Details

Facial Aesthetics

Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis
1. Aufl.

von: Farhad B. Naini
117,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley-Blackwell
Format:	EPUB
Veröffentl.:	14.01.2011
ISBN/EAN:	9781444391039
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	464

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Titelbeschreibung

Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis is a unique new illustrated resource for facial aesthetic surgery and dentistry, providing the comprehensive clinical textbook on the art and science of facial aesthetics for clinicians involved in the management of facial deformities, including orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons and aesthetic dentists. It aims to provide readers with a comprehensive examination of facial aesthetics in the context of dentofacial and craniofacial diagnosis and treatment planning. This aim is achieved through coupling meticulous research and practical clinical advice with beautifully drawn supporting illustrations and diagrams. Structured over 24 logically arranged and easy-to-follow chapters, Part I of Facial Aesthetics covers the historical evidence for facial aesthetic canons and concepts in depth. It incorporates all aspects relevant to the work of the clinician, including the philosophical and scientific theories of facial beauty, facial attractiveness research, facial expression and the psychosocial ramifications of facial deformities. Part II of the book then goes on to examine clinical evaluation and diagnosis in considerable detail under four sections, from the initial consultation interview and acquisition of diagnostic records (section 1), complete clinical examination and analysis of the craniofacial complex (section 2), in depth analysis of each individual facial region using a top-down approach (section 3) and finally focussing on smile and dentogingival aesthetic evaluation (section 4). An in-depth, thoughtful, practical and absorbing reference, Facial Aesthetics will find an enthusiastic reception among facial aesthetic surgeons and aesthetic dentists with an interest in refining their understanding and appreciation of the human face and applying practical protocols to their clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Key features: <ul type="disc"> <li>Examines facial aesthetics in a clinical context</li> <li>Promotes an interdisciplinary approach to facial aesthetic analysis</li> <li>Detailed description of the systematic clinical evaluation of the facial soft tissues and craniodentoskeletal complex</li> <li>Detailed, step-by-step aesthetic analysis of each facial region</li> <li>In-depth analysis of 2D and 3D clinical diagnostic records</li> <li>Evidence-based approach, from antiquity to contemporary scientific evidence, to the guidelines employed in planning the correction of facial deformities</li> <li>Treatment planning from first principles highlighted</li> <li>Clinical notes are highlighted throughout</li> <li>Clearly organized and practical format</li> <li>Highly illustrated in full colour throughout</li> </ul>

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xv Dedication xvii Acknowledgements xviii Part I Concepts Chapter 1 Facial Beauty 3 Definition of beauty and aesthetics 3 Is beauty ‘in the eye of the beholder’? 4 The enigma of facial beauty: Why is one face seen as beautiful and another as unattractive? What guides and validates our judgement? 5 ‘Ideal’ proportions 6 Symmetry 6 Averageness 6 Facial neoteny 7 Sexual dimorphism (secondary sexual characteristics) 7 Heredity 7 Cultural influences on the perception of facial beauty 7 Facial beauty: historical and philosophical perspectives 9 Facial beauty: scientific perspectives 13 Importance of facial beauty 14 Self- image and negative self-perception 15 Outsiders’ perceptions 16 Severity of deformity 16 References 16 Chapter 2 Facial Proportions: Classical Canons to Modern Craniofacial Anthropometry 18 Introduction 18 Ancient Egypt 18 Ancient Greece 19 The Archaic Period 19 The Classical Period 21 The Roman conquest of Greece 25 Ancient Rome 26 The Renaissance 27 Leon Battista Alberti 28 Leonardo da Vinci 29 Albrecht Dürer 36 The Enlightenment and neoclassicism 38 Neoclassical canons of proportion 38 Craniometry 39 Twentieth century 41 Modern craniofacial anthropometry 41 Leslie Farkas – the father of modern craniofacial anthropometry 42 The golden proportion 43 The ongoing problem with research into the golden proportion 44 Conclusion 44 References 44 Chapter 3 Facial Expression: Influence and Significance 45 Introduction 45 Importance of facial expressions 45 History of research into facial expressions 46 The work of Duchenne 47 The work of Darwin 47 The work of Ekman 49 The debate: Are facial expressions of emotion universal or culture-specific? 50 References 52 Chapter 4 Psychological Ramifications of Facial Deformities 54 Introduction 54 Health and psychosocial well-being 54 Self-image 55 The effect of the response of others on those with facial deformities 56 Teasing and bullying 56 To treat or not to treat? The controversial debate 57 Body dysmorphic disorder: the delusion of deformity 57 Body dysmorphic disorder 58 Conclusion 60 References 61 Part II Clinical Diagnosis Section 1 Patient Interview and Clinical Diagnostic Records 65 Introduction to Section 1 65 Diagnosis 65 Terms of direction, position and movement 65 Chapter 5 Patient Interview and Consultation 67 Introduction 67 Presenting complaint 67 History of presenting complaint 68 Psychosocial history 68 Medical history 68 Danger signals and the ‘problem’ patient 69 References 69 Chapter 6 Clinical Diagnostic Records, Natural Head Position and Craniofacial Anthropometry 71 Introduction 71 Clinical diagnostic records 71 Radiographs 71 Clinical photographs 73 Study models 73 Serial height measurement 74 Three-dimensional hard and soft tissue imaging 74 Natural head position 74 The Frankfort Craniometric Agreement and the Frankfort Plane 74 The unreliability of anatomical reference planes 75 Natural head position: the key to diagnosis 76 Choice of horizontal and vertical reference planes 77 Orientation of the patient in natural head position 78 The self-balance position 78 The mirror position 78 The aesthetic position (or ‘photographic position’ of the head) 78 Clinical photography 79 Equipment for digital photography and data storage 79 Patient consent forms 79 Background and lighting 79 Facial views 80 Intraoral views 80 Craniofacial anthropometry 81 Anthropometric craniofacial surface landmarks 81 References 85 Chapter 7 Cephalometry and Cephalometric Analysis 86 Introduction 86 Cephalometric landmarks and planes of reference 87 Landmarks, lines, planes and volumes 87 Hard tissue lateral cephalometric (skeletal) landmarks 88 Hard tissue lateral cephalometric (dental) landmarks 90 Soft tissue lateral cephalometric landmarks 91 Cephalometric planes of reference 92 Hard tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes 93 Soft tissue lateral cephalometric reference planes 95 Posteroanterior cephalometric radiography 95 Hard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric landmarks 96 Hard tissue posteroanterior cephalometric reference planes 97 Cephalometric analysis and geometric principles 98 Description of dentofacial deformities 98 Sagittal skeletal relationships 100 Sagittal positional relationships 100 Size relationships of maxilla and mandible 108 Sagittal dentoalveolar relationships 110 Inclination of the maxillary incisors 110 Sagittal position of the maxillary incisors 112 Inclination of the mandibular incisors 113 Sagittal position of the mandibular incisors 114 Inclination of maxillary to mandibular incisors 115 Vertical skeletal relationships 115 Convergence of horizontal facial planes (Sassouni analysis) 116 Anterior and posterior face height 116 Linear cephalometric measurements and normative values 119 Angular cephalometric measurements and normative values 120 Vertical dentoalveolar relationships 121 Inclination of the occlusal plane 121 Anterior maxillary dental height 121 Posterior maxillary dental height 121 Anterior mandibular dental height 121 Posterior mandibular dental height 122 Transverse skeletal relationships 122 References 122 Section 2 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Facial Type, Proportions and Symmetry 123 Introduction to Section 2 123 ‘Rules’ versus ‘guidelines’ in facial aesthetic evaluation 123 Clinical inspection – the ‘process’ 123 Clinical inspection – the ‘education of the eye’ 124 The diagnostic process – clinical evaluation 124 Qualitative evaluation 124 Quantitative evaluation and analysis 124 Clinical evaluation – the sequence 126 References 126 Chapter 8 Facial Type 127 Introduction 127 The fictional conception of the ‘normal’ 127 Proportion indices 127 Head type 129 Cephalic index 129 Ethnic differences 130 Ethnic differences in white individuals 130 Head circumference 130 Ethnic differences 130 Facial type: frontal view (norma frontalis) 130 Facial shape 130 Facial height-to-width ratio/proportion 131 Facial index 131 Facial type: profile view (norma lateralis) 132 Facial divergence 132 Sagittal facial profile contour 134 Angle of facial profile convexity (clinical/soft tissue) 134 Angle of facial profile convexity (cephalometric/skeletal) 135 Facial angle (clinical/soft tissue) 135 Facial angle (cephalometric/skeletal) 136 Cranial base angle 136 Anterior cranial base length 137 Parasagittal facial profile contour 137 Vertical facial profile form 137 Vertical facial growth pattern and hyperdivergent facial type 137 Horizontal facial growth pattern and hypodivergent facial type 138 Mandibular plane angle (clinical) 138 Mandibular plane angle (cephalometric) 139 Gonial angle (Ar-Go-Me) 139 Convergence of horizontal facial planes (Sassouni analysis) 140 Facial height to horizontal facial depth ratio (cephalometric) 140 Facial growth axes (cephalometric) 141 Facial curves and curvilinear relationships 141 Curvilinear relationships – frontal and profile views 142 Angularity of facial contour lines 142 Facial profile curves and ‘S-shaped’ curvilinear considerations 142 Contour defects 143 Sexual variation: the main differences between male and female faces 144 ‘Ethnic’ variation: considerations in facial aesthetic evaluation 145 Historical background 145 Considerations in facial aesthetic evaluation 145 Facial ageing 146 Skin 146 Fat 147 Muscle 147 Dentoalveolus 147 Recognizing the visible effects of ageing 147 References 149 Chapter 9 Facial Proportions 150 Introduction 150 Craniofacial height to standing height proportion 151 Classical, Renaissance and neoclassical proportional canons 151 Anthropometric data 155 Attractiveness research 155 Clinical implications 156 Vertical facial proportions 156 Vertical craniofacial bisection 156 Vertical facial trisection (Vitruvian trisection) 156 Vertical craniofacial tetrasection 157 Artist’s facial ‘grid’ 157 Validity of proportional canons 157 Cephalometric evaluation – anterior face height ratio 158 Lower anterior facial proportions 158 Anthropometric vertical facial measurements 159 Comparison of proportional canons with modern measured proportional ratios 159 Attractiveness studies 159 Clinical implications 160 Transverse facial proportions 160 The central fifth of the face 160 The medial fifths of the face 163 The lateral fifths of the face 164 References 164 Oblique lateral (three-quarter) view 171 Transverse occlusal plane view 171 Dynamic clinical evaluation 172 Mandibular lateral displacement 172 Asymmetrical facial animation 174 Dental midlines 174 Maxillary dental midline 174 Mandibular dental midline 175 Distinguishing between mandibular and isolated chin asymmetry 175 Radiographic-cephalometric evaluation 176 Posteroanterior cephalometric radiograph 176 Lateral cephalometric radiograph 179 Panoramic rotational tomography (OPT – orthopantomograph) 179 Three-dimensional imaging evaluation 180 Dental study casts 180 Three-dimensional facial soft tissue scans 180 Computed tomography 181 Magnetic resonance imaging 184 Craniofacial growth and treatment timing 184 Treatment timing 184 Superimposition of serial cephalometric images and other imaging modalities 185 Growth prediction 185 Nuclear medicine (scintigraphy) 186 References 188 Section 3 Facial Aesthetic Analysis: Regional Analysis 189 Introduction to Section 3 189 The modified subunit principle 189 Relativity and the five facial prominences 190 The five facial profile prominences 191 References 191 Upper Facial Analysis 192 Chapter 10 Facial Symmetry and Asymmetry 165 Introduction 165 Relationship between symmetry and proportion 165 Balance and harmony: a note on terminology 166 Aetiology and classification of facial asymmetry 166 Aetiology 166 Classification 166 Clinical evaluation 167 Purpose of the clinical evaluation 167 Frontal facial examination 167 Superior view 171 Submental view 171 Lateral view 171 Chapter 11 The Forehead 193 Introduction and terminology 193 Anatomy 193 Clinical evaluation 194 Frontal view 194 Profile view 195 Superior view 197 Curvilinear relationships 197 References 198 Chapter 12 The Orbital Region 199 Introduction 199 The eyes 199 Eyebrows 200 Terminology 200 Anatomy 200 Clinical evaluation 202 Eyebrow position and contour 202 Orientation of palpebral fissure 202 Eyelids (palpebrae) 203 Eye width and interocular dimensions 205 Proportional relationships of the orbital region 205 Relationship of bony orbit and globe 206 Symmetry 206 References 206 Midfacial Analysis 207 Chapter 13 The Ears 208 Introduction 208 Terminology 208 Anatomy 208 Clinical evaluation 209 Ear position 210 Ear size and proportions 210 Ear axis 211 Ear protrusion (lateral projection) 211 Ear symmetry 213 References 213 Chapter 14 The Nose 214 Introduction 214 Terminology 216 Anatomy 217 Soft tissue features of the external nose 217 Skin of the external nose 217 Bony skeleton of the external nose 217 Cartilaginous skeleton of the external nose 218 Nasal type, topography and the subunit principle 219 Classification of nasal type 219 Topographic nasal landmarks and nomenclature 220 Nasal aesthetic subunits 222 Clinical evaluation 222 Frontal evaluation 222 Profile evaluation 224 Basal evaluation 233 Relative nasal relationships – evaluation 234 Normative values for nasal dimensions 235 Nasal function 235 References 236 Chapter 15 The Malar Region 238 Introduction 238 Terminology 238 Anatomy 239 Clinical evaluation 239 Bizygomatic width 239 Malar position 241 Height of malar contour 242 Malar projection and sagittal contour 242 Area of maximal malar projection 242 Principles in planning the correction of malar deficiency 244 References 244 Chapter 16 The Maxilla and Midface 245 Introduction 245 Terminology 245 Terms of jaw position in the sagittal plane 246 Terms of maxillary position in the vertical plane 246 Terms of jaw size 246 Terms of maxillary bodily movement in the three planes of space 246 Terms of maxillary rotation around the three axes of rotation 246 Anatomy 247 Clinical evaluation 248 Sagittal midfacial-maxillary evaluation 248 Vertical maxillary evaluation 254 Transverse maxillary evaluation 255 Maxillary deficiency 258 Sagittal maxillary deficiency 258 Vertical maxillary deficiency 259 Transverse maxillary deficiency 260 Principles in planning the correction of maxillary deficiency 261 Maxillary excess 262 Sagittal maxillary excess 262 Vertical maxillary excess 263 Transverse maxillary excess 265 Principles in planning the correction of maxillary excess 265 Maxillary asymmetry 266 References 267 Lower Facial Analysis 268 Introduction 268 Chapter 17 The Lips 269 Introduction 269 Anatomy 269 Embryology 269 Anatomy 269 Ageing 270 Terminology 271 Clinical evaluation 271 Lip lines 271 Lip activity (function) 272 Lip morphology (form) 273 Lip posture 280 Lip prominence 281 References 286 Chapter 18 Mentolabial (Labiomental) Fold 288 Introduction 288 Mentolabial fold (sulcus) depth 288 Mentolabial angle 288 Vertical position of the mentolabial fold 291 Mentolabial fold morphology 291 Advantages of mandibular advancement surgery over isolated genioplasty 291 Influence of mentolabial fold morphology on management of chin deformities 292 Influence of vector of bony chin movement on mentolabial fold morphology 292 Influence of lower anterior face height on mentolabial fold morphology 292 References 294 Chapter 19 The Mandible 295 Terminology 295 Anatomy, morphology and size 295 Normal anatomy and subunits 295 Morphology 295 Size and position 298 Sagittal and vertical relationships 300 Mandibular deficiency 300 True sagittal mandibular deficiency 300 Relative mandibular deficiency 300 Diagnostic features 300 Mandibular excess 302 True mandibular excess 302 Relative mandibular excess 302 Diagnostic features 303 Transverse relationships 306 Proportional relationships 306 Bicondylar width and bigonial width 307 Mandibular asymmetries 307 Hemimandibular hyperplasia 308 Hemimandibular elongation 309 Hybrid (mixed) forms of hemimandibular hyperplasia and elongation 311 Unilateral condylar hyperplasia 311 References 311 Chapter 20 The Chin 312 Introduction 312 Anatomy 312 Terminology 313 Chin excess and chin deficiency 313 Classification of chin deformities 318 Clinical evaluation 321 Sagittal evaluation and chin projection 321 Sagittal position of soft tissue chin 322 Sagittal position of hard tissue (skeletal) pogonion 326 Indirect morphological influences on sagittal chin projection 328 Soft tissue chin pad 328 Mentolabial fold and chin pad morphology 329 Dynamic chin pad evaluation 329 Mentalis muscle – anatomy, activity and significance 330 Vertical chin height 332 Proportional relationships 332 Mandibular anterior dental height 332 Transverse chin width 333 References 333 Chapter 21 Submental-Cervical Region 335 Introduction 335 Anatomy 335 Terminology 335 Aetiology 336 Aetiology of poor submental-cervical contour 336 Clinical evaluation 337 Skeletal pattern (jaw relationship) 337 Morphology of the submental soft tissues 338 Submental-facial angle 341 Submental length 341 Submental-neck (submental-cervical) angle 341 Submental-sternomastoid (SM-SM) angle 344 Submental soft tissue thickness 344 Hyoid bone position and submental-cervical aesthetics 344 Relative submental projection and aesthetics 347 References 348 Section 4 Smile and Dentogingival Aesthetic Analysis 351 Introduction to Section 4 351 Chapter 22 Dental-Occlusal Relationships: Terminology, Description and Classification 353 Introduction 353 Terminology 353 Terms of description of tooth form 353 Terms of direction in dental nomenclature 353 Terms of tooth position in the three planes of space 354 Terms of bodily tooth movement in the three planes of space 354 Terms of tooth rotation around the three axes of rotation 354 Dental occlusion 355 The concept of ‘ideal’ occlusion 355 Curves of the occlusion 356 Aims of treatment and the ‘six keys’ to ‘ideal’ occlusion 356 Classification of dental-occlusal relationships 358 Incisor relationships 358 Buccal segment relationships (canine and molar relationships) 360 The term ‘Class’ and classification 362 The aetiology of malocclusion 364 Skeletal factors 364 Soft tissue factors 365 Local factors 367 Habits 367 Oral health 367 Dental condition 367 Oral hygiene and gingival/periodontal condition 368 Oral mucosa 368 Occlusal function 368 Dynamic occlusal function 368 Temporomandibular joint function 368 References 368 Chapter 23 Smile Aesthetics with Daljit S. Gill 370 Introduction 370 Importance of the smile in facial aesthetics 370 Types of smile 370 The generation of a smile 371 Clinical evaluation 371 Lip aesthetics 371 Lip lines 371 Upper lip–maxillary incisor relationship 372 Incisor exposure and phonetic analysis 375 Incisor exposure and anterior occlusal guidance 377 Smile symmetry 377 Dynamic upper lip curvature 377 Orientation of the transverse occlusal plane 377 Orientation of the sagittal occlusal plane 378 Smile curvature (smile arc) 378 Dental midlines 380 Buccal corridors (negative space) 382 Smile aesthetics in profile view 383 References 386 Chapter 24 Dentogingival Aesthetics with Daljit S. Gill 387 Introduction 387 Anatomy 387 The concept of ‘biological width’ 388 Clinical evaluation 389 Tooth shape 389 Theories of ‘ideal’ tooth shape 389 Tooth size 391 Width-to-height ratio of maxillary central incisor crown 391 Seventh key and dental occlusion 392 Tooth size analysis 392 Tooth proportions 392 Tooth symmetry 394 The unilaterally peg-shaped or congenitally absent maxillary lateral incisor 394 Arch form 395 Maxillary incisor axial angulations 395 Gradation (front-to-back progression) 396 Gingival aesthetics 398 Gingival colour, texture and biotype 398 Gingival level 398 Gingival contour 399 Contacts, connectors and embrasures 400 Tooth colour 402 Description of tooth colour 402 Arch shade progression 402 Tooth shade value contrast with skin colour 402 Age changes 402 Clinical shade selection 402 References 403 Index 405

Rezension

"[An] opus…inimitable in its field…an outstanding composition…an in-depth, thoroughly comprehensive arrangement of information to inform, guide, and teach us in the analysis and diagnosis of facial deformity…incredibly interesting and painstakingly researched pages…highly illustrated on every page…This is a book that will be of interest to anyone who has an interest in facial aesthetics. From a clinical point of view, this book will interest anyone who looks after patients with dentofacial deformity from maxillofacial and plastic surgeons, orthodontists, to general dentists and any other dental and medical specialists who desire an understanding of the importance of facial aesthetics in the treatment of ‘real people’ rather than ‘patients with a disease entity’.” (European Journal of Orthodontics, 1 May 2013) “I think this a remarkable effort from a single author: it is clearly a labor of love . . . Most residents in plastic surgery, facial plastic surgery, or maxillofacial surgery should be exposed to this material in their training, and this is a good place to get that exposure in one place.” (Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,1 November 2012) “Thoughtfully integrates historical, clinical, and surgical perspectives in the medical fields ranging from maxillofacial to plastic and reconstructive surgery. The author elegantly provides the science and art of facial aesthetics with emphasis given to analysis of the craniofacial complex, facial aesthetic units, and clinical evaluation, in addition to smile and dental-occlusal relationships…has undertaken a detailed approach in presenting dental aesthetics, which makes this publication rather unique…allows a broad appeal to both dental and medical specialists.” (Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery, 1 September 2012) “The best analysis I have ever seen of the comprehensive factors involved in establishing exactly what makes a person facially attractive, unattractive, or simply average. The book’s 24 logically arranged, easy-to-follow chapters—beautifully illustrated in full colour—systematically and thoroughly explore all the dentofacial and craniofacial details that determine how we look. I believe Facial Aesthetics will find an enthusiastic reception among orthodontists who would like to refine their understanding and appreciation of the human face and to apply the author’s practical protocols to their clinical diagnosis and treatment planning.” (Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, 2012) “This is an excellent reference text for those interested in facial aesthetics and surgery. Section II looks at facial type, proportions and symmetry, providing an outstanding and essential reference…Section III is astounding and presents each facial region using annotated illustrations and methodically explains each facial subunit. The research at the core of this text is comprehensive and it is complemented by the generous use of illustrations. I highly recommend this book to anyone with an interest in facial aesthetics.” (British Dental Journal, 24 September 2011) "In summary, this book is written in a clear and accessible format, with colour illustration throughout, an important guide for all the practitioners in the field of facial aesthetic surgery and aesthetic dentistry with an interest in refining their understanding and appreciation of the human face and applying practical protocols to their clinical diagnosis and treatment planning." (Journal of Oral Health and Dental Management, 1 December 2011) "The text comprehensively examines facial aesthetics in the context of dentofacial and craniofacial diagnosis and treatment planning." (Booknews, 1 June 2011)