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<p>Foreword  ix</p> <p>Introduction  xi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. Issues in Electrical Energy Storage for Transport Systems 1</b></p> <p>1.1. Storage requirements for transport systems  1</p> <p>1.2. Difficulties of storing electrical energy  3</p> <p>1.3. The electrical power supply of transport systems  6</p> <p>1.4. Storage management 8</p> <p>1.4.1. Specifications 11</p> <p>1.4.2. Supervisor structure 11</p> <p>1.4.3. Functional graphs 11</p> <p>1.4.4. Membership functions  12</p> <p>1.4.5. Functional graphs 14</p> <p>1.4.6. Rules  15</p> <p>1.4.7. Indicators  15</p> <p>1.4.8. Optimization of supervisor parameters  16</p> <p>1.4.9. Type-2 fuzzy logic  17</p> <p>1.4.10. Methodologies for the development of energy management in a storage system 17</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Local DC Grid with Energy Exchange for Applications in Aviation 19</b></p> <p>2.1. Introduction 19</p> <p>2.2. Onboard grid  22</p> <p>2.3. Local DC grid 23</p> <p>2.4. Supervisor design methodology 26</p> <p>2.5. Specifications 27</p> <p>2.5.1. Objectives 27</p> <p>2.5.2. Constraints 27</p> <p>2.5.3. Means of action  27</p> <p>2.6. Supervisor structure  28</p> <p>2.6.1. Input values  28</p> <p>2.6.2. Output values 28</p> <p>2.7. Selection of design tools 29</p> <p>2.8. Identification of different operating states: the functional graph 31</p> <p>2.8.1. General functional graph  31</p> <p>2.8.2. Functional subgraphs 33</p> <p>2.9. Tools 41</p> <p>2.10. Membership functions  41</p> <p>2.11. Operational graph  45</p> <p>2.12. Fuzzy rules  53</p> <p>2.13. Experimental validation 57</p> <p>2.13.1. Supervisor implementation  57</p> <p>2.13.2. Experimental configuration  62</p> <p>2.13.3. Results and analyses  63</p> <p>2.14. Fuzzy supervisor optimization 72</p> <p>2.14.1. Supervisor optimization methodology based on fuzzy rules 72</p> <p>2.14.2. Application at levels N1 and N2 78</p> <p>2.15. Conclusion  92</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 95</b></p> <p>3.1. Introduction 95</p> <p>3.2. Storage technologies in hybrids and EVs 99</p> <p>3.3. Development of EVs and interaction with electric power grids  100</p> <p>3.3.1. Issues in the development of EVs 100</p> <p>3.3.2. Charge of EVs 101</p> <p>3.3.3. Issues in the electric power grid integration 102</p> <p>3.4. EV charging supervision 103</p> <p>3.4.1. Introduction  103</p> <p>3.4.2. EV charging models 104</p> <p>3.4.3. Electric power distribution grid  108</p> <p>3.4.4. Supervision  112</p> <p>3.4.5. Results 122</p> <p>3.5. The reversible charge of EVs  125</p> <p>3.5.1. Introduction  125</p> <p>3.5.2. Vehicle-to-grid and contribution of the reversible charge to the electric power grids 125</p> <p>3.5.3. Vehicle-to-home and contribution of the reversible charge to buildings 127</p> <p>3.6. Configurations and operating principle of HV  128</p> <p>3.6.1. Hybridization levels 128</p> <p>3.6.2. Configurations of power trains 129</p> <p>3.7. Energy management in a hybrid vehicle  131</p> <p>3.7.1. Introduction  131</p> <p>3.7.2. Fuzzy logic for energy management  132</p> <p>3.7.3. Type-2 fuzzy logic  132</p> <p>3.7.4. Application to the energy management of an EV  139</p> <p>3.8. Conclusion 146</p> <p><b>Chapter 4. Railway System: Diesel–Electric Hybrid Power Train 147</b></p> <p>4.1. Introduction 147</p> <p>4.2. Design of an autonomous hybrid locomotive 151</p> <p>4.2.1. Introduction to the issues in design and energy management within the framework of the PLATHEE project  151</p> <p>4.2.2. Frequency management strategy  157</p> <p>4.2.3. Importance and processing of railway assignments  163</p> <p>4.2.4. Sequential design: from dimensioning to analysis 171</p> <p>4.2.5 Implementation of the PLATHEE demonstrator 200</p> <p>4.3. Conclusion 216</p> <p>4.4. Exercise: definition of the energy requirements in the railway sector and application of storage to electric traction 217</p> <p>4.4.1. Kinematic study of a train  218</p> <p>4.4.2. Study on energy profile of a train 227</p> <p>4.4.3. Basic design and comparison of energy storage system technologies for railway applications 240</p> <p>4.5. Appendices 249</p> <p>4.5.1. Technical characteristics of storage sources and components carried on board the PLATHEE 249</p> <p><b>Chapter 5. Railway System: Hybrid Railway Power Substation 255</b></p> <p>5.1. Introduction 255</p> <p>5.2. Hybrid railway power substations 260</p> <p>5.2.1. Issues in the railway electrification system  260</p> <p>5.2.2. The HRPS solution  265</p> <p>5.2.3. State-of-the-art of the HRPS  267</p> <p>5.3. Energy management in an HRPS  279</p> <p>5.3.1. Methodology 279</p> <p>5.3.2. Technical specifications 280</p> <p>5.3.3. Supervisor structure 283</p> <p>5.3.4. Determination of the functional graphs of the short-term supervisor  284</p> <p>5.3.5. Membership functions  289</p> <p>5.3.6. Determination of functional graphs  291</p> <p>5.3.7. Fuzzy rules 295</p> <p>5.3.8. Performance indicators 295</p> <p>5.3.9. Modeling and results 298</p> <p>5.3.10. Energy management optimization  302</p> <p>5.4. Experimentation of an HRPS and sensitivity analysis  309</p> <p>5.5. Railway smart grid perspective 316</p> <p>5.6. Conclusion 318</p> <p>5.7. Acknowledgments 318</p> <p>Bibliography  319</p> <p>Index 329</p>

<p><b>Benoit ROBYNS</b>, Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, Lille, France</p> <p><b>Christophe SAUDEMONT</b>, Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, Lille, France</p> <p><b>Asma MERDASSI</b>, Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, Lille, France</p> <p><b>Daniel HISSEL</b>, Université de Franche-Comté</p> <p><b>Xavier ROBOAM</b>, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse</p> <p><b>Bruno SARENI</b>, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse</p> <p><b>Bruno FRANCOIS</b>, Ecole Centrale de Lille</p>

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