Connector 295</p> <p>Machine Polishing 300</p> <p>Pre-polished Connectors 300</p> <p>Cleaning and Inspection 305</p> <p>Endface Cleaning 305</p> <p>Endface Inspection 314</p> <p>Connector Performance 325</p> <p>Connector Color Code 325</p> <p>Summary 326</p> <p>Exam Essentials 326</p> <p>Review Questions 328</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 332</b></p> <p>Evaluate Connector Endface Polishing 332</p> <p>Evaluate Connector Endface Cleaning 332</p> <p>Evaluate Connector Endface Geometry 334</p> <p>Identify an Optical Fiber Type from the Color of the Connector Strain Relief 334</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Fiber-Optic Light Sources and Transmitters 335</b></p> <p>Semiconductor Light Sources 336</p> <p>LED Sources 337</p> <p>Laser Sources 338</p> <p>Light Source Performance Characteristics 339</p> <p>Output Pattern 339</p> <p>Source Wavelengths 343</p> <p>Source Spectral Output 345</p> <p>Source Output Power 347</p> <p>Source Modulation Speed 348</p> <p>Transmitter Performance Characteristics 348</p> <p>LED Transmitter Performance Characteristics 349</p> <p>LED Transmitter Applications 352</p> <p>Laser Transmitter Performance Characteristics 353</p> <p>Laser Transmitter Applications 358</p> <p>Higher Power Transmitters 362</p> <p>Light Source Safety 363</p> <p>Classifications 363</p> <p>Safe Handling Precautions 364</p> <p>Summary 364</p> <p>Exam Essentials 365</p> <p>Review Questions 366</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 369</b></p> <p>Determine the Minimum Optical Output Power for an LED Transmitter 369</p> <p>Determine the Maximum Optical Output Power for an LED Transmitter 370</p> <p>Determine the Minimum Optical Output Power for a Laser Transmitter 371</p> <p>Determine the Maximum Optical Output Power for a Laser Transmitter 372</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers 373</b></p> <p>Photodiode Fundamentals 374</p> <p>Other Types of Photodiode 375</p> <p>PIN Photodiode 376</p> <p>Avalanche Photodiode 376</p> <p>Photodiode Responsivity, Efficiency, and Speed 377</p> <p>Responsivity 377</p> <p>Quantum Efficiency 377</p> <p>Switching Speed 378</p> <p>Fiber-Optic Receiver 378</p> <p>Receptacle 379</p> <p>Optical Subassembly 379</p> <p>Electrical Subassembly 379</p> <p>Receiver Optical Performance Characteristics 381</p> <p>Dynamic Range 381</p> <p>Operating Wavelength 381</p> <p>Optical Attenuators 381</p> <p>Types of Attenuators 382</p> <p>Calculating the Attenuation Value 383</p> <p>Summary 383</p> <p>Exam Essentials 383</p> <p>Review Questions 384</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 385</b></p> <p>Calculate the Dynamic Range for an LED Receiver 385</p> <p>Calculate the Dynamic Range for a Laser Receiver 386</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Cable Installation and Hardware 387</b></p> <p>Installation Specifications 389</p> <p>Bend Radius 390</p> <p>Tensile Rating 391</p> <p>Installation Hardware 395</p> <p>Pulling Eye 395</p> <p>Pull Box 396</p> <p>Splice Enclosures 397</p> <p>Patch Panels 400</p> <p>Installation Methods 404</p> <p>Tray and Duct 404</p> <p>Conduit 406</p> <p>Direct Burial 408</p> <p>Aerial 408</p> <p>Blown Fiber 408</p> <p>Wall Plate 411</p> <p>Cable Slack 411</p> <p>Fire Resistance Bonding and Grounding 412</p> <p>Fire Resistance 412</p> <p>Bonding and Grounding 414</p> <p>Cable Types 414</p> <p>Hardware Management 415</p> <p>Cleanliness 415</p> <p>Organization 415</p> <p>Clamps and Cable Ties 416</p> <p>Labeling Requirements and Documentation 417</p> <p>Documentation 420</p> <p>Polarity 421</p> <p>Electrical Codes 424</p> <p>The National Electrical Code (NEC) 424</p> <p>The Canadian Electrical Code 425</p> <p>The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) 425</p> <p>Summary 425</p> <p>Exam Essentials 426</p> <p>Review Questions 427</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 430</b></p> <p>Determine the Minimum Cable Bend Radius 430</p> <p>Determine the Maximum Cable Tensile Rating 430</p> <p>Determine the Fill Ratio for a Multiple-Cable Conduit Installation 431</p> <p><b>Chapter 13 Fiber-Optic System Advantages 433</b></p> <p>The Advantages of Optical Fiber over Copper 434</p> <p>Bandwidth 434</p> <p>Attenuation 438</p> <p>Electromagnetic Immunity 442</p> <p>Size and Weight 443</p> <p>Security 444</p> <p>Safety 445</p> <p>Summary 446</p> <p>Exam Essentials 446</p> <p>Review Questions 448</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 449</b></p> <p>Calculate the Bandwidth for a Length of Optical Fiber 449</p> <p>Calculate the Attenuation for a Length of Optical Fiber 451</p> <p><b>Chapter 14 Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 453</b></p> <p>Calibration Requirements 454</p> <p>Continuity Tester 455</p> <p>Visual Fault Locator 459</p> <p>Fiber Identifier 463</p> <p>Inline Optical Power Monitoring 466</p> <p>Inline Optical Power Monitor 467</p> <p>Inline Network Sensors 468</p> <p>Optical Return Loss Test Set 469</p> <p>Stabilized Light Source and Optical Power Meter 470</p> <p>Multimode OLTS 471</p> <p>Single-Mode OLTS 474</p> <p>Patch Cord 475</p> <p>Test Jumper 475</p> <p>Launch Conditions, Mode Filters, and Encircled Flux 477</p> <p>ANSI/TIA-526-14 Optical Loss Measurement Methods 480</p> <p>Method A, Two-Test Jumper Reference 482</p> <p>Method B, One-Test Jumper Reference 483</p> <p>Method C, Three-Test Jumper Reference 484</p> <p>Patch Cord Optical Power Loss Measurement 485</p> <p>Connector Insertion Loss Measurement 486</p> <p>Link Segment and Cabling Subsystem Performance Measurements 487</p> <p>Tier 1 Testing 488</p> <p>Documentation of OLTS Testing 489</p> <p>Tier 2 Testing 489</p> <p>Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 490</p> <p>OTDR Theory 490</p> <p>OTDR Display 494</p> <p>OTDR Setup 496</p> <p>Cable Plant Test Setup 499</p> <p>Testing and Trace Analysis 502</p> <p>Documentation of OTDR Testing 510</p> <p>Emerging Testing Standards 511</p> <p>Summary 512</p> <p>Exam Essentials 512</p> <p>Review Questions 514</p> <p><b>Chapter Exercises 515</b></p> <p>Perform Optical Loss Measurement Testing of a Cable Plant 515</p> <p>Determine the Distance to a Break in the Optical Fiber with an OTDR 515</p> <p>Measure the Loss of a Cable Segment with an OTDR 516</p> <p>Measure the Loss of an Interconnection with an OTDR 517</p> <p>Measure the Loss of a Fusion Splice or Macrobend with an OTDR 517</p> <p>Appendix Answers to Review Questions 519</p> <p>Chapter 1: History of Fiber-Optics and Broadband Access 520</p> <p>Chapter 2: Principles of Fiber-Optic Transmission 520</p> <p>Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Light 521</p> <p>Chapter 4: Optical Fiber Construction and Theory 522</p> <p>Chapter 5: Optical Fiber Characteristics 523</p> <p>Chapter 6: Safety 525</p> <p>Chapter 7: Fiber-Optic Cables 525</p> <p>Chapter 8: Splicing 527</p> <p>Chapter 9: Connectors 527</p> <p>Chapter 10: Fiber-Optic Light Sources and Transmitters 529</p> <p>Chapter 11: Fiber-Optic Detectors and Receivers 530</p> <p>Chapter 12: Cable Installation and Hardware 531</p> <p>Chapter 13: Fiber-Optic System Advantages 532</p> <p>Chapter 14: Test Equipment and Link/Cable Testing 533</p> <p>Glossary 535<br /><br /> Index 569</p>

<p><b>Bill Woodward</b> has served four terms as chairman of the Electronics Technicians Association, International and is a principal electrical engineer based in Chesapeake, VA. He is also the committee chairman of the ETA fiber optic installer (FOI), fiber optic technician (FOT), and fiber optic designer (FOD) certification programs.</p>

<p><b>COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF FIBER OPTICS, ENDORSED BY THE ETA</b></p> <p>Whether you’re focused on achieving FOI certification or just looking for a comprehensive self-study course in fiber optics, this exam guide contains everything you need to know. From an initial assessment test to a detailed glossary of critical terms, it takes you through every competency required for FOI certification and includes exercises and review questions in each chapter, key terms and concepts, and detailed explanations. You’ll face the certification exam with confidence, thanks to the following:</p> <ul> <li><b>Full coverage of all exam competencies in a systematic approach, so you can be confident you’re getting the instruction you need for the exam</b></li> <li><b>Chapter exercises that are critical for exam preparation</b></li> <li><b>Real-world scenarios that put what you’ve learned in the context of actual job roles</b></li> <li><b>Challenging review questions in each chapter to prepare you for exam day</b></li> <li><b>Exam Essentials, a key feature in each chapter that identifies critical areas you must become proficient in before taking the exam</b></li> </ul>

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