Details

<p>Preface ix</p> <p>Introduction xiii</p> <p><b>Chapter 1. A Conceptual Introduction to the Concept of Crowdsourcing in Libraries: A New Paradigm?   1</b></p> <p>1.1. A rapidly growing economic model  1</p> <p>1.1.1. What made this new economic model possible   1</p> <p>1.1.2. Application to digital libraries   5</p> <p>1.1.3. Growing interest from politicians, Internet users and academics  7</p> <p>1.2. Origin, definition and scope of crowdsourcing  10</p> <p>1.2.1. Explicit crowdsourcing: using volunteers   16</p> <p>1.2.2. Implicit crowdsourcing: using involuntary and unconscious work  16</p> <p>1.2.3. Gamification: using players   16</p> <p>1.2.4. Paid crowdsourcing: using microemployees 16</p> <p>1.2.5. Crowdfunding: institutional “begging”   17</p> <p>1.3. Historical chronology of crowdsourcing 17</p> <p>1.4. Philosophical and political controversies   21</p> <p>1.5. Economic, sociological and legal consequences 33</p> <p>1.5.1. Economy of crowdsourcing   33</p> <p>1.5.2. The users of crowdsourcing   39</p> <p>1.6. Managerial, library science and technological consequences 41</p> <p>1.6.1. The cultural factor  41</p> <p>1.6.2. The corporatist factor 41</p> <p>1.6.3. The reign of the amateur: toward mediocracy?   44</p> <p>1.6.4. Crowdsourcing: the highest stage of outsourcing?  45</p> <p><b>Chapter 2. Overview of Several Crowdsourcing Projects Applied to the Digitization of Libraries 49</b></p> <p>2.1. Putting content online and participative curation: the Oxford’s Great War Archive and Europeana 1914–1918   49</p> <p>2.2. Digitization on demand in the form of crowdfunding applied to digital libraries: the European eBooks on Demand network  50</p> <p>2.3. Printing on demand (POD): the Espresso Book Machine  63</p> <p>2.4. Participative OCR correction and participative transcription of manuscripts   70</p> <p>2.4.1. Explicit crowdsourcing: volunteer correction/transcription   73</p> <p>2.4.2. Gamification, OCR correction through play: Digitalkoot (National Library of Finland) 83</p> <p>2.4.3. Implicit crowdsourcing: involuntary OCR correction via reCAPTCHA in the service of Google Books   86</p> <p>2.4.4. Paid crowdsourcing: the Amazon Mechanical Turk market place   92</p> <p>2.5. Folksonomy, cataloguing and participative indexing  108</p> <p>2.5.1. Explicit crowdsourcing through volunteer tagging: Flickr: the Commons   108</p> <p>2.5.2. The use of gamification: Art Collector   109</p> <p><b>Chapter 3. Overview and Keys to Success   117</b></p> <p>3.1. Typologies and taxonomies of projects 117</p> <p>3.1.1. Explicit crowdsourcing   128</p> <p>3.1.2. Implicit crowdsourcing   128</p> <p>3.1.3. Gamification 129</p> <p>3.2. Communication and marketing for recruiting volunteers  136</p> <p>3.3. The question of motivations   139</p> <p>3.3.1. Intrinsic motivations 142</p> <p>3.3.2. Extrinsic motivations 144</p> <p>3.3.3. The opposition between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations   145</p> <p>3.3.4. The specific motivation of gamification projects  146</p> <p>3.3.5. Crowdsourcing and rewards  147</p> <p>3.3.6. Other theories on motivation  149</p> <p>3.3.7. The motivations of cultural institutions and the prerequi-sites for launching a crowdsourcing project  151</p> <p>3.4. Sociology of the contributors and community management  154</p> <p>3.4.1. Sociology of contributors   154</p> <p>3.4.2. Crowdsourcing or community sourcing?   156</p> <p>3.4.3. The work of professionals on these projects and community management 157</p> <p>3.5. The question of the quality of the contributions 161</p> <p>3.5.1. Systems for evaluating and moderation of contributions  162</p> <p>3.5.2. Comparison between the quality of the data produced by amateurs and that produced by professionals   166</p> <p>3.5.3. Reintegration of the data produced 168</p> <p>3.5.4. The legal status of contributions: crowdsourcing and the semantic web   169</p> <p>3.6. The evaluation of crowdsourcing projects   170</p> <p>3.6.1. Factors in success and failure  172</p> <p>3.6.2. Quantitative evaluation of crowdsourcing projects and their costs   174</p> <p>3.7. Change management   178</p> <p>Conclusion 183</p> <p>Bibliography 185</p> <p>Index  203</p>

Mathieu Andro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France

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